Ap Euro Practice Exam Questions

In Russia a. industrialization occurred rapidly under the direction of the government b. industrialization was a gradual process c. textile production was crucial to the industrialization process d. railway construction was deemed unnecessary for industrialization e. industrialization occurred early and rapidly due to trade with the East

. Industrialization occurred rapidly in Russia under the direction of finance minister Serge Witte. Choice B is incorrect because Russia industrialized later than its European rivals but very rapidly, with most of the process taking place between 1892 and 1904. Choice C is incorrect because Russian industrialization was driven by its railway construction and steel production, not by its textile industry. Choice D is incorrect because the construction of the trans-Siberian railway was very necessary—indeed, a crucial part of Russian industrialization. Choice E is incorrect because again, Russia did not industrialize early; it industrialized later than its European counterparts.

The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s a. increased demand for steel but decreased demand for coal b. did not affect the demand for steel c. increased demand for both steel and coal d. increased demand for coal but decreased demand for steel e. did not affect the demand for coal

C. The railway boom increased demand for steel because steel was required for the manufacture of railway engines, cars, and rails; it also increased demand for coal because coal was the fuel for steam locomotives. Choices A and D are incorrect because the railway boom increased demand for both steel and coal. Choice B is incorrect because the railway boom did affect the demand for steel: It increased demand. Similarly, choice E is incorrect because the railway boom did affect the demand for coal: It also increased demand.

Isaac Newton is best described as working in a.the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition b.the Aristotelian tradition c.the scholastic tradition d.the Cartesian tradition e.the hermetic tradition

A. Newton is best described as working in the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition because he pursued and achieved its goal of identifying the fundamental mathematical laws of nature. Choice B is incorrect because Newton rejected the Aristotelian view of the cosmos as Earth-centered and consisting of different "realms." Choice C is incorrect because the scholastic tradition relied on ancient texts for its knowledge; Newton applied mathematics to observation. Choice D is incorrect because Descartes deduced knowledge from ideas he believed to be clear and distinct; Newton applied mathematics to observations. Choice E is incorrect because, although there are elements of the hermetic tradition in some of Newton's work, the assumptions and approach of the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition are more pronounced.

n October 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar, a. the British navy defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets b. Napoleon's Grand Army was destroyed c. the French army won a victory that gave Napoleon effective control of all of Germany d. Napoleon's forces won a victory that forced Russia into a treaty with France e. Napoleon was captured and sent to the island of Elba

A. On 21 October 1805, a British naval fleet under the command of Lord Nelson defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain, thereby securing supremacy of the seas and making Britain essentially unconquerable. Choice B is incorrect because Napoleon's Grand Army was destroyed while retreating from Moscow in the winter of 1812. Choice C is incorrect because Napoleon's control of Germany was accomplished by his victory at Jena in October of 1806. Choice D is incorrect because it was a victory at Friedland in June of 1807 that forced the Russians to sign the Treaty of Tilsit a month later. Choice E is incorrect because it was in November of 1813 that British and Spanish forces moved into Paris, captured Napoleon, and exiled him to Elba.

The Reign of Terror a.was necessary, according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic b. was opposed by the Parisian crowd c. was aimed only at the nobility d. was anticlerical e. was worst in the countryside

A. Robespierre justified the Terror by arguing that a virtuous, democratic republic could only be established and flourish once the tyrannical enemies of the revolution could be eliminated. Choice B is incorrect because the Reign of Terror was supported by the crowds in big cities such as Paris and Lyon. Choices C and D are incorrect because no one was safe from the accusation of being an "enemy of the revolution"; the Terror was not aimed at either the nobility or the clergy. Choice E is incorrect because the Terror was mostly an urban phenomenon.

