AP Euro Chapters 16-17
X. Because traditional African labor was not what Europeans needed, European colonies in Africa had to change to a forced labor system that completely altered traditional roles of African men and women, and it broke up African families. In a sentence, describe or explain this forced labor system the Africans had to now deal with. (p 666)
>for road building in Africa, system like corvée used, or the Chief would be required to supply a quota of able-bodied men for a certain length of time >colonial govt might levy hut tax or poll tax, payable only in money, thus forcing the native to seek a wage-paying job the European offered >the newly created European colony govt might allocate so much land to Europeans as private property that the local tribe could no longer subsist on the lands that remained theirs; or local tribes might be moved to a reservation >women filled the fields & tended the stock while the men moved off to take wage-jobs under the whites >the men lived in far-away compounds away from their family and tribe
X. What European nation, because it had so heavily invested in the Suez Canal, landed troops in Egypt in 1882 and stayed on as Egypt's protector until 1956? (p 660)
>Britain
X. What 2 nations conflicted over Persia AND how was that settled? (p 678)
>Britain & Russia conflicted >each has its own sphere of influence in Persia, Russia in northern Persia, Britain in southern Persia
X. Your text states that there was such a great difference between the strength of the European nations and the developing nations and non-European empires that only a show of force was needed to bring these areas into line with the desires of the European country. Give any two examples your text gives as examples of this. (p 647)
>Britain held India with a force of only 75,000 white troops >sporadic wars - the Afghan wars, Burmese wars, Zulu wars, Spanish-American war, Boer War - that were not viewed by European as real wars and thus were unnoticed by Europeans; Spanish-American & Boer were viewed as 'colonial' wars fought between entirely unequal parties, thus no real need to worry about the eventual outcome >Perry threatening bombing of Tokyo to force Japan open >Br bombarded city of Guangzhou (Canton) China >Br bombarded Satsuma Japan >allied force bombarded Choshu Japan >Alexandria bombarded >Zanzibar bombarded
X. Describe how the "imperial federation" would work dealing in dealing with tariffs AND name what this system is known as today. (p 651)
>British dominions (former colonies of Canada, New Zealand, Australia) would charge Britain lower tariffs on imported Br goods than on the same goods imported from other nations; in exchange, Br would adopt a protective tariff and do the same, charge the dominions a lower tariff rate than other foreign products from other nations >known as the British Commonwealth of Nations
X. After the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-12, there were two Balkan Wars, the 1st Balkan War in 1912, the 2nd Balkan War in 1913. The 1st Balkan War started when Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece declared war on Turkey. It was the peace treaty ending the 1st Balkan War which actually sparked the 2nd Balkan War because one of the victors of the 1st Balkan War got too greedy in grabbing territory. So the 2nd Balkan War was when everyone jumped on this greedy country. What nation was too greedy and thus started the 2nd Balkan War? (p 695)
>Bulgaria
X. After the 1st Balkan Crisis, Italy declared war on Turkey. The results of Italy's success and Turkey's defeat in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-12 was that the war led 3 nations to join forces and go to war against Turkey, in what history calls the 1st Balkan War. What three nations started the 1st Balkan War against Turkey? (695)
>Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece
X. Two countries were split by the European nations into spheres of influence. In the sphere of influence, each European nation had its own little area of this foreign country that it controlled, but the foreign country as a whole was left intact and supposedly independent. What two nations are we talking about? (p 646)
>China >Persia
X. The 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki ended a war between what two nations AND over what were they fighting? (p 681)
>China & Japan fighting over disputes in Korea
X. Give one of the results from the 1894 war between China and Japan over the disputed control of Korea. (p 681)
>China had to cede the island of Formosa to Japan >China had to cede the Liaotung Peninsula to Japan, but Russia, Germany, and France didn't want Japan having the peninsula so Japan had to give it back to China >Chinese govt began a program of modernization and reform and funded the reforms with loans from European nations >the Euro powers didn't want China to be consolidated and modernized too quickly and began to use the loans to China as a way to get concessions from China >the Order of Literary Patriotic Harmonious Fists broke out in insurrection in China against what they perceived was foreign interference in China's development
X. What Russian-Turkish war of 1854-56 made the Turks decide that Turkey needed to reorganize and reform? (p 656)
>Crimean War
X. Who was the first white man to look upon the Zambesi River's Victoria Falls? (p 663)
>Dr. David Livingston
