AP Euro Chapters 6 and 7
As the European world profits from the expanded world economy in the 1700s, specifically who or what hold and owns the wealth and is made rich by the accumulated wealth and profits?
> private individuals >private property > private companies
What were the two names finally adopted by history for the 2 European conflicts, one between 1740 - 1748 and the other between 1756 - 1763?
>1740 -1748 = War of the Austrian Succession >1756 - 1763 = 7 Years War
When did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
>1760s - 1780s
When you take a look at British trade with Africa and America and you think of the phrase "Black gold, white gold" you can name the two items critical to British trade and commerce in Africa and America. What are these two items?
>African Slaves >sugar
Tories, Non-Jurors, and Scots were the main components of the group known as the Jacobites. First, what did the Jacobites want? Second, what events are known as the 15 and the 45?
>Jacobites want son of James II, James III, to come from France and take the throne, especially if he gives up his Catholic religion >Jacobites kept the divine right of kings theory alive as a way to protect James III's & Bonnie Prince Charlie's right to ascend the throne >15 & 45 were revolts in favor of James III "the Pretender" and his son Charles "Bonnie Prince Charlie" "the Young Pretender" to assume the throne of Britain
How did Newton view the scientific theories of Galileo & Kepler?
>Kepler's law on planet motion is flip side of Galileo's terrestrial motion
Pierre Bayle's book Thoughts on the Comet was about what specifically?
>Halley's comet >that what people believed about Halley's comet, that it emitted exhalations or that it was a supernatural omen of future events, there was no basis for any such belief except human credulity
What Newton work brought together these ideas of Galileo and Kepler and explained them as two sides of the same equation?
>Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
As a result of being on the winning side in the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain got from France some of France's non-European land holdings. Name any two of the three basic components of France's new world colonies that Britain won in the war.
>Hudson Bay >Nova Scotia >Newfoundland
The Peacock Throne, a royal throne and symbol of authority in Persia, what we would today call Iran, actually started as a symbol of power in what nation?
>India
Name 3 of the non-European countries or areas where the 7 Years War was fought?
>India >West Indies >Canada >Africa >England's North American colonies
According to your text, what was Bacon's greatest weakness?
>Not understanding the role of math in scientific discoveries, because mathematics, dealing with pure abstractions and proceeding deductively from axioms to theorems, was not an empirical or inductive method of thought such as Bacon demanded
The Peace of Utrecht treaties ended the War of the Spanish Succession. While a good bit of the Spanish Empire located in Europe was divided among Britain, Austria, and Savoy, what two non-European parts of the Spanish Empire did Spain get to keep?
>Philippines >Spanish America
In Britain, after the rise of the Hanovers to the throne, Robert Walpole came into power in the British government. First, what government position does he hold, AND secondly, when you text says that Walpole is the architect of cabinet government, explain how a cabinet government and cabinet responsibility to the majority of Parliament works.
>Prime Minister >Cabinet is a system of ministers/advisors who are also members of the legislative body. The cabinet is a body of ministers bound to each other and to the prime minister, obligated to follow the same policies and stand or fall as a group; Walpole, as Prime Minister and head of the Cabinet made sure that his ideas were always backed by a majority of the Commons, acknowledging the principle of cabinet responsibility to follow the wishes of the majority of Parliament, thus follow the concept of "majority rules." Thus, Parliament was not only a deliberative body but also one that developed an effective executive organ, without which neither representative government nor any government could survive
Who was the leader of the invader above and who was the leader of Austria?
>Prussia = Frederick II "the Great" >Austria = Maria Theresa
The Seven Years War was fought in two different places, North America and Europe. The European part of the Seven Years war ended with the Treaty of Hubertsburg. What did the Treaty of Hubertsburg say or do for the winner, AND who is considered to be the winner between these two nations involved in the Treaty of Hubertsburg?
>Prussia is the winner because it can keep Silesia, making Austria the loser
Because of men like Galileo, Newton, Kepler and other scientists, organizations rose to help sponsor and engage in scientific study. Name one of these organizations.
>Royal Society of London, established in 1662 >Royal Academy of Sciences, established in France in 1666
The New Atlantis helped make familiar Bacon's second main element of scientific discovery. What is it?