Which of the following was NOT a reason that a Protestant movement emerged? a.the Society of Jesus took up Luther's cause b.Luther enjoyed the protection of some powerful Protestant princes c.Luther's students used the printing press to spread Luther's theology d.peasants saw Luther's theology as a justification for their dissatisfaction e.the Church was slow to excommunicate Luther and his followers

A. The Society of Jesus was founded in order to combat the spread of Protestantism, not to promote it. Choice B is incorrect because the Protestant princes, sensing an opportunity to break with Rome, gave Luther the protection he needed. Choice C is incorrect because Lutheranism spread quickly thanks to the efforts of Luther's students and their use of the newly invented printing press. Choice D is incorrect because the peasants did see Luther's theology, or their own version of it, as a justification for their discontent. Choice E is incorrect because the Church did hesitate in excommunicating Luther, giving the movement valuable time to spread and gain strength.

Which of the following did NOT enable the spread of the Renaissance? a.the Treaty of Lodi b.Milan's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy c.the printing press d.students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian peninsula e.the lay piety movement

A. The Treaty of Lodi, signed in the mid-fifteenth century, established a balance of power that helped keep other European powers out of the Italian peninsula, which therefore inhibited rather than enabled the spread of the Renaissance. Choice B is incorrect because Milan's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy helped shatter that balance of power and isolation at the end of the fifteenth century, which then began a series of events that did lead to the spread of the Renaissance. Choice C is incorrect because the invention of the printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas elsewhere in Europe. Choice D is incorrect because students and teachers who migrated in and out of the Italian peninsula also helped spread Renaissance ideas. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the lay piety movement associated learning with pious behavior, which also helped spread Renaissance ideas.

The revolutions of 1848 are best understood as a. the result of tension between liberal and nationalist aspirations of the people of Europe and the determined conservatism of their aristocratic masters b. independence movements c. large-scale attempts to redistribute wealth in European society d. precursors to the French Revolution e. democratic revolutions

A. The actual motives and goals of the revolutions of 1848 varied widely, but they can be best understood as a combination of the desire for liberal reforms that were either briefly enjoyed or envied by others during the period of the French Revolution and Napoleonic rule and the spirit of nationalism that was awakened across Europe by both the success of the united French people and resentment towards French rule domination. Choice B is incorrect because only some of the revolutions were independence movements; others simply sought liberal reform within existing kingdoms and states. Choice C is incorrect because only the most radical factions of the French rebellion in 1848 advocated redistribution of wealth and they were never in a position to make any "attempts" to do so. Choice D is incorrect because it contains a major chronological error: The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1799, and even if one includes the Napoleonic era there is no way the revolutions of 1848 could be precursors to the French Revolution. Choice E is incorrect because only some of the revolutions even came close to aiming at changes that would truly be democratic, and many of the nationalistic revolutions, like those in Italy, often pinned their hopes on the establishment of a national monarchy.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which fifteenth-century armies differed from their predecessors? a.They were commanded by officers of noble birth. b.They were composed of mercenary soldiers. c.They fought for pay and spoils rather than honor and feudal obligation. d.They relied on artillery and infantry more than on cavalry. e.They created a greater need for taxes.

A. The commanding of armies by men of noble birth was a continuous aspect of European armies that did not change until the nineteenth century. Choices B-E are incorrect because these are all ways in which fifteenth-century armies did differ from their predecessors.

By the early eighteenth century, the kingdom whose political system afforded the greatest amount of self-rule to its subjects was a.England b.France c.Brandenburg-Prussia d.Austria e.Russia

A. The constitutional monarchy and the rule of law that resulted from the English Revolution of the seventeenth century guaranteed its subjects the greatest amount of self-rule in Europe. Choice B is incorrect because the subjects of France lived under an absolutist regime constructed by the Bourbon monarchy. Choices C and D are incorrect because the subjects of Brandenburg-Prussia and of Austria enjoyed only a moderate amount of self-rule as the monarchs and nobility fought each other to a standoff. Choice E is incorrect because Russians lived under an absolutist regime built through an alliance between the Tsar and the Russian nobility.