X. These Hatt-i Humayun reforms failed. Europe did not shed a tear when the Ottoman Empire/Turkey failed to reform itself. Why? (p 658)
>Europe didn't want a strong Turkey that they would have to deal with as a factor in European power politics
X. Your text states that the internationalism of the Berlin & Brussels conferences failed. Why? (p 664)
>Europe had no international machinery by which the daily work of enforcing general agreements could be carried out
X. At first, Sultan Abdul Hamid II went along with reform movement of the Ottoman Empire, but he ultimately did three actions that showed his true opposition to reform. List any two of these actions. (p 657)
>got rid of Midhat Pasha >packed off the newly created parliament >threw away the newly created constitution
X. According to the secret 1915 Treaty, Britain, France, and Russia entered into an agreement that would kick in upon victory of the Allied powers over the Central powers. List any two of the things Russia was to get if the allies were victorious. (not in book)
>if allies victorious, Russia might proceed to the annexation of Constantinople, the Bosporus, the Sea of Mamara, and the Dardanelles
X. According to international law written in 1909 at a London diplomatic conference, what was contraband and what was not contraband for a country at war? (p 704-5)
>contraband=munitions and certain specified raw materials which might be used in the manufacture of military equipment >non-contraband=foodstuffs and raw cotton
X. What was the name of the agreement between France & Britain 1904 AND what does it mean? (p 691-2 )
>entente cordiale >a close understanding >an agreement to support each other against protests by third parties, no specific alliance, neither side said what it would do in the event of war
X. The Zimmerman Telegram plays a part in the background of World War I. Arthur Zimmerman, Germany's foreign secretary, sent a telegram to the German ambassador stationed in Mexico. What was the message in that telegram? (p 706)
>if the US went to war against Germany, Germany would form an alliance with Mexico and if possible Japan, enabling Mexico to get back its "lost territories"
X. The Russo-Japanese War was a war of first. Your text lists several "firsts," you list two. (p 685)
>first war between the Great Powers since 1870 (that was the Franco-Prussian War) >first war fought under the conditions of developed industrialism >first actual war between westernized powers to be cause by competition in the exploitation of undeveloped countries >first time that a nonwhite people defeated a white people in modern times
X. What Serbian organization was responsible for assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering the 3rd Balkan Crisis and outbreak of WWI? (p 696)
> "Union or Death" or the "Black Hand"
X. Two conferences, the 1885 Berlin Conference and the 1889 Brussels Conference, both dealt with colonial issues in Africa. Briefly explain the basic concepts covered by either of the conferences. (p 664)
>1885 Berlin: = set up territories of Congo Association (in 1885 it changes its name to the Congo Free State) as an international state with the following conditions: Congo should have no connection with any power, including Belgium; the Congo govt delegated to Leopold himself; Congo River internationalized; all nationalities can do business in Congo Free State; no tariffs on imports into Congo Free State; slave trade should be suppressed = draft international code governing the way Europe acquires African colonies >1889 Brussels: = get rid of slave trade, protect rights of locals, reduce traffic in liquor and firearms
X. Your text discusses the fact that the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War set off long chains of repercussions in at least three different directions. Give 2 of these 3 discussed in your text. (p 686-7)
>1st = Because it was frustrated in its foreign policy in East Asia, the Russian govt refocused its foreign policy of expansion back towards Europe, taking an active role in the affairs of the Balkans. This contributes to a series of international crises in Europe, of which the result was World War I >2nd = the czarist govt was so weakened by the Russo-Japanese War, both in prestige and in actual military strength, and opinion in Russia was so disgusted at the clumsiness and incompetency with which the Russo-Japanese War was handled, that the various underground movements in Russia were able to come to the surface, producing the Revolution of 1905. This Revol of 1905 in Russia was the prelude to the 1917 Revolution that toppled the czardom and established the Bolsheviks in power in Russia >3rd = news of Japan's victory over Russia electrified those who heard of it throughout the non-European world. That the Japanese themselves were an imperialist power got lost in the fact that a non-white power defeated a European power. This made the moral lesson that peoples everywhere who were being subjugated by Europeans or whites should embrace westernization, western science, western technology, western industry - embrace and westernize to make themselves strong enough to defeat the white man and preserve their own native cultures and national identity. Japan's victory sparks nationalism and modernization movements throughout the subjugated lands of the world, starting with Persia in 1905, Turkey in 1908 & China in 1911.