>usefulness of knowledge; that the knowledge you are seeking, and using inductive reasoning to find as new knowledge, is being sought because it is useful knowledge for society to know
What is a "sepoy" and who was the person who came up with the idea of the "sepoys"?
> native Indian warriors trained as troops, Dupleix did this
In what region of the Austrian Hapsburg lands do you find the culture group known as the Magyars?
Hungary
Francis Bacon completed 2 volumes of his massive work. Name one of the two works of the Great Renewal.
> Novum Organum (New Method of Acquiring Knowledge) > The Advancement of Learning
The treaties that ended the 7 Years War solidified or confirmed many things/conditions in Europe. Name 2 of them.
> Prussia continued as a nation, not partitioned as was hoped by France, Austria, and Russia as was their basic war aim at the beginning of the war >the Dualism of Germany continued, Prussia and Austria continued to be two strong German entities which eyed each other with suspicion as rivals >Frederick's aggression in seizing Silesia in W of Aust Succession justified by Fred II as 'reason of state', was confirmed by Prussia's victory in 7 Years War, thus making that reason/justification something that will repeat over and over in history, all the way through the 1991 Gulf War >the Br-Fr settlement of land-swapping didn't collapse or even hurt France's economy >Britain's win opened up new commercial connections, tripling Br trade with India & with North America >European balance-of-power was preserved, the Fr were kept out of Belgium >Br command/control of the seas confirmed; everyone else's sea trade was dependant upon the political requirements of Britain. Britain will allow foreign ships to ply the oceans and trade only as long as Britain wishes it to happen >the British were fully invested in the economics of North America and India
Your text states that a whole series of smaller wars can be combined into 2 basic conflicts, with participants on each side. These two conflicts are the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War. These two wars the same two principle issues and enemies. What two nations were the lead nations involved in the War of the Austrian Succession and what was their basic disagreement/fight over. AND what two nations were the lead nations involved in the Seven Years War and what was their basic disagreement/fight over?
>Aust Sucession: Prussia vs. Austria - over who was going to be land/military power of Central Europe >7 Years: Britain vs. France - over the colonies, trade, sea power
What new alliances are created by the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756?
>Austria allies with France and Britain allies with Prussia
The treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession allowed Austria to remain basically intact, losing only one important chunk of territory. What territory did Austria lose AND to whom did they lose it?
>Austria lost Silesia to Prussia
Who wrote the work Thoughts, Pensees, and what was the purpose of his writing this work?
>Blaise Pascal >man might be a reed, but he is a thinking reed > he was troubled by the sciences that revealed man to be puny in the big universe, and God seemed to be absent in the scientific equations >he was trying to find a balance between the science of man and the laws of God
The Dutch, the Swiss, the Belgians, and the Scots also went through changes after the War of the Spanish Succession. Take any two of these and write a brief, one-sentence statement describing them post-Utrecht.
>Dutch receded from political stage, though their alliance was always sought out by others because Dutch still had huge shipping and financial resources under their control >Swiss became important in banking and financial circles >Belgium, now under Austrian Emperor's control, founded Ostend Company as an overseas trading company & used it for 6 voyages to China, but they had to disband it from pressure by British and Dutch >Scots, due to the union with Britain and now having access to that British wealth, began to play their role of energizing business affairs in many countries. John Law was involved in restructuring the finances of France
How was Elite culture largely transmitted AND how was Popular culture largely transmitted?
>Elite transmitted via books/printed works >Popular transmitted via oral
Why was Asia in general and specifically China, considered almost useless as a market for European manufacturing AND because of this problem, how did Europeans finance the swelling demand for Asian products?
>Europe made no products Asia wanted in trade >Asia's population lacked the desire for something "new" because they were content with what their own cultures were able to provide >even if Asia's population wanted European goods, the masses were so poor they couldn't have afforded the imported European goods anyway >Europeans had to pay for products with gold, and so had to find new sources of gold to replenish their supply; the only "European" product China's leaders and other Asian leaders wanted was gold
List the sides involved in the 7 Years War.
>Fr, Austria, Russia vs. Br, Prussia, Hanover
What was the driving factor that made France announce its willingness to negotiate a peace to end the War of the Austrian Succession?