Utilitarians differed from other liberals by a. supporting government regulation of working conditions in factories b. calling for the abolition of many traditional institutions c. believing in the existence of natural laws that govern human behavior d. calling for the abolition of private property e. regarding many religious practices as mere superstitions

A. The utilitarians' belief that usefulness (i.e., the creation of the greatest good for the greatest number) ought to be the test for all laws and institutions led them to depart from the standard liberal opposition to government intervention in economic matters and to advocate the regulation of working conditions. Choice B is incorrect because utilitarians joined with all liberals in calling for the abolition of many traditional institutions on the basis that they inhibited social progress. Similarly, choice C is incorrect because utilitarians shared the liberal belief in the existence of natural laws that governed human behavior and assumed that natural laws were causing some laws and institutions to be useful and others to be useless. Choice D is incorrect because liberals did not call for the abolition of private property; that was a communist position. Choice E is incorrect because the utilitarians were in line with other liberals in believing that many specific religious practices were mere superstitions and that society should be organized in harmony with natural laws based on reason.

Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes? a.They used their positions as university professors to influence society. b.They aimed to educate the public. c.Their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason. d.They wrote in many different genres. e.They were often guests of and correspondents with the women who hosted salons.

A. Universities in the eighteenth century were traditional institutions, mostly affiliated with the Church. Accordingly, very few philosophes held university posts. Choices B-E are incorrect because they all accurately describe the philosophes.

" Geography is Destiny" proved true for the Italians of the 14th and 15th centuries for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. their proximity to he Mediterranean b. the establishment of overland trade with Asia c. their role as the "middlemen" of Europe d. their ability to adapt to victimization by more united peoples e. their seagoing trade with the eastern Mediterranean

B. Analysis of all other answers support the statement

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Church was alarmed by Copernicus's suggestion that the cosmos was heliocentric? a.It destroyed the theological coherence of the cosmos. b.Copernicus was a Protestant. c.It questioned the authority of the Aristotelian tradition on which scholasticism relied. d.It required the Church to admit it had been in error. e.It contradicted the physical principles that served as the foundation of physics.

B. Copernicus was not a Protestant but an ordained clergyman in the Catholic Church. Choice A is incorrect because the suggestion that the Sun was at the center of the cosmos destroyed the distinction between the celestial and terrestrial realms, thereby destroying the coherence between the physical description of the cosmos and the theological notions of God in the heavens and man trapped in a worldly realm of corruption. Choices C and D are incorrect because suggesting that the Earth was not in the center of the cosmos was to suggest that both Aristotle and the Church had been mistaken (and to raise the question of what else they may have been wrong about). Choice E is incorrect because locating the Sun in the center also destroyed the physical explanation that celestial objects moved in perfect circles because they were made of perfect matter, while terrestrial objects moved in various ways explained by the degree to which they were composed of the four terrestrial elements.

Industrial socialism a. advocated the abolition of private property b. sought to create a profitable industrial enterprise without exploiting workers c. called for the creation of phalansteries d. advocated a return to small-scale production by skilled artisans e. advocated government regulation of working conditions

B. Industrial socialists like Robert Owen sought to create manufacturing communities that paid higher wages and provided a good quality of life for its workers while still making a profit. Choice A is incorrect because the abolition of private property was advocated only by communists, not by socialists. Choice C is incorrect because the creation of phalansteries (which were communities of no more than 1,600 people in which the inhabitants did work that suited them best) was advocated by Charles Fourier, a psychological socialist, rather than an industrial socialist. Choice D is incorrect because industrial socialism sought to end the exploitation of workers, not the abandonment of industrial modes of production. Choice E is incorrect because industrial socialists saw the factory owner, not the government, as the proper agent of reform.

The uprising and subsequent repression of the Anabaptists illustrates all of the following EXCEPT a.the poorer classes understood the teachings of Protestantism to mean that the existing social hierarchy should be overthrown b.the Catholic Church still had the power to crush its opposition c.property-owning Protestant reformers were not looking to reform the social order d.the poorer classes linked Protestant theology with millenarianism e.Protestantism was a movement that encompassed many different, and sometimes opposing, views

B. The Anabaptist movement was repressed by Protestant princes, not the Catholic Church. Choice A is incorrect because the fact that the Anabaptists seized the German city of Münster and the property of nonbelievers illustrates that the poorer classes understood the teachings of Protestantism to mean that the existing social hierarchy should be overthrown. Choice C is incorrect because the fact that the Protestant princes came to the aid of the property-owning classes demonstrates the fact that that property owning Protestant reformers were not looking to reform the social order. Choice D is incorrect because the fact that the Anabaptists proclaimed that judgment day was at hand illustrates the link to millenarianism. Choice E is incorrect because the fact that the Anabaptist movement was crushed by Protestant princes illustrates the way in which Protestantism encompassed many different, and sometimes opposing, views.