X. What treaty ended the 1st Opium War AND what treaty ended the 2nd Opium War? (p 680)
>1st =Treaty of Nanking 1842 >2nd =Treaties of Tientsin 1857
X. What is significant about the Battle of Adowa AND who was involved in the battle? (p 668)
>1st time ever that Europeans lost a battle to a African army >Ethiopia vs. Italy
X. What caused the 1st Opium War of 1839-41 AND what caused the 2nd Opium War of 1857? (p 680)
>1st= China would only trade with Europe for the one European commodity that it wanted - opium - but when China tried to regulate the flow of opium into China, Britain went to war >2nd=Britain & France went to war against China to force China to receive Br & Fr diplomats and deal with the Fr and Br traders
X. What was the Fashoda Crisis AND who were the people/nations involved? (p 669)
>African conflict between France & Britain for a control of contiguous land East/West or North/South across Africa >Br = Kitchener & Churchill >Fr = Marchand
X. This European nation, according to your text known as the wildest place in all Europe, also figured into the diplomatic maneuverings of the peace treaty that ended the 2nd Balkan War. This country would be made and kept an independent kingdom, thus upholding Austria's plan to thwart the Serbs and the Serb's hope for expansion. What nation is this? (p 695)
>Albania
X. When the French lost their influence and control over Egypt, they decided to oppose the British by building up their own North African Empire to the west of Egypt. France took three North African lands as their colonies. Name two of them. (p 661-2)
>Algeria >Tunisia >Morocco
X. What 2 nations AND what 2 aspects of their secret agreement in 1908 sparked the 1st Balkan Crisis? (p 695)
>Austria & Russia >1 aspect was that Austria was to get to annex Bosnia per the secret agreement >2nd aspect was that Russia to get opening of the Straits to Russian warships per the secret agreement
X. When Austria decided to deal with Serbia and its South Slav separatism movement, Austria made the conscious decision to not annex Serbia and incorporate into fully into Austria. What was their reasoning for crushing the Slav independence movement but not incorporating Serbia into Austria? (p 696)
>Austrians felt there were too many Slavs already in the Aust-Hung Empire
X. The Treaty of Berlin of 1878 dispelled the immediate threat of a general European war, but the treaty left many continuing problems for later statesmanship to have to deal with, thus becoming a cause of the outbreak of World War I. List any two of the problems with the Treaty of Berlin that helped feed into the cause of World War I. (p 659)
>Balkan nationalists weren't satisfied with the Treaty of Berlin >Russian Pan-Slav weren't satisfied with the Treaty of Berlin >the Turks were indignant that the peace of Europe was once again achieved by the further dismemberment of their Ottoman/Turkish Empire >the demonstrated weakness of the Ottoman/Turkish Empire was a constant temptation to all concerned >Germans & German capital all but completed a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway that angered the Russians, French, and British
X. There was one great naval battle in World War I. What was that naval battle? (p 705)
>Battle of Jutland
X. At the Congress of Berlin, who said that he was the "honest broker" who had no interest in taking land because his only interest was European peace? (p 659)
>Bismarck
X. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877 and its peace treaty, the Treaty of San Stefano, led to jingoism, and jingoism nearly sparked a general European war. But that war didn't happen. Who, with what treaty, prevented this war from happening? (p 659)
>Bismarck and the Treaty of Berlin of 1878
X. Of the various governments and leaders in Europe, Bismarck had a unique outlook on the colonization of Africa. What did Bismarck make of it? (p 664)
>Bismarck personally thought African colonies were an absurdity for Europeans to think about
X. The treaties that ended the Opium Wars became a template for the "treaty system" that Europeans put upon China, a system that imposed certain restrictions on China or conferred certain rights for foreigners in China. List any three of these aspects of the treaty system on China. (p 680-1)
>Br got Hong Kong outright as a colony >European & US gunboats police the Yangtse River >China opened a dozen cities like Shanghai and Canton to Europeans as "treaty ports" >in "treaty port" cities, Europeans were allowed to make settlements of their own, immune from Chinese laws >Europeans traveling in China remained subject only to their own govts >China agreed to levy no import tariff duty over 5% >China paid large war indemnities even though China itself suffered the most damages >staff of European experts introduced into China to administer and collect the tariff customs >money from the tariff customs went in part to Br & Fr to pay off China's war indemnity, the remainder went to the Manchu Dynasty govt itself
X. J A Hobson, in his work, Imperialism, argued that if the wealth were simply taxed at a higher rate, or if more of a nation's national income went to workers as wages instead of going to capitalists as interest and dividends, a nation wouldn't be plagued by the problem of surplus capital, and thus there wouldn't be a need for the new imperialism. Your text, however, refutes this argument made by Hobson and reiterated by Marx in his work. Give one of the reasons as to why your text believes the imperialism of the late 1800s was unavoidable and had really little to do with surplus capital. (p 650)
>Europe's basic need for enormous amounts of imports to sustain the massive populations numbers of Europe, to sustain the complex industry that Europe had developed, and to sustain the high standard of living the European masses had become accustomed to >It was the demand for cotton, cocoa, coffee, copper from the colonies that made the investment in colonies profitable. If the Europeans didn't desire these 'exotic' products, it wouldn't be worthwhile investing in and developing colonies where these products came from >non-Europeans sometimes asked for the capital, and what good banker or banking nation gives money without keeping an eye on ensuring the money can be repaid >for some nations like Russia and Italy, imperialism had very little to do with surplus capital that needed to be invested somewhere, and more to do with 'keeping up with the Jones'
X. The 1885 Berlin Conference set up an international code governing the way Europe acquired African colonies. This international code had 3 basic rules. List 2 of them. (p 665)
>European powers with holdings on the coast had prior rights to the hinterland >occupation of the colony cannot be just on paper, via a map, but must be real occupation by administrators or troops >each power must give proper notice to the others as to what territories it considered its own
X. What 3 nations formed the Triple Entente in 1907 AND why does your text state that it was a bit of a looser alliance than the Triple Alliance? (p 692)
>Fr, Br, Russia >looser because Br refused to make any formal military commitments
X. "They shall not pass" was a famous phrase in history for the Battle of Verdun. What nation's general uttered these words? (p 703)
>France
X. After Bismarck's retirement in 1890, the Ger-Russian Reinsurance Treaty fell apart. What nation was the next to make an alliance with Russia in 1894 in response to the continued existence of the Triple Alliance AND what is this alliance called? (p 691)
>France >Franco-Russian Alliance
X. What European nation was the most heavily invested in Russia, keeping the czardom going and functioning AND what was this European nation's reasoning behind the massive amount of loans and investments besides it being a profit-making business for their banks? (p 650)
>France >to build up and hold a military ally against Germany
X. Who sent to the President of Transvaal Paul Kruger a telegram congratulating him on his driving off the Jameson Raiders "without having to call for the support of friendly powers." (p 669)
>German Emperor William II
X. Sir Roger Casement, an Irish nationalist, helped lead the Irish Easter Rebellion of 1916. What warring nation helped him? (p 706)
>Germany
X. As a result of the money loans to China, nations of Europe began to wrest concessions from China. List any two of the concessions. (p 682)
>Germany got a 99 year lease on Kiaochow Bay and exclusive rights in the Shantung Peninsula >Russia took a lease on the Liaotung Peninsula, obtained the port of Port Arthur and began to build its trans-Siberian Railroad through Manchuria >Fr took Kwangchow >Br took Wei-hai-wei and confirmed their sphere of influence in the Yangtse Valley
X. What three nations were part of the Triple Alliance AND what were the terms of the alliance? (p 690)
>Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy >if any member of Trip Alliance was attacked by two or more nations, its Trip Alliance allies would come to the rescue with a force of arms
X. Today, the international community sees the possession of nuclear weapons as the "ticket to allow seating at the grown-ups table instead of being relegated to the kiddie table." In the 1890s, it was the possession of colonies. Since Britain and France had possessed colonies since the 1600s, what 3 nations, European or otherwise, were involved in the 'scramble for Africa' so they might also be seen as a Great Power and get a chance to sit at the grown-up table? (p 652)
>Italy >Germany >Japan
X. The 1915 Treaty of London was a secret treaty. It was a secretly written treaty between Italy and the Allies. The treaty acknowledged Italy joining the war on the side of the Allies. What things in the treaty was Italy going to get from Austria and what things in the treaty was Italy going to get from Germany if the allies won the war? (p 706)
>Italy would get Trentino, south Tyrol, Istria and the city of Triest, and some of the Dalmatian Islands from Austria if Allies won war >Italy would get territorial increases in Libya and Somaliland if Allies won war and as a result of winning Britain and France took over Germany's African colonies
X. What is the Jameson Raid AND what war did the raid start even though the purpose of the raid itself failed? (p 669)
>Jameson and his group of armed irregulars were sent by Britain's Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes into Transvaal to spark a revolution against the Transvaal govt so a new Transvaal govt would let the British mine for diamonds and gold in Transvaal. Raid failed but sparked the Boer War
X. The Russo-Japanese War had two major battles, the Battle of Mukden which was a land battle of the armies and the Battle of Tsushima Strait which was a naval battle. Who won these battles? (p 685)
>Japan