>France and her allies were successful in the European theater, but were losing badly in North America and the Caribbean islands, and France didn't want to lose the wealth and taxes it drew from the sugar and slave trade in their lucrative West Indies island colonies
The War of the Austrian Succession of Austria, Britain, and Dutch/Holland versus Prussia, Spain and France was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Although the British and French ended their part by status quo antebellum, some territory did change hands among the other participants and the results of the treaty really showed the weakness of the positions of France and the strength of Prussia. Name one way in which France was seen as weak and one way in which Prussia was seen as strong.
>France weak because it was straddled between Europe and its overseas empire; maintaining a huge army for Europe meant it couldn't have much of a navy for protecting the overseas empire; because they had a small navy compared to Britain, it was vulnerable on the sea; not enough of a navy to hold their gains in Europe or invade and take Belgium >Prussia got to keep Silesia; keeping Silesia doubled the population of Prussia and doubled its resources
Both France and Britain dealt with the outcomes of the bubbles differently. France repudiated the debt, Britain didn't. How did these actions affect the nation as a whole?
>France's repudiation left the monarchy with little credit to tap into >Britain set up a sinking fund, setting aside money yearly to pay its obligations; no repudiation, so the debt was considered a national debt to be paid by all in the nation via taxes
For what 2 wars did Jean Joseph Laborde raise money for the French government?
>French & Indian War, aka The Seven Years War >American Revolutionary War
The Peace of Utrecht answered two basic questions 1) would France be able to accomplish its desire for universal monarchy & 2) would the staatensystem established by the Peace of Westphalia ending the religion wars stay. What was the answers to these questions?
>French universal monarchy was blocked >the staatensystem of independent and sovereign nations , all legally free and equal, continuously entering or leaving alliances among the principles of the balance of power, continued in Europe
Explain Cartesian Dualism's concepts of thinking substance and extended substance
>God created two kinds of fundamental reality in the universe: Thinking substance & Extended substance >Thinking substance is mind, spirit, consciousness, substance; shadowy, unreal, illusive >Extended substance is outside the mind; objective; quantitative, measurable, reducible to formulas or equations; things occupying space or of the body
When Louis XIV died, the monarchy line went to a young five year old boy named Louis, and he was crowned Louis XV. First, what is the relationship between Louis XIV and XV (father/son, grandfather/grandson, uncle/nephew, great uncle/grand nephew, etc) AND since Louis XV is only 5 years old, who is his regent until he comes of age and can rule on his own?
>Great-grandfather/great-grandson >Duke of Orleans
Your text says that because he was not the monarch, the regent above had to concede power to the parliaments, especially to the Parliament of Paris, power the parliaments had lost during the time of Louis XIV. Explain what this power the Parliament of Paris is or how they used it.
>Since Parliaments are law courts manned by judges, the Parliament of Paris claimed right to assent to legislation and taxes >used this power by refusing to enforce laws they considered contrary to the unwritten constitution or fundamental laws of France
Although Spain was a late-comer as an ally to France, what did Spain get from France in the Peace of Paris Treaty which ended the France vs. Britain part of the 7 Years War?
>Spain got all of France's possession west of the Mississippi River in North America
Explain one of the following terms: 1) Tories after 1714, 2) Non-Jurors
>Tories = men who were remote from the central govt, or suspicious of the govt's activities, formed a kind of country party; they were gentry and yeomen of the shires and byways who were easily aroused by the great noblemen and men of money who led the Whig >Non-Jurors were a group of Anglican clergy outside the official church who refused to take the oath of loyalty after it was required in 1688
Skepticism in the mid 1500s was based on the French essayist Montaigne's famous question and answer. First, what is that famous question and answer. Secondly, if it is true that no certain knowledge is possible at all for humans, then according to your text what really are all the beliefs we hold?
>What do I know; nothing >beliefs are just customs
What was the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756?
>When Prussia & Austria switch major power they are allied with after the War of the Austrian Succession in preparation for the 7 Years War
By the time of the Seven Years War in 1756, William Pitt is now the Prime Minister. What did he mean when he said "he might win an Empire on the plains of Germany" even though the British army under General Wolfe was defeating the French army on the Plains of Abraham in Quebec.
