AP Euro Chapter 25 Multiple Choice

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed by Germany and Russia early in 1918, A) required Germany and Russia to cede territory for the reconstruction of Poland B) withdrew Russia from the war in exchange for German withdrawal from the Ukraine C) pulled Russia out of the war and changed the balance of the conflict D) led to the creation of the Third International and its aggressive Marxist agenda

C

Among all the combatants the world over, the country that suffered the greatest number of casualties, with some 7.5 million dead during World War I, was A) Germany B) France C) Great Britain D) Russia

D

In 1916, the battles of Verdun and the Somme not only accounted for more than two million soldiers dead and wounded, but also reflected A) France and Britain's confidence that the United States would enter the war B) the fact that the Schlieffen Plan had finally been discredited and abandoned C) a German defense of the industrial region along the Rhine River and the Saar basin D) military leaders' belief that the war could be won with a single overwhelming victory

D

In April 1917, the Germans moved to destabilize Russia by A) sending agents to blow up railway tracks, provoking a tsarist crackdown on dissidents B) using submarines to cut off the Russian supply lines in the Baltic Sea C) distributing leaflets and forged documents in Russia that purportedlyt proved that Nicholas II planned to reimpose serfom D) providing safe rail transportation back to Russia for Lenin and other Bolsheviks

D

In France and Britain, right-wing parties had less influence than elsewhere in Europe because A) the French and British governments were experienced at clamping down on opposition parties B) socialist leaders were in power in both France and Britain after the war C) the economies of France and Britain were much stronger than those in the rest of Europe in 1918, so right-wing policies had little public appeal D) parliamentary institutions were better established in France and Britain, and their upper classes were not plotting to restore authoritarian monarchies

D

A major source of discontent in the cities across Europe in the spring of 1917 was A) government restrictions on various kinds of leisure activities to focus the war effort B) the use of convicts to perform certain kinds of hard labor in cities C) food shortages and deteriorating living conditions D) the increasing use of bombing of cities behind the front lines

C

Benito Mussolini, the leader of the Italian Fascists, became prime minister in 1922 when A) Mussolini's party ran unopposed in national elections B) the middle classes voted him into power to block the working-class Communist Party C) his followers marched on Rome, a threatened coup that caused the king to invite Mussolini to become prime minister D) his followers intimidated voters, cast false ballots, and destroyed voting booths in order to secure his election in 1922

C

By 1917, efforts to put an end to the war mushroomed across the European continent , including all of the following except A) Austria-Hungary's secret request to the Allies for a negotiated peace settlement B) the German Reichstag's call for a "peace of understanding and permanent reconciliation of peoples" C) a rebellion in Vienna led by students who temporarily took hold of the Austrian parliament D) a widespread mutiny of French soldiers

C

Following the official end of hostilities on November 11, 1918, the world expereinced another devastating blow with the death of some 100 million more people as a result of A) typhus B) famine C) influenza D) colonial uprisings

C

Military leaders Paul von Hindenberg (1847-1934) and Erich Ludendorf (1865-1937) who gained near dictatorial powers over Germany during the war, gained hero status when they A) halted the French advance at Verdun B) beat the American expeditionary force during the AEF's landing in Belgium C) stopped the massive Russian army on the eastern front D) called for a "war to the death" which boosted German morale

C

One development of the 1920s that made it easier for ordinary people to obtain new consumer goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves was A) electrical appliance warehouses that solid directly to the consumer at dramatically reduced prices B) the introduction of lower-priced manufactured goods from the colonies, produced by the low-paid native labor C) installment buying, which allowed families to pay for goods over time D) government-sponsored loans that were intended to improve veterans' standard of living

C

The inflation in 1923 that made German currency worthless occurred when the German government printed trillions of marks A) in an effort to pay the staggering reparations imposed by the Dawes Plan B) to cause a financial crisis that would convince the Allies of Germany's inability to pay its reparations C) to ensure that workers were paid and to keep up with reparations payments, even though the government knew the currency was valueless D) in the mistaken belief that it could control the dip in currency values and bring on an improvement in the German balance of trade

C

The type of nationalist political structure introduced by Mussolini was A) fascist liberal, which stressed the individual over the state B) fascist conservative, which stressed tradition over innovation C) fascist corporatist, which privileged duty to the state over individual rights D) fascist radical, which uprooted Italian tradition and replaced it with pan-European propaganda

C

By the late 1920s, the economies of Europe were A) in deep recession B) fluctuating wildly between boom and bust C) clearly weaker than the pre-war economy D) enjoying renewed prosperity

D

Hitler's rise to power was slowed by A) political pressure on the Weimar regime from Britain and France to ban his Nazi Party B) popular disgust in Germany for his over-the-top autobiography, Mein Kampf C) his failure to develop a united following D) the growing prosperity of the Weimar regime

D

In the 1920s, radio broadcasts were A) strictly for government information and political propaganda, and only developed entertainment programming much later B) reserved largely for emergency messages, ship-to-shore communications, and weather reports for farmers C) only news reports, which consisted of reading for major newspapers of the day D) initially heard in public theaters and halls but soon were heard in private homes when receivers became inexpensive enough for consumers

D

The "cult of the offensive" which both sides in World War I wholeheartedly adopted, was uniquely unsuited to A) massive civilian armies, which were wholly unused to lightning-strike military tactics B) incorporation into the German two-front battle plan developed by Alfred von Schlieffen C) the rain-soaked, uneven terrain of northeast France where most of the war was fought D) the advanced weaponry developed since the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

D

The Peace of Paris, negotiated over six months in 1919 and 1920, led to a series of treaties that expressly forbade A) imposition of reparations on Germany beyond its immediate ability to pay B) independence for Poland, until its representatives could satisfy apprehension about communist activity and a resurgence of anti-Semitism C) a change in the status of Allied colonial possessions D) unification of Austria and Germany

D

Total war had a significant impact on gender roles: women on the home front A) became shockingly liberated and promiscuous in the wake of their newfound freedom from male chaperones, guardians, and even husbands B) were dedicated pacifists who were largely out of sympathy with government and military men C) became convinced of veterans' need for a secure family life and retreated from feminism and women's social gains to cultivate a nurturing domesticity D) were more independent, labored at formerly male occupations, changed to practical hairstyles and clothing, and took advantage of greater political and social freedoms

D

Which of the following was NOT imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles? A) Alsace-Lorraine was turned over to France B) Germany was forbidden to have an air force C) Germany had to admit it was responsible for the entire war D) No military officer could serve in any capacity in the government

D

After the Bolsheviks overthrew Kerensky's Provisional Government, they agreed to support elections for a constituent assembly, which led A) to a disappointing show of support for the Bolsheviks B) Allied leaders to hope that a new democratic power would soon join their ranks to oppose the reactionary monarchies of Germany and Austro-Hungary C) to fierce street fighting between competing political parties in Petrograd and Lenin's imposition of martial law D) to a Bolshevik majority in the assembly and to Lenin's immediate arrangement of a trude and peace setttlement witht eh Germans

A

Although the combatants in the Great War had individual objectives, all aimed to A) secure wealth and power for the postwar era B) dominate Europe C) institute conservative governments that would resist socialism D) avoid any great losses of men or material on the battlefield

A

In 1921, after three years of fighting Irish republicans, the British drew up a treaty that A) made Ireland a self-governing dominion and let Northern Ireland retain seats in the British Parliament B) thoroughly ignored the distribution of religious minorities in Ireland C) finally recognized the Irish Free State, only to see it rejected by the northern counties that contained Protestant majorities D) called for a cessation of hostilities and established a twenty-year timetable for Irish independence

A

In October of 1918, what did the German high command do to deflect the blame for Germany's total defeat away from the military? A) They created a civilian government and tricked its inexperienced politicians into taking responsibility for the catastrophe and suing for peace B) They hired agitators to encourage strikes and sabotage at munitions plants, thereby enabling the generals to accuse civilians of a "stab in the back" C) They launched a propaganda campaign, calling the army "undefeated" and promising soldiers and civilians alike to rebuild and "give the world" a German victory D) They accused Kaiser Wilhelm II and aristocratic advisers of having forced the military into waging a foolhardy two-front war against the advice of the generals

A

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) broke with his war communism policy because it A) reversed the policy of absolute nationalization and allowed some free-market activity B) gave soldiers and sailors their first raise in pay in over four years C) set up essential trade with Germany D) brought all economic activity under a centralized planning commission

A

Of all the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, the one that generated the most outrage in Germany was the A) "war guilt" cause B) demand for 132 billion gold marks in reparations C) French occupation of the western bank of the Rhine and the coal-rich Saar basin D) loss of Alsace and Lorraine

A

The Italian Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) placed its greatest emphasis on A) "virile" action and nationalist opposition to undesirable groups and ways of life B) individual dedication to an understanding of Fascist theory C) economic equality between the poor agrarian south and the rich industrial north D) liberation from ties to the past, especially the Parliament and the Catholic church

A

The League of Nations was weakened at the outset when A) the United States, the Soviet Union, and Germany did not or could not participate B) Germany refused to join the League because France was involved C) England and France agree to partition the former territories of the Ottoman Empire D) France and Britain disagreed over the admission of former Central Powers

A

The Russian Provisional Government lost popular support because it A) failed to win military victories B) prevented an election that would have brought the Bolsheviks to power C) gave up enormous territories to Germany in exchange for peace D) began seizing farm produce from peasants in order to feed its army

A

The single most significant aspect of German military policy in terms of its provocative effect on the United States and subsequent US involvement in the war was A) unrestricted submarine warfare B) the Germans' purported use of mass execution in Belgium C) Germany's decision to wage a two-front war D) the forced removal of entire European populations to labor camps in Germany

A

In the spring of 1920, a military coup led by members of right-wing paramilitary units (Freikorps) was put down when A) the new head of the German High Command sent demobilized military units to retake Berlin B) President Friedrich Ebertcalled a general strike, which brought Berlin to a standstill and revealed the coup to have no popular support C) the communist Spartacists ambushed coup leaders, killing the conspirators at their headquarters in Berlin D) the Freikorps clashed with their rivals, the National Socialist "brownshirts," in a pitched battle in the streets of Berlin

B

One of the lasting effects of World War I was that A) international negotiations and peace conferences were abandoned because they had not prevented the war B) certain military terms and soldiers' slang entered common usage, such as lousy, trenchcoat, rank and file, and basket case C) the horror of mechanized war caused many munitions manufacturers to question innovation in arms making D) the 1920s were a gloomy decade of retrenchment and cultural stagnation

B

The 1920s have been called the "Roaring Twenties" and the "age of jazz." These labels A) are accurate descriptions of the cultural propensity to forget the horrors of the war B) do not allow for the vigorous and upsetting cultural backlash against war in sculpture, art, literature, and film C) are inaccurate because they do not account for the Great Depression D) really apply only to Europe, not to other Western-style countries, such as those in North America

B

The Dawes Plan (1924), the Young Plan (1929), and the Treaty of Locarno (1925) tried to A) create a balance of power by limiting the number of battleships each country could build B) correct some of the more punitive provisions of the Treaty of Versailles C) avoid an economic depression by establishing a single currency standard D) strengthen the League of Nations with a set of goals for each nation to achieve

B

The artwork of George Grosz, like that of other members of the Dada movement, reflected A) artists' increasing interest in the use of new materials, such as plastics B) postwar rage and revulsion at civilization's apparent failure C) the belief that art could prevent wars by mocking and satirizing nationalism D) the Americanization of culture, architecture, and the arts

B

The opening of postwar diplomacy to public scrutiny could be troublesome because it A) made it more difficult to negotiate defensive alliances against untrustworthy or unstable powers B) gave demagogues information that they could distort and use to rekindle hatreds or destabilize their governments C) released data on nations' relative wealth and power, which embittered the diplomatic process D) led countries with limited power to demand inclusion, thus making negotiations more complex and less likely to succeed

B

The writing of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf A) focused on careful description of natural phenomena B) illuminated the fast-moving inner lives of their characters C) vividly portrayed a Utopian future D) offered a dark and negative portrayal of modern life

B

Upon the outbreak of World War I, the world quickly devolved into two armed and allied camps: the "Central Powers" consisting of A) Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia, and the "Allies" consisting of France, Great Britain, Turkey, and Italy B) Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Turkey, and the "Allies" consisting of France, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan C) Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Poland, and the "Allies" consisting of France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States D) Austria-Hungary, Germany, Turkey, and Spain, and the "Allies" consisting of France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Russia

B

Which of the following countries remained a monarchy after World War I ended? A) Russia B) Great Britain C) Germany D) Austria-Hungary

B

World War I was called a "total war" because A) all of the countries in Europe, their colonial possessions, and the United States were involved in it B) the entire industrial capacity of the state, as well as all civilian and military personnel, was mobilized to fight the war C) the new weapons of war, including poison gas and machine guns, killed virtually everyone in their path D) armies on both sides used a scorched-earth tactic to destroy all crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure in their paths

B