X. Your text notes that in the 19th century, the world's non-European empires were in decay. And it was the political weakness and vulnerabilities of these non-European empires that made European intervention remarkably easy. Which of the non-European empires was able to revolutionize its government in time to ward off European imperialist penetration? (p 646)
>Japan
X. Explain the role the mother country played in how it governed its colonies versus how it governed its protectorates. (p 646)
>colony governed directly by whites >protectorates governed by a native - the native chief, sultan, bey, rajah, or prince - who was in nominal control with a white person known as the 'resident' or 'commissioner' giving behind-the-scenes instruction
X. There were several reasons for both Japan and Russia to go to war with each other in 1904. Give me one reason of Japan AND one reason of Russia. (p 685)
>Japan: needed to supply their new factories with raw materials and markets on the Asian mainland; for employment for their modern army & navy; for recognized status as a Great Power - a status that could be obtained only by controlling an overseas empire; saw the fruits of their successful war of 1895 against China greedily enjoyed by Russia instead >Russia: needed an atmosphere of crisis and expansion to stifle criticism of tsarism at home; could not abide the presence of a strong power directly on its East Asian frontier; it could use Manchuria and Korea to strengthen the exposed outpost of Vladivostok; Russia had been given the concession to build the Chinese Eastern Railway to Vladivostok which came with the implied special zones, railway guards, mining, and timber rights
X. Name the British politician who came up with the idea of the "imperial federation" AND was this proposal accepted by Parliament when he proposed it in 1914? (p 651)
>Joseph Chamberlain >no, rejected by Parliament
X. Who wrote the work Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism AND what is its basic thesis? (p 649-50)
>Lenin >Ascribed imperialism primarily to the accumulation of surplus capital and condemned imperialism on socialist grounds
X. What European nation's leader was the first to develop a colony in sub-Saharan Africa AND what colony was that? (p 663)
>Leopold II of Belgium >Congo
X. The 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki awarded an area of China to Japan. This area was an area coveted by Russia, and Japan's being awarded this area by the Treaty made Russia, Germany, and France act to force Japan to not take it. What area of China is this AND why did Russia covet this area? (p 681)
>Liaotung Peninsula of Manchuria >Russia had begun building its Trans-Siberian Railroad a few years before the China-Japan war and wanted the RR to cut through Manchuria to reach Vladivostok. Russia could not allow any other power nation of Europe or Asia to dominate Manchuria
X. What 2 languages did the Dutch favor instruction in when dealing with their Indonesian peoples AND why did they prefer it this way? (p 672-3)
>Malay >Javanese >preferred instruction in native languages to slow the introduction of the western ideas of nationalism and democracy, which could more easily enter if the Indonesians were educated in English and could reading books written in English
X. How did the Fashoda Crisis end? (p 669)
>Marchand backed down
X. By another secretly negotiated agreement among the allied powers, the four regions of Mesopotamia, Syria & southeastern Asia Minor, Kurdistan, and Armenia were also to be divided up among the allies if the allies won the war. According to your text, who was to get what according to this agreement? (p 706)
>Mesopotamia goes to Britain if allies win war >Syria & southeast Asia Minor goes to France if allies win war >small portions of Syria & southeast Asia Minor goes to Italy if allies win war >Kurdistan & Armenia goes to Russia if allies win war
X. In 1899, the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China as a rebellion against the foreigners and their influence in China. First, what is the Chinese name of the group nicknamed the "Boxers" by the westerners AND what Chinese leader in the south of China came to the forefront of the movement in China to expel the Chinese Manchu government and the foreigners that benefited from it? (p 684)
>Order of Literary Patriotic Harmonious Fists >Sun Yat-sen
X. List any 5 of the elements of the Hatt-i Humayun reforms attempted in Turkey/Ottoman Empire. (p 656)
>Ottoman national citizenship for all in the Empire >abolished civil authority of religious hierarchs >equality before the law >eligibility for all offices regardless of religion >army open to all religions >non-segregated army units >reform of taxes >security of property for all >abolish torture > prison reform >combat graft, bribery, extortion of/by public officials
X. Why was the Reinsurance Treaty and the Triple Alliance a delicate balancing act of diplomatic finesse for Bismarck that his successor could not manage to sustain? (p 690)
>Reinsur treaty made Ger & Russia allies; Trip Alliance made Ger, Aust-Hung, & Italy allies but Russia and Aust-Hung were enemies
X. What nation did Bismarck enter into a reinsurance treaty with? (p 690)
>Russia
X. Your text states that Britain had fought two Afghan Wars to keep Afghanistan as a no-man's land between two other nations. What two nations did Britain want to keep separated by Afghanistan? (p 678)
>Russia and India
X. What was the basic strategy of the Schlieffen Plan? (p 699)
>S.P. was a plan to fight a two front war, whereby in a wheeling motion of 5 lines, the German army swings through Belgium and into France, sweeping all the way through France and back around in a wide circle to come back up toward Russia. >S.P. was designed to quickly knock out France, which had more rail lines and could more quickly form a resistance to German invasion, and then come back to take on Russia, which had fewer rail line and would not be ready for the Germans
X. The German war plan to fight a two-front war was known as what? (p 699)
>Schlieffen Plan
X. On what Sea did the Russians establish Vladivostok, a town whose name means "Lord of the East" (p 678)
>Sea of Japan
X. Your text states that India and Indonesia were the world's ideal colonies for the British and the Dutch, and it further explains the characteristics these colonies have that make them the ideal colonies. List any two of these characteristics that make them ideal colonies. (p 672)
>colonies showed a surplus of exports year after year >both regions so large as to have a good deal of internal business - commerce, insurance, banking, transportation - which added to the profits of the European mother countries >both had rich & varied natural resources, tropical in character, that didn't compete with European products >both had native peoples who were adept and quick to learn >both had native peoples who were divided by language and religion, so that once conquered they were easy to control >neither area had any native self-govt at the highest levels, and were only really ruled by a native civil service set-up which the Europeans were able to easily exploit and control by making the top positions for European only >both had govts that were basically benevolent despotism that curbed warfare, plague, and famine, thus allowing the native population to grow >neither Br or the Dutch directly faced a foreign challenger to their rule over their Indian or Indonesian colony
X. There were many pressures which can explain the incentives and motives behind the aggressiveness of the Europeans toward the developing nations of the world. Some of these incentives and motives are social pressures, while others are economic pressures. List any one social pressure and one economic pressure that explains Europe's attitude and actions toward the developing world. (p 648)
>Social pressures: Europeans couldn't maintain the style of life they had become accustomed to unless they brought the rest of the world within their orbit; Catholic/Protestant missionaries sometimes got into trouble; public opinion to retaliate against the barbarian country when missionaries were killed; science required expeditions for geographic/botanical/zoological/mineral discoveries; wealthy people traveled more; civilized people felt that wherever they go, they have the right to expect security of life and limb and orderly procedures that only European supervision could provide >Economic pressures: European life required material goods, many of which only tropical areas could provide, like tea, coffee, cotton, rubber, petroleum, jute, coconut; industrialized nations had urgent need to find new markets due to the declining price level - had to sell more goods to make the same amount of profit made before prices declined; tariffs placed by the mother countries in their home nations required the mother countries to develop colonies/colonial empires dependent upon itself (the mother country) as a market place for the goods produced in return for the raw materials provided by the colony; neomercantilism; financial consideration that investing in "backward" countries brought a higher rate of return than investing in civilized nations
X. In 2 sentences, explain the Boer War = where, nations involved, who won. (p 669)
>South Africa war between the Afrikaner Dutch Boers of the Transvaal versus the British. The British won over Transvaal and the Orange Free State
X. There were a number of reasons why Britain by 1878 was ready to go to war against Russia over the issue of Turkey. What were two reasons for the British to go to war? (p 658)
>Suez Canal completed in 1869, and it was within Ottoman Empire territory >Suez restored the Near East (what we call today Middle East) to its ancient position as crossroads of world trade >Russia in 1870 began to build a navy fleet on the Black Sea, repudiating a clause in the treaty that ended Franco-Prussian war which said they would not militarize the Black Sea >Prime Minister Disraeli bought up 44% share of Suez Canal Company, making Britain a major stockholder in the canal >Prime Minister Disraeli had Queen Victoria take the title Empress of India in 1876 >Suez Canal became a lifeline of the British Empire >Ottoman Empire lost the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, and by the Treaty of San Stefano, would upset the balance of power in Europe to the favor of Russia, which Britain could not let stand
X. Four nations/colonies were combined together by the British to form their Union of South Africa colony. List any two of the four. (p 670)
>Transvaal >Orange Free State >Cape Colony >Natal
X. What treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War AND what leader of what nation led the peace talks? (p 685)
>Treaty of Portsmouth >US's Teddy Roosevelt
X. List any two of the capitulations protections enjoyed by Europeans in the Ottoman Empire. (p 655)