The Black Death refers a. to the ruthlessness of the Norman Kings of England b. refers to the outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one-quarter and one-third of the population between 1347 and 1352 c. refers to the Spanish Inquisition d.was a fifteenth-century phenomenon e.increased the authority of traditional European institutions like the Church and the nobility

B. The Black Death refers to the outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one-quarter and one-third of the population between 1347 and 1352. Choices A and C are incorrect because the phrase Black Death refers specifically to the plague and, in spite of its severe name, it has nothing to do with the ruthlessness of either the Norman Kings or the Spanish Inquisition. Choice D is incorrect because the Black Death was a fourteenth-century (not a fifteenth-century) phenomenon. Choice E is incorrect because the phrase Black Death refers to the plague and because the plague did not increase but actually weakened the power of the Church and the nobility.

Compared with the Romanov Tsars, the Bourbon monarchs of France in the period 1600-1715 a.made less use of the Church and its expertise and influence b.were less reliant on the nobility for their power c.were more absolutist in their style of government d.sought to expand their empire to a larger extent e.were more committed to the primacy of the privileges and prerogatives of the nobility

B. The Bourbon monarchs of France built the power of their state at the expense of the nobility and, thus, did not rely on them in the way the Romanovs did. Choice A is incorrect because the Bourbons made extensive use of the clergy as they built their new administrative state. Choice C is incorrect because the Bourbons were every bit as absolutist as the Romanovs in their aims; they simply achieved the goal by different means. Choice D is incorrect because the Bourbons were less expansionist than the Romanovs. Choice E is incorrect because the Bourbons were, unlike the Romanovs, set on curbing the power and prerogatives of the nobility.

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy a. allied the clergy with the Assembly b. curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics c. brought the Assembly greater support among the Catholic population d. reaffirmed the central place of the Church in the French government e. made Catholicism illegal in France

B. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy required clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state, something that their faith prohibited them from doing. The action alienated many French Catholics, who sided with their priests over the National Assembly. Choice A is incorrect because, although the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, in theory, made the clergy government employees and therefore subordinate to the Assembly, the conflict it caused further alienated the clergy. Choice C is incorrect because the Civil Constitution of the Clergy angered most Catholics and made them hostile to the Assembly. Choice D is incorrect because the Civil Constitution of the Clergy sought to subordinate the Church and make it less central in the government of France. Choice E is incorrect because Catholicism remained the dominant religion in France.

The July Ordinances of 1830 a. refer to the bombarding of Frankfurt by the Prussian military b. led to a rebellion that forced Charles X of France to abdicate c. proclaimed the Second Republic of France d. outlawed political meetings known as "banquets" e. proclaimed Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire

B. The July Ordinances, issued in July 1830 by Charles X of France, dissolved part of the legislative branch of the government and revoked voting privileges from the bourgeoisie. The result was a rebellion by the bourgeoisie, students, and workers that forced him to abdicate in favor of a more compliant Louis Philippe. Choice A is incorrect because the Prussian military bombarded Frankfurt, thereby breaking up the Frankfurt Assembly, in November of 1848. Choice C is incorrect because the Second Republic of France was proclaimed in 1848. Choice D is incorrect because the political assemblies known as "banquets" were banned by Louis Philippe in February of 1848. Choice E is incorrect because the Greeks proclaimed their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829.

Which of the following was NOT a principle upheld by the Napoleonic Code? a. the safeguarding of all forms of property b. the safeguarding of the traditional privileges and prerogatives of the nobility c. the safeguarding of the traditional privileges and prerogative of the family patriarch d. equality before the law e. promotion by merