ap euro final 1

The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?

Austria and Russia

Nikita Khrushchev did which of the following?

Denounced Stalin's cult of personality.

During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist forces led by General Franco received military assistance from which of the following pairs of states?

Germany and Italy

Who said "Paris is worth a mass." ? ...Be careful

Henry IV

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against

Huguenots in France

Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht (1713) ?

It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European politics.

The individual who first provided mathematical formulas supporting the Copernican theory and explaining planetary motion was

Johannes Kepler

What is the original date of Bastille Day?

July 14,1789

" ... it must be love of fatherland that governs the state by placing before it a higher object than the usual one of maintaining internal peace, property, personal freedom, and the life and well-being of all. For this higher o bject alone, and with no other intention, does the state assemble an armed force." The quotation above best reflects which of the following?

Nationalism

Who was the author of The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen?

Olympe de Gouges

"What is the significance of this revolution? Its significance is, in the first place, that we will have a soviet government, without the participation of bourgeoisie of any kind. The oppressed masses will of themselves form a government. The old state machinery will be smashed into bits and in its place will be created a new machinery of government by the soviet organizations. From now on there is a new page in the history of Russia, and the present, third Russian revolution will lead to the victory of Socialism. One of our immediate tasks is to put an end to the war at once. But in order to end the war, which is closely bound up with the present capitalistic system, it is necessary to overthrow capitalism itself. In this work we shall have the aid of the world labor movement, which has already begun to develop in Italy, England, and Germany." Vladimir Lenin, speech to the Petrograd Soviet (workers' council), November 1917 Lenin's call for an end to the war is best explained by which of the following?

Russia's poor performance in the war that had created massive suffering and discontent in Russia

Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy?

Salvation by faith alone

The following question refers to the topic of the emergence of two superpowers. Which of the following best explains the Soviet Union's creation of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON?

Soviet reaction to the creation of similar organizations in Western Europe

The following question refers to the topic of the Enlightenment. Which of the following developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries best explains why Enlightenment political thinkers called for the expansion of political rights and popular participation in governance?

The Commercial Revolution increased the economic power and influence of a wide segment of European society outside the traditional aristocracy.

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

The Netherlands

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen resembles most accurately which American document?

The U.S. Bill of Rights

Who led the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue?

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists

advocated a complete separation of church and state

The ideology of Italian fascism was based on

an authoritarian state and a corporate economy

In seventeenth-century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the

nobility

A major result of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) was to

prevent France from upsetting the balance of power

Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he

publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system

The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the

rise of France as a great power

In the 1930's one of the effects of the Great Depression in Europe was

the broadening of popular support for the Nazi party in Germany

One major consequence of the First World War was

the start of the Russian Revolution

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case. The next questions refer to the statement below. "We will glorify war—the only cure for the world—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of the anarchist, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman." Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian writer and artist, "Futurist Manifesto," 1909 Marinetti's manifesto had the greatest influence on which of the following political groups?

Fascists

Which of the following was not a phase of the Thirty Years War?

Spanish phase

The graph above of the voting (by party) in the German elections from 1928 to 1932 shows which of the following?

The Depression saw an increase in the percentage of votes for Communist and Nazi parties.

Refer to the song below. "Father Stalin, look at this Collective farming is just bliss The hut's in ruins, the barn's all sagged All the horses broken nags And on the hut a hammer and sickle And in the hut death and famine No cows left, no pigs at all Just your picture on the wall Daddy and mommy are in the kolkhoz* The poor child cries as alone he goes There's no bread and there's no fat The Party's ended all of that The Party man he beats and stamps And sends us to Siberian camps." *collective farm Ukrainian underground protest song, 1930s The famine described in the song was a consequence of which of the following?

The drive to modernize the Soviet economy

The following question refers to the topic of the emergence of two superpowers. Which of the following best explains the cycle of reform and repression in the Eastern bloc that persisted throughout the Cold War?

Communist leaders sought to improve economic performance and living standards while also maintaining their political authority.

The picture above does which of the following?

Condemns the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War.

The next questions refer to the passage below. "The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one's love of it. . . . From [merely learning the names of] the many rivers and mountains one will not see all the Serbian lands, not even the heroic and unfortunate field of Kosovo [on which the Ottomans defeated the Serbs in 1389]; from the many rivers and mountains children do not see that there are more Serbs living outside Serbia than in Serbia; they do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands; from the many mountains and rivers we do not see that, were it not for the surrounding Serbs, Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly inundate and destroy; and, if there were no Serbia, the remainder of Serbdom would feel as though it did not have a heart." Report to the Serbian Teachers' Association, 1911-1912 In the interwar period, educators in which of the following countries would most likely have had a view of geography education similar to that expressed in the passage?

Germany

Source 1: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HÉRAULT, SOUTHERN FRANCE, 1877-1890 Source 2: Excerpt from a lecture for a civics course for boys' elementary schools, approved by the French Ministry of Education, 1883 "Children, one day you will be soldiers, just as today you are students. You owe military service to your country. In defending her, each of you shall defend your father's home, the place where you were born, the community where you have lived, the patrimony that your parents have bequeathed you. And other things still: the laws that protect you, the benefits of civilization, as well as all that past of work and glory that has made France so great among nations....If your mother is in danger and she calls out to you 'Come to me, children!' how is it possible not to come to her help? Think of France as the noblest of all mothers, who has suffered much and whose injuries have not yet healed!" The two sources together best support which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century European governments and public education?

Governments used the expansion of public education as an opportunity to promote nationalist sentiment.

The next questions refer to the passage below. "Peter the Great was allowed to engage several English engineers into his service, as he had done in Holland; but, over and above engineers, he engaged likewise some mathematicians, which he would not so easily have found in Amsterdam. Ferguson, a Scotchman, an excellent geometrician, entered into his service, and was the first person who brought arithmetic into use in the exchequer in Russia, where before that time, they made use only of the Tartarian method of reckoning, with balls strung upon a wire [an abacus]....He took with him two young students from a mathematical school, and this was the beginning of the marine academy.... Peter made himself proficient in astronomy, [and] he perfectly well understood the motions of the heavenly bodies, as well as the laws of gravitation, by which they are directed. This force, now so evidently demonstrated, and before the time of the great Newton so little known, by which all the planets gravitate towards each other, and which retain them in their orbits, had already become familiar to a sovereign of Russia, while other countries amused themselves with imaginary theories, and, in Galileo's nation, one set of ignorant persons ordered others, as ignorant, to believe the earth to be immovable." Voltaire, History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great, 1759, discussing Tsar Peter I's Grand Embassy, which traveled to western Europeat the end of the seventeenth century. Based on the passage and historical context, which of the following best explains Peter the Great's motivations for visiting England and Holland?

He wished to modernize his empire.

"It is necessary to conduct yourself as a good father to your people, that you love your subjects regardless of their religious convictions, and that you try to promote their welfare at all times. Work to stimulate trade everywhere, and keep in mind the population increase of [your territories]. Take advantage of the advice of the clergy and nobility as much as you can; listen to them and be gracious to them all, as befits your position; recognize ability where you find it, so that you will increase the love and affection of your subjects toward you. . . . Seek to maintain friendly relations with the princes and nobility of the [Holy Roman] Empire. Correspond with them frequently and maintain your friendship with them. Be certain not to give them cause for ill will; try not to arouse emotions of jealousy or enmity, but be sure that you are in a strong position to maintain your weight in disputes that may arise. . . . It is wise to have alliances, if necessary, but it is better to rely on your own strength. You are in a weak position if you do not have the means and do not possess the confidence of the people. These are the things, God be praised, which have made me powerful since the time I began to have them." Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia, secret letter to his son and heir, 1667 Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph?

Helping the people will strengthen the state.

"I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion." *Classical writers and philosophers Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?

Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

"It is hard to define the type of relationship that prevails between people in [communist countries] otherwise than as acting, with the exception that one does not perform on a theater stage but in the street, office, factory, meeting hall, or even the room one lives in. Such acting is a highly developed craft that places a premium upon mental alertness. Before it leaves the lips, every word must be evaluated as to its consequences. A smile that appears at the wrong moment, a glance that is not all it should be, can occasion dangerous suspicions and accusations. A visitor from [Eastern Europe] is shocked on coming to the West. In his contacts with others, beginning with porters or taxi drivers, he encounters no resistance. The people he meets are completely relaxed. They lack that internal concentration which betrays itself in a lowered head or in restlessly moving eyes. They say whatever words come to their tongues; they laugh aloud. Is it possible that human relations can be so direct? [In Eastern Europe], acting in daily life differs from acting in the theater in that everyone plays to everyone else, and everyone is fully aware that this is so.... After long acquaintance with his role, a man grows into it so closely that he can no longer differentiate his true self from the self he simulates, so that even the most intimate of individuals speak to each other in Party slogans." Czeslaw Milosz, Polish writer, The Captive Mind, 1953 All of the following statements about Milosz are factually correct. Which one would be most useful in identifying the intended audience of The Captive Mind ?

Milosz defected to the West in 1951 and obtained political asylum in France.

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case. The next questions refer to the passage below. "I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas.

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?

Recognized the rights of French Protestants.

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case. The next questions refer to the passage below. "Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy." Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986 In the first paragraph, Stromberg most clearly criticizes which of the following historical interpretations of the French Revolution?

The French Revolution was an example of class conflict.

Refer to the following passage. "We see our people threatened by a mortal danger. The danger is that of a new religion. The church knows that it will have to account before God if the German people, unwarned, should turn away from Christ. The first commandment reads: I am the Lord Thy God. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. The new religion is a rebellion against the first commandment: • In it, the racial and folkish ideology becomes a myth. In it, blood and race, nationality, national honor, and the nation's freedom of action become idols. • The faith in an 'eternal Germany' demanded by this religion replaces the faith in the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. • This false faith creates its gods in man's image and essence. Such idolatry has nothing in common with positive Christianity. It is the expression of the Anti-Christ.... • The church must not bow to the new religion's claim that the state can bind the individual's conscience.... [Jesus Christ] alone can bind and loosen a man's conscience. • Therefore the church must not allow itself to be pushed from the public sphere into some quiet corner of private piety, where, self-satisfied, it would betray its mission." Declaration of a group of German Protestant pastors, Berlin, 1935 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best explain why appeals such as the one in the passage had a limited effect on German public opinion in the 1930s?