>Turkey could not put a tariff higher than 8% on imported goods >Europeans were exempt from most taxes >cases involving 2 Europeans settled only in a court held by a European consul under European law >disputes between a European & a Ottoman subject settled in Turkish court in presence of European observer
X. Your text states that in the 19th century it had become more and more evident that the current Qing (Manchu) Dynasty ruling China was clearly nearing its end because it was showing signs it could no longer preserve order or curb extortion. The text lists four revolts in the first half of the 19th century that prove this. List two of these revolts. (p 679)
>White Lotus Society revolt >Heavenly Reason Society revolt >Muslim Rebellion >Taiping Rebellion
X. What was the ulterior motive of William II of Germany when he landed in a German warship at Tangier, Morocco and gave a speech that was pro-Moroccan independence, sparking what is known as the 1st Moroccan Crisis? (p 692)
>William was trying to break up the Entente Cordial between Britain and France
X. The Russian publicist Danilevsky in 1871 wrote the work Russia and Europe. What did this work predict AND what kind of social/political movement did this work promote? (p 658)
>a long war between Europe and Russia followed by a grand federation of the East in which Slavs, Greeks, Hungarians and parts of Asiatic Turkey would be included under Russian control >promoted Pan-Slavism
X. The British army stationed in India was composed of what fraction of native Sepoy fighters/soldiers? (p 673)
>about 5/6ths of Br army in India was composed of Sepoys
X. For what purpose did subordinated people want to modernize their nation? (p 644)
>as a subordinated people forcibly introduced to European science, technology, and capital, they wish to rid themselves of the imperialists, govern themselves, and control the conditions under which modernization and borrowing should take place >subordinated people begin to assert the learned from Europe - ideas of liberty, democracy, and of anticapitalism (socialism), and so use these modern concepts to advocate for freedom from the imperialists
X. Why did the European nations decide to rule China and Persia jointly AND what term was created to describe this joint rule of these two nations? (p 646)
>because no one European country was strong enough to drive the other European nations out of China or Persia, it was decided that everyone could stay >this joint rule was known as "sphere of influence" whereby each European power had its own little chunk of China or Persia, its "sphere of influence" and each power had its own advisory privileges and investment and trade opportunities within its own sphere
X. Explain what was meant by the phrase "taking up the white man's burden" and who wrote the famous poem about this? (p 653)
>bringing the white man's superior civilization to the less fortunate, backward peoples >Rudyard Kipling
X. According to your text, what did 19th century international law have to say about one nation interfering in the affairs of another nation? (not in textbook)
>civilized nations may not intervene in each other's affairs but had the right of intervention in 'backward' countries
X. When you compare the 'old imperialism' of colonial acquisitions in 1400 - 1700s and the 'new imperialism' of the mid to late 1800s, it is a major difference in degrees. In the old imperialism, the mother countries were content to simply purchase what the local merchants provided. But in the new imperialism, the mother countries moved into the "backward" colony more thoroughly. Describe 3 ways which illustrate what the mother countries did when they more thoroughly moved into the backward colonies. (p 645-6)
>invested capital by setting up mines, plantations, docks, warehouses, factories, refineries, railroads, river steamships, banks >built offices, homes, hotels, clubs, resorts suitable for white men >transformed the native populations into wage employees of foreign owners >introduced the class problems of industrial Europe in a form accentuated by racial differences >lent money to non-European rulers - khedive of Egypt, shah of Persia, emperor of China - to enable them to hold up their tottering thrones or simply to live with more pleasure and magnificence than they could pay for from their usual revenues >to secure all of these financial investments in the colony, Europeans now aspired to political and territorial domination of the colony
X. Why did both Marx & Lenin both feel it was unfortunate that workers in the mother country, because of imperialism and colonies, actually received higher wages from that colonial inflow of low-priced goods into the mother country? (p 651)
>it gave workers in the mother country a vested interest in imperialism and made the European proletariat opportunistic and un-revolutionary, thus blocking the formation of a true, international, world proletariat of all races
X. Although Germany had build up a large military navy that could challenge the British control of the seas, and other weapons like tanks, airplanes, and modern submarines were new weapons of war in World War I, what other new weapon was the most deadly weapon of World War I? (p 702)
>machine gun
X. There were a great many things which the British had done to upset the Indians. Give any two examples listed in your text. (p 673)
