AP Euro Finals Study Guide
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs. The political condition of Germany described in the passage did not change until?
1871
"The foundations of old knowledge have collapsed. Wise men have probed the depths of the earth; Treasures of buried strata furnish the proofs of creation. [Religion] is no longer the apex of fulfillment for the intelligent. Atlas does not hold up the earth, nor is Aphrodite divine; Plato's wisdom cannot explain the principles of evolution. 'Amr is no slave of Zayd, nor is Zayd 'Amr's master *— Law depends upon the principle of equality. Neither the fame of Arabia, nor the glory of Cairo remains. This is the time for progress; the world is a world of science; Is it possible to maintain society in ignorance?" Sâdullah Pasha, Ottoman intellectual, The Nineteenth Century, poem, 1878 The last three lines of the poem best illustrate what aspect of Europe's relationship with the rest of the world in the late nineteenth century?
Adoption of Western ideas caused many non-Western peoples to call for the modernization of their own societies and states.
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital." The poissardes and other participants in the events described in the song were motivated most strongly by?
An economic crisis brought about by food shortages
First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549 Xavier's views of indigenous populations as expressed in the passage were most similar to views commonly held by late-nineteenth-century Europeans in which of the following ways?
Both views reflected a sense of cultural superiority.
First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549 Xavier's views in the second paragraph support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1648?
Christianization both depended on and legitimized European colonial expansion.
"The Natives of New-Holland may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far happier than we Europeans; being wholly unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniencies so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a Tranquility which is not disturbed by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life, they covet not Magnificent Houses, Household-stuff, etc., they live in a warm and fine Climate and enjoy a very wholesome Air, so that they have very little need of Clothing. . . . Many to whom we gave Cloth left it carelessly upon the beach and in the woods as a thing they had no manner of use for. In short they seemed to set no Value upon any thing we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer them; this in my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessaries of Life and that they have no superfluities." Cook's voyages were primarily a result of what eighteenth-century development?
Competition among European powers to create commercial empires.
"The Natives of New-Holland may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far happier than we Europeans; being wholly unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniencies so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a Tranquility which is not disturbed by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life, they covet not Magnificent Houses, Household-stuff, etc., they live in a warm and fine Climate and enjoy a very wholesome Air, so that they have very little need of Clothing. . . . Many to whom we gave Cloth left it carelessly upon the beach and in the woods as a thing they had no manner of use for. In short they seemed to set no Value upon any thing we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer them; this in my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessaries of Life and that they have no superfluities." Compared to Cook's portrayal of the inhabitants of Australia in the late eighteenth century, the predominant European view of non-European peoples in the late nineteenth century had changed in what way?
Europeans in the late nineteenth century tended to view lack of technological development as evidence of cultural inferiority.
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.23 What conclusion is best supported by the cartoon?
German liberals regarded the status quo in the German states as an obstacle to progress.
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg. 21 Based on the information in the graph, what region was most likely to avoid the Malthusian trap concerning food supply and population?
Great Britain and the Low Countries
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." Based on the passage, what can be safely inferred about Herberle's religious affiliation?
He was not Roman Catholic.
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs. Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to what?
Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses.
"The foundations of old knowledge have collapsed. Wise men have probed the depths of the earth; Treasures of buried strata furnish the proofs of creation. [Religion] is no longer the apex of fulfillment for the intelligent. Atlas does not hold up the earth, nor is Aphrodite divine; Plato's wisdom cannot explain the principles of evolution. 'Amr is no slave of Zayd, nor is Zayd 'Amr's master *— Law depends upon the principle of equality. Neither the fame of Arabia, nor the glory of Cairo remains. This is the time for progress; the world is a world of science; Is it possible to maintain society in ignorance?" Sâdullah Pasha, Ottoman intellectual, The Nineteenth Century, poem, 1878 Based on the poem, it can be inferred that Sâdullah Pasha was most influenced by?
Positivism
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs. What group in the nineteenth century would most likely have agreed with the sentiments in the passage?
Romantic nationalists
"The Natives of New-Holland may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far happier than we Europeans; being wholly unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniencies so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a Tranquility which is not disturbed by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life, they covet not Magnificent Houses, Household-stuff, etc., they live in a warm and fine Climate and enjoy a very wholesome Air, so that they have very little need of Clothing. . . . Many to whom we gave Cloth left it carelessly upon the beach and in the woods as a thing they had no manner of use for. In short they seemed to set no Value upon any thing we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer them; this in my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessaries of Life and that they have no superfluities." Accounts of non-European peoples similar to Cook's portrayal of the inhabitants of Australia contributed most directly to the development of what?
Romanticism
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Beemsterlants_Caerte_Dani%C3%ABl_van_Breen_1658.jpg By the mid-eighteenth century, developments in agriculture similar to the ones reflected in the map led to what in some parts of western Europe?
Rural overpopulation and migration to the cities.
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital." The participation of women such as the poissardes led to what during the early phases of the French Revolution?