>While he kept the British in the field, on the oceans and in North American, he helped his allied Prussia by providing funds that would allow Frederick II to win over Austria, and secure the win of the Br/Pr alliance in the war that way
After the War of the Austrian Succession, a situation in Central Europe develops known as German Dualism. What is German Dualism?
>You have two strong German entities of Prussia and Austria
What is a "rotten borough"?
>a borough is a district that elects a person to Parliament, but it is 'rotten' in the sense that the population that used to live there no longer does, so who ever happens to be the landowner is the man elected to Parliament, only he does not represent his district of citizens, he just represents himself >rotten boroughs were representative districts that follow district lines which were created hundreds of years ago and have not been adjusted to reflect shifts of the population as the people moved in or out of the district
According to your text, why does urbanization not equate with industry in these early years of the Industrial Revolution?
>because most industry was carried on in the country, by peasants and part-time agricultural workers who worked in their homes for the merchant capitalists who lived in the towns
Why did Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes both reject the method of schoolmen or "scholastics"?
>because the thinking of schoolmen/scholastics were based on Middle Ages academic traditions that were rationalistic and deductive
After the Peace of Utrecht, the Dutch were no longer a politically powerful nation. But the Netherlands remained economically an international power to be respected and reckoned with. Give any two of the elements of this economic relevance that kept the Dutch involved in international affairs.
>commerce >shipping >banking >finance >Dutch grew rich on their imports from the East Indies >Dutch were the middlemen & carriers for other peoples; their freight rates remained the lowest in Europe >the capital accumulated by the Dutch was lent by them to England, France, or other entrepreneurs >1/3rd of the capital in Bank of England belonged to Dutch shareholders >Bank of Amsterdam remained the chief clearing house and financial center of Europe ending only with the invasion of Holland by Napoleon
Both the South Sea Bubble in England and the Mississippi Bubble in France are tied to companies and the national debt. In a short sentence, explain this connection between the companies and their nation's national debt.
>companies bought up the national debt by selling stocks of their company to the public, but the stock value fell and companies couldn't pay off the stockholders when they divested of the stock
As science expanded, so did math undergo rapid development. Give two examples of this.
>decimals now used to express fractions >algebra symbols improved & standardized >logarithms invented by John Napier >Descartes creates coordinate geometry >Pascal developed theory of probabilities >calculus simultaneously invented by Isaac Newton in England & Leibniz in Germany
Elite & popular cultures diverged in non-material ways from the 1600s to the 1700s. List one.
>elites began to set a new importance on etiquette, especially at gatherings at court, at plays, dances >belief in witchcraft and magic, prophecy, and oracles were no longer really part of the elite culture by the 1700s, the vast majority of those accused of witchcraft had been women; for the elite, only the prophecies to be believed were those in the Bible >fairs & carnivals, and the Carnival season in the weeks before Lent, in the early days both elite & popular culture participated; by the 1700s, the elite stayed away or simply went to take pleasure at the antics of the common people
Eighteenth-century warfare was very different from modern warfare. Different in who was enlisted in the military and who was not, different in weapons, different in the strategy tactics taken by generals in placing troops and engaging their troops in battle, different in how far from home the troops moved and operated, different in national feelings in their military, different in how the military wars affected the civilian populations. Take any three of these differences and write one characteristic each about these differences from today's military.
>enlisted ranks of armies/navies were filled with men considered economically useless, picked up in bars or on the wharves; those considered by the government to be part of the productive population (peasants, mechanics, and all bourgeois) or part of the tax paying population stayed at home. Professional soldiers were a class apart from the military rabble, were enlisted for long term and were paid wages, were professional in their outlook and were highly trained, wore colorful uniforms easily distinguished on the field of battle >weapons were non-destructive. Infantry was predominate in the military ranks, were armed with smooth-bore muskets which could have a bayonet attached to it >in the war, troops depended on great supply deposits built up beforehand, which were then immovable deposits, so that armies rarely operated more than a few days' march from these supply depot bases. >soldiers fought for pay >generals hesitated to risk their troops because it took years to recruit, train, and equip troops, and also expensive to do this >in war, strategy was NOT the idea of seeking out the enemy's main force in order to destroy it in battle but rather to maneuver for an advantageous position and applying a cumulative and subtle pressure, like a game of chess >there was little nationalistic feeling involved in going to war >war was between governments, or oligarchies or aristocracies which governments represented, but were NOT between whole peoples. Wars were fought for power, prestige, or calculated practical interests, not for ideologies, moral principles, world conquest, national survival, or ways of life. >civilians really were not affected by wars, because in Europe a government looking to invade did not wish to ruin or antagonize the land beforehand. The fact that much of the west-European wars of the mid 1700s were naval wars helped keep the civilian experiences of war from happening. This fact that civilians really were unaffected by wars was one of the major reasons why governments didn't hesitate in going to war - war wasn't going to be messy for much of their population, much of the population wouldn't even know a war was going on, and also why governments settled wars so easily - there was no sense that 'useless civilian blood spillage must be avenged until the enemy is totally vanquished' >Peace treaties were negotiated, not imposed. Today's enemy that you are making peace with might be tomorrow's ally, so no need to force an enemy to accept an unacceptable treaty
There are certain things both Elite and Popular cultures shared as common experiences/problems/issues to be faced. Name one of these.
>famine >disease >death >religion >same dangers of tainted food & water >same smells & noises
Since the wealth accumulated from the expanded world economy ended up in the private hands of those who financially backed the colonies and the wealth created there, how do the governments of Europe tap into that wealth?
>governments depended upon these owners of the private property/private wealth by getting loans from these people to finance the running of the government or by taxing these owners of private wealth and using the taxes to finance the government
Who was Count Kaunitz to Maria Theresa AND what did he do?
>he was Maria Theresa's Foreign Minister >he reversed Austria's traditional foreign policy and proposed an alliance between Austria and France, who was normally Austria's arch enemy, cementing the alliance by marring off Marie Antoinette, one of Maria Theresa's daughters, to Louis in France, who will eventually become Louis XVI
What happened to Galileo because of his telescopic discoveries?
>he was condemned by the Church for heresy and forced to recant his discoveries or be excommunicated
Despite the fact that France was absolutist and Britain had begun the transition to constitutional monarchy, France and Britain had parallel development in the years after the Peace of Utrecht. List any two of these parallel developments.
>in both, for some years the king was personally ineffective (L15 is a child; George I is German, doesn't speak English) >in both, the various propertied interests gained many advantages because of the king's ineffectiveness >both nations enjoyed commercial expansion >both went through a short period of financial experimentation and frantic speculation in stocks, each one's financial bubble bursting in 1720 >after the financial bubble burst, both were governed by a statesman, Cardinal Fleury in France and Robert Walpole in Britain, whose policy it was to keep peace abroad and conciliate all interests at home >in both, these leading statesmen will govern for about 2 decades
Scotland, Sweden, Venice, Prussia, Austria, and the free city of Hamburg all tried to establish East India companies. But within a few years they all failed. Your text says that the failure is due to things lacking or were insufficient. Name two of them.
>insufficient capital in the companies >companies lacked diplomatic support >companies lacked military support of the country that was establishing them >companies lacked naval/shipping support >merchants involved in the companies needed, but didn't get, strong national backing
The War of the Austrian Succession was a "collision of the Bourbons and the Hapsburgs." When it came to the French dealing with the Germanies, what was the basic foreign policy France pursued?
>keep the Germanies from unifying and acting together as one
Give 2 of the ways the differences in wealth contributed to the splitting of culture into popular & elite.
>less meat & more bread in popular culture than in elite culture >popular culture's poor lived in crowded and unwholesome buildings with no glass windows >elites had better housing, furniture, had glass windows in house >manners & etiquette much more refined or even existed in the elite culture than they did in the popular culture
In addition to the "spices" that Europeans continued to desire from Asia, what other Asian products did they want? Name 1
>manufactured goods of rugs, chinaware, cotton cloth >tea
Name any two of the discoveries Galileo made with his telescope.
>moon had a rough and apparently mountainous surface >saw the dark part of the moon in its various phases >concluded that the moon itself was not luminous, but rather only reflecting the sunlight that hit it >saw dark spots on the sun >planets had a visible breadth when seen in the telescope but fixed stars remained only points of light as if very far away >Jupiter had satellites around it like the moon around the Earth >heavenly bodies might be of the same substance as the earth, matter moving in space, and the difference between earth and the heavens was disappearing
By what motto did Walpole lead AND what did he mean by this motto?
>motto was "let sleeping dogs lie" >this meant that it was Walpole's intention to keep things politically quiet at home and abroad by pursing policies that would help win over the opposing Tories, keep Jacobinism down, and stay out of wars on the international front
What does your text give as a good definition of skepticism in the time of the 1500s onward?
>no certain knowledge is possible for human beings at all >that what we hold as beliefs (knowledge) are essentially only customs >that some people may believe (know) one thing while others believe (know) something else >there is no sound way of choosing between them as to which belief (knowledge) is true or accurate
What development did Kepler give to the science of the planets?
>orbits of the planets elliptical >time it take for planet to revolve around the sun depends on the planet's distance from the sun; time2≈distance3
Your text describes a plantation as an economic unit that consists of several different elements. List or describe two of the elements.
>plantation consists of a large tract of land >plantation represents a sizeable investment of capital >plantation is often owned by absentee landowner living in France or England >plantation has a labor force of impressed labor >plantation's impressed labor force usually consists of African slaves
In the first volume of his Great Renewal, Bacon set out the procedure of inductive reasoning. Explain it.
>procedure from the particular to the general, from the concrete to the abstract: in studying what a leaf is, by studying millions of leaves of all kinds of shapes, sizes, and colors, and observe with minute scrutiny the similarities and differences among all the leaves we may arrive at a knowledge, based on observed facts, of the general nature of a leaf.
Frenchman Denis Papin's steam engine produced so little power that it was only used for cooking. Thomas Newcomen built a steam engine which was tweaked by James Watt. What was the first application of steam to an economic purpose? In other words, what practical use was the steam engine built by Newcomen?
>pump water out of coal mines
Who's famous quote is "Cogito ergo sum" AND why did he say it?
>said by Rene Descartes >said because he wanted to start from scratch, like Bacon said, and so Descartes started at the beginning, doubting everything he thought he ever knew, and then from there, that he could not doubt his own existence as a thinking and doubting human being, "I think, therefore I am"; and from there he deduced, by systematic reasoning, the existence of God and much else
Given that most of the science is the search for knowledge and understanding, in general how did the scientists regard religion?
>scientists themselves didn't apply their scientific ideas to religion and society >with the exception of Pascal, few scientists felt themselves lost to religion because of what they were discovering, and Pascal didn't really lose religion he just didn't know how to make it fit and was unsure of what he would find if he tried to make it fit in science >Descartes & Newton were still very religious and very much advancers of their religions >Bacon was politically conservative; Descartes held that the customs of one's country were to be accepted without question
What did Maria Theresa do to convince the Hungarians to stay connected to the Austrian Empire and fight for her against Prussia?
>she showed up with her young newborn infant, Joseph, and appealed to Hungarian magnates (nobles) who in turn pledged their "blood and life" and delivered 100,000 soldiers
During the reign of George I, Parliament gained much independence from the crown. How did they accomplish this?
>since George I didn't speak English, Robert Walpole rose up from his position in Parliament to be Prime Minister and he and his fellow ministers made all the critical governmental decisions
What is the "Black Hole of Calcutta" and who were thrown into it?
>small room without windows, into which British traders associated with British East India Company were thrown
As a result of the 45, the British government set out to destroy Jacobism in the Highlands of Scotland. List any action taken by Parliament to achieve this goal
>social system in the Highlands wiped out >clans were broken up >clans forced to reorganize according to modern ideas of property, landlord, and tenant
What does your text mean when it says that a main difference between Elite and Popular culture is simply one of language?
>standardized forms of English, French, German that only the elite were exposed to through education or reading of books; uneducated kept the old, common dialect peasant language like patois or volkssprache >facility in the national language would continue to be a sign of 'elite' culture until the spread of universal elementary education in te 19th century
What country started the War of the Austrian Succession AND what piece of land belonging to Austria did this nation go and conquer?
>started by Prussia >Prussia invaded Silesia
Give the idea espoused by Copernicus in his work Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs.
>sun is center of solar system & fixed stars; heliocentric; sun-centered rather than geocentric/earth centered as posed by Ptolemy
Since the Industrial Revolution will not become what we think of as "modern" with the use of steam engines and power-driven machinery, with the growth of factories and large industrial cities until the 19th century, what is the impetus behind the Industrial Revolution as it begins in the 1760s- 1780s?