>native Indian rulers had been conquered and dethroned >landowners lost their property to others who were pro-British >British regarded Indian beliefs as repulsive >Br outlawed the suttee - widow burning >Br suppressed the Thugs - a small sect of holy assassins >Br pronouncement that in due course of 10 years abolishing castes
X. "The idea was to create a large self-sufficient trading unit, embracing various climates and types of resources, protected if necessary from outside competition by tariffs, guaranteeing a market for all its members and wealth and prosperity for the home country." This above describes a phase of imperialism. What is the name of this phase of imperialism? (p 648)
>neomercantilism
X. According to your text, the new imperialism differed both economically and politically from the colonialism of earlier times. Give two examples. (p 645)
>older empires had been maritime and mercantile >older empires Euro traders in India, Java, or south China simply purchased the locally-made wares brought to them by local merchants >older empires operated on a cash-and-carry basis >euro govts had few direct territorial ambitions in Asia beyond the protection of way stations and trading centers, except for the cases of America, the Philippines, and Australia
X. The opera Aïda was performed for the first time in 1871. What country was it first performed in? (p 660)
>performed in Cairo, Egypt's new opera house
X. Who put Abdul Hamid II into power as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire? (p 657)
>put into power by reforming minister Midhat Pasha
X. The 2nd Moroccan Crisis was also sparked by an action taken by Germany when its naval gunboat the Panther landed at Agadir, Morocco. What was William II's supposed reason for landing a gunboat at Morocco AND what was William II's real, ulterior motive this time in the 2nd Moroccan Crisis? (p 692)
>supposedly, to protect German interests in Morocco >real, ulterior motive, said Ger would make no further trouble in Morocco for the French if France gave to Germany the French Congo colony
X. The 1st Moroccan Crisis was smoothed over by the agreement of the major nations to hold a conference at Algeciras to address the concerns of William II of Germany. What was the decision reached by the 1906 Algeciras Conference? (p 692)
>the Fr claims at Morocco were supported by all at the conference except Austria, Aust supported Germany's position
X. Your textbook discusses the various incursions upon China by European nations as well as China's own neighbors in the mid to late 1800s. Who got what? (p 681)
>the Russians moved down the Amur River and established their Maritime Province and the town of Vladivostok >Japan officially recognized the independence of Korea from China >Britain annexed Burma >France assumed a protectorate over Annam despite Chinese protests; Fr combine five areas of Annam, Cochin China, Tonkin, Laos, and Cambodia into French Indochina
X. Imperialism, according to your text, can be defined as what? (p 644)
>the government of one people by another
X. What rumor sparked the Sepoy Uprising/Indian Mutiny of 1857 against Britain AND how did this uprising affect British rule of India after the British put down the revolt? (p 673-5)
>the rumor was that bullet cartridges were either "greased with pig fat" upsetting the Muslim sepoys or "greased with cow fat" upsetting the Hindu sepoys >British East India Company & the Mogol Empires were done away with and replaced by British authorities ruling directly >British decided to rule India with and through the Indians themselves, not against them >British rule via collaboration of Br imperial power and the Indian upper classes >Br began to shelter Indian vested interests, supported Indian landlords, become more indulgent toward Indian "superstitions" >ceased conquering Indian states and began to keep the remaining Indian states intact as protectorates >admitted Indians to the civil service and to the governors' councils >great rise in the number of Indian businessmen >Hindu Indian National Congress organized >All-India Muslim League organized
X. The 1885 Berlin Conference had two goals. Name them (p 664)
>to set up territories of Congo Association as an international state under international auspices and restrictions >draft a code governing the way in which European powers wishing to acquire African territory should proceed
X. When the Europeans came into China starting in the 1830s, their basic policy was to extort concessions from the Manchu Empire, but also keep up and support the Manchu Dynasty from internal Chinese threats. Your books explains why they did this, and it is the same reason why, in 1871, Bismarck will insist that France create a govt to replace the fallen govt of Napoleon III to end the Franco-Prussian War. What is this reason that fits both China in the 1830s and beyond as well as France in 1871? (p 680)
>you need a govt in place with which to negotiate; in China's case Europeans supported the Qing emperors because they needed some kind of government in china with which they could make treaties, legalizing their claims and binding these claims upon the entire country of China
Africa: The mother country-colony associations you must know:
Britain: Egypt, South Africa, Rhodesia France: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Belgium: Congo Portugal: Angola, Mozambique Germany: German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, the Camaroons, Togo Italy: Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, Libya