The German economy was in the process of recovering from the Great Depression.

"I wrote this book in the [1930s], against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages. I wrote with the knowledge, sometimes intimate, sometimes more distant, of conditions in depressed and derelict areas, of the sufferings of the unwanted and uprooted—the two million unemployed at home, the Jewish and liberal fugitives from Germany.... Admittedly, the atmosphere of the [1930s] had something to do with my choice of subject as well as with my methods of treatment. Many of my generation who grew up under the shadow of the First World War had a sincere, if mistaken, conviction that all wars were unnecessary and useless. I no longer think that all wars are unnecessary; but some are, and I still think that the Thirty Years War was one of these. It need not have happened and it settled nothing worth settling." Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, British historian, The Thirty Years War, originally published in 1938, excerpt from the revised introduction published as part of the 1956 reprint The author's conclusion regarding the significance of the ThirtyYears'War most directly challenged which of the following historical interpretations?

The Thirty Years' War marked a decisive turning point in European history.

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case. The next questions refer to the passage below. "Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy." Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986 Historians disagreeing with Stromberg and making the argument that the French Revolution was based on Enlightenment values would most likely cite which of the following as evidence in support of their position?

The issuing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

"It is hard to define the type of relationship that prevails between people in [communist countries] otherwise than as acting, with the exception that one does not perform on a theater stage but in the street, office, factory, meeting hall, or even the room one lives in. Such acting is a highly developed craft that places a premium upon mental alertness. Before it leaves the lips, every word must be evaluated as to its consequences. A smile that appears at the wrong moment, a glance that is not all it should be, can occasion dangerous suspicions and accusations. A visitor from [Eastern Europe] is shocked on coming to the West. In his contacts with others, beginning with porters or taxi drivers, he encounters no resistance. The people he meets are completely relaxed. They lack that internal concentration which betrays itself in a lowered head or in restlessly moving eyes. They say whatever words come to their tongues; they laugh aloud. Is it possible that human relations can be so direct? [In Eastern Europe], acting in daily life differs from acting in the theater in that everyone plays to everyone else, and everyone is fully aware that this is so.... After long acquaintance with his role, a man grows into it so closely that he can no longer differentiate his true self from the self he simulates, so that even the most intimate of individuals speak to each other in Party slogans." Czeslaw Milosz, Polish writer, The Captive Mind, 1953 In the passage, Milosz is reacting most directly to which of the following aspects of life in communist Eastern Europe?

The oppressive political system and pervasive internal surveillance

"The so-called Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are particularly glaring examples of the manner in which the principles of the United Nations are violated, of the way in which the organization is ignored. As the experience of the past few months has shown, the proclamation of this doctrine meant that the United States government has moved toward a direct renunciation of the principles of international collaboration and concerted action by the great powers and toward attempts to impose its will on other independent states, while at the same time obviously using the economic resources distributed as relief to individual nations as an instrument of political pressure. . . . It is becoming more and more evident to everyone that the implementation of the Marshall Plan will mean placing European countries under the economic and political control of the United States and direct interference by the latter in the internal affairs of those countries. Moreover, this Plan is an attempt to split Europe into two camps and, with the help of the United Kingdom and France, to complete the formation of a bloc of several European countries hostile to the interests of the democratic countries of Eastern Europe and most particularly to the interests of the Soviet Union." Andrei Vyshinsky, Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, speech to the United Nations, 1947 The tensions reflected in the passage were most directly the result of which of the following developments?

The split between Eastern and Western Europe at the onset of the Cold War

"I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion." *Classical writers and philosophers Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?

The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following?

The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case. The next questions refer to the passage below. "From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic." Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793 In subsequent years, the French government used the institutions created by the decree to

attempt to spread French Revolutionary ideals throughout Europe

After the death of Stalin, Khrushchev modified Soviet policy by

emphasizing the production of consumer goods

"The so-called Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are particularly glaring examples of the manner in which the principles of the United Nations are violated, of the way in which the organization is ignored. As the experience of the past few months has shown, the proclamation of this doctrine meant that the United States government has moved toward a direct renunciation of the principles of international collaboration and concerted action by the great powers and toward attempts to impose its will on other independent states, while at the same time obviously using the economic resources distributed as relief to individual nations as an instrument of political pressure. . . . It is becoming more and more evident to everyone that the implementation of the Marshall Plan will mean placing European countries under the economic and political control of the United States and direct interference by the latter in the internal affairs of those countries. Moreover, this Plan is an attempt to split Europe into two camps and, with the help of the United Kingdom and France, to complete the formation of a bloc of several European countries hostile to the interests of the democratic countries of Eastern Europe and most particularly to the interests of the Soviet Union." Andrei Vyshinsky, Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union, speech to the United Nations, 1947 Vyshinsky's comments regarding the principles of the United Nations are best explained by

the ideal of the United Nations as guaranteeing international cooperation among the great powers