Temporary improvements in women's legal status
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of what?
The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible.
"No matter how learned a woman may be, silence her in matters of faith and the Church. For it is certain what the ancients said, that which makes a woman prettiest is silence on her lips for all conversation, and particularly for the mysteries of holiness and so she is not to be a teacher of the doctrine of the Sacred Scriptures." Fernando Valdés, Spain, 1537 "It pleased our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. . . being free from original and all other sins, from the time of his conception till the hour of his death, to be begotten of a woman, born of a woman, nourished of a woman, obedient to a woman; and that he healed women, pardoned women, comforted women. . . and after his resurrection appeared first to a woman, and sent a woman to declare his most glorious resurrection to the rest of his Disciples." Emilia Lanier, England, 1611 Valdés' argument reflects what development of this period?
The affirmation by the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy of women's subordination in matters of religion.
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.23 What development in nineteenth-century German history was most directly a response to the concerns expressed in the cartoon?
The creation of the Zollverein, a customs union under Prussian leadership, which facilitated trade and hastened industrialization
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.21 Apart from the changes in seed yield shown on the graph above, what most directly affected Europe's ability to feed itself in the period 1600-1800?
The cultivation of New World crops in Europe
"No matter how learned a woman may be, silence her in matters of faith and the Church. For it is certain what the ancients said, that which makes a woman prettiest is silence on her lips for all conversation, and particularly for the mysteries of holiness and so she is not to be a teacher of the doctrine of the Sacred Scriptures." Fernando Valdés, Spain, 1537 "It pleased our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. . . being free from original and all other sins, from the time of his conception till the hour of his death, to be begotten of a woman, born of a woman, nourished of a woman, obedient to a woman; and that he healed women, pardoned women, comforted women. . . and after his resurrection appeared first to a woman, and sent a woman to declare his most glorious resurrection to the rest of his Disciples." Emilia Lanier, England, 1611 The passages are best understood in the context of what?
The debate over the role of women in society prompted by the Reformation
"First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549 The Portuguese presence in India most directly resulted from
The desire to obtain greater access to precious metals and luxury goods
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.21 The patterns shown on the graph most directly contributed to which of the following?
The early industrialization of Britain and the Low Countries.
"The Natives of New-Holland may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far happier than we Europeans; being wholly unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniencies so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a Tranquility which is not disturbed by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life, they covet not Magnificent Houses, Household-stuff, etc., they live in a warm and fine Climate and enjoy a very wholesome Air, so that they have very little need of Clothing. . . . Many to whom we gave Cloth left it carelessly upon the beach and in the woods as a thing they had no manner of use for. In short they seemed to set no Value upon any thing we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer them; this in my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessaries of Life and that they have no superfluities." Cook's observations concerning the material culture of the inhabitants of Australia most clearly reflect the influence of what development in Europe?
The expanded availability and use of consumer goods.
"To Versailles like bragging lads We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital." The events referred to in the song led most directly to?
The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France.
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Beemsterlants_Caerte_Dani%C3%ABl_van_Breen_1658.jpg In addition to new patterns of landownership and land use, what factors had the greatest impact on western European agriculture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
The increasing cultivation of new crops brought from the Americas.
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Beemsterlants_Caerte_Dani%C3%ABl_van_Breen_1658.jpg Infrastructure projects such as the one depicted on the map are best understood in the context of what?
The intensification of agricultural production in response to the development of a market economy.
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." A historian could best use Herberle's discussion of the comet as evidence for what feature of early modern intellectual life?
The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces.
"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs. The passage above most clearly shows the influence of what trend in fifteenth-century Europe?
The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism.
"No matter how learned a woman may be, silence her in matters of faith and the Church. For it is certain what the ancients said, that which makes a woman prettiest is silence on her lips for all conversation, and particularly for the mysteries of holiness and so she is not to be a teacher of the doctrine of the Sacred Scriptures." Fernando Valdés, Spain, 1537 "It pleased our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. . . being free from original and all other sins, from the time of his conception till the hour of his death, to be begotten of a woman, born of a woman, nourished of a woman, obedient to a woman; and that he healed women, pardoned women, comforted women. . . and after his resurrection appeared first to a woman, and sent a woman to declare his most glorious resurrection to the rest of his Disciples." Emilia Lanier, England, 1611 Lanier's publication of an argument for increased respect for women was made possible by?
The spread of literacy and personal engagement with religious texts.
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in what?
The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.21 In the late 1700s and early 1800s, liberal political economists in western Europe used information similar to the data shown in the graph to argue that
abolition of common agricultural land holdings would result in greater agricultural productivity
First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549 The religious order of which Xavier was a member was important in the history of sixteenth-century Europe primarily because it
challenged Protestant teachings and helped revive the Church during the Catholic Reformation
ap-european-history-exam-sample-questions.pdf pg.23 At the time of the cartoon's publication, the political conditions referred to had been most recently reaffirmed by
the settlement at the Congress of Vienna