>the Industrial Revolution at its beginning is the final, real bloom of the 'putting out industry' under the domestic system; it is this bloom at the zenith of the 'putting out domestic system' that will be the seed of the modern industrialization we think of with steam engines
Your text states that it was common for there to be a close connection between government finance and private enterprise under mercantilist ideas of government guidance of trade. What does this mean?
>the govt would charter a company (like the East India Company or the Virginia Company), strengthen the company with a monopoly in a given line of business, and then receive from the company, after the stockholders had bought up the shares, a large sum of cash as a loan. The companies were owned by private investors, savings drawn from trade and agriculture, put into shares in these companies, became available both for economic reinvestment and for the use of the government in defraying costs of war
Because of his push for inductive reasoning to lead the scientific way, Bacon is credited with creating the philosophy of empiricism. What is empiricism?
>the philosophy of founding knowledge based on observation and experimentation
Because of the pursuit of science by Newton and others, the discoveries of science made everyday life a little better. Your text gives several examples. Give me 1.
>the tide could now be understood and predicted thus making it easier to know when a ship could or should leave/enter port >the exact mathematical knowledge of celestial bodies, together with the invention of accurate time pieces, provided help with ship navigation and mapmaking >measures of north/south latitude, known since the ancient Greeks, had now been added to with the east/west measures of longitude, discovered with this new scientific advancement, to allow a ship to know exactly where it was on the ocean >more accurate maps allowed Europeans to know the true size and shape of their home nations and continent >calculus, reinforced by technical discoveries in the working of metals, led to an increased use of artillery in armies/wars >improved firearms heightened the advantage of national armies over insurgencies
Your text states that judges who were in the parliaments couldn't be fired or removed from their posts by the king because they had property rights in their offices. What does this mean?
>these men bought their positions, and with that position came a title of nobility, which gives them property rights. These property rights include the idea that upon the death of the judge, the oldest son will inherit the judgeship and title of nobility, just like passing property ownership from parent to child in modern society
What is meant when the text states that medieval philosophy was rationalistic and deductive?
>to find new knowledge, the procedure is to start with definitions and general propositions and then discover what further knowledge can be deduced from the definitions that have already been accepted >or the procedure starts with you affirm the nation of an object to be such-and-such and then describe how objects of such a nature do or should behave
Instead of deductive reasoning, Bacon and Descartes said scientific investigation of knowledge should be inductive. What did they mean by this idea of inductive reasoning?
>truth is not something that is postulated at the beginning and then explored in all of its ramification >truth is rather something we find at the end of the process, after investigation, experimentation, and intermediate thought
Where did the 7 Years War start?
In North America
Who wrote the following "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night; God said 'Let Newton be,' and all was light"?
Alexander Pope
The New Atlantis was about a scientific utopia whose inhabitants enjoyed a perfect society through their knowledge and command of nature. Who wrote it?
Bacon
What nation, because it had no internal tariffs, had an insignificant guild system, and had no monopolies inside the nation except to inventors, was the largest area of internal free trade in Europe?
Britain
Who developed coordinate geometry?
Descartes
What is Descartes' famous work published in 1637?
Discourse on Methods
In the 1700s, what nation was the chief industrial center of Europe?
France
What scientist supposedly used the Leaning Tower of Pisa to make a scientific discovery about movement of bodies on earth?
Galileo
Diamond Pitt made his money by illegally operating as a merchant in what country?
India
The first modern scientific synthesis, or coherent theory of the physical universe was presented by whom?
Isaac Newton
While Montaigne was the leading spokesman of skepticism in the 1590s, ho was the greatest spokesman of skepticism in the late 1600s, holding that all beliefs are relative, varying with time and place?
Pierre Bayle
Who said "Give me motion and extension and I will build you the world"?
Renee Descartes
Who was in charge of the British East India Company during the time of the 7 Years War?
Robert Clive
Where did Captain Jenkins lose his ear?
The Spanish Main
For western Europe in general, when looking at industry beyond agriculture, in what kind of location (countryside, town, or major cities) is most other kinds of industry taking place?
countryside
In the 1700s, what was considered the single greatest industry and source of wealth for the European nations?
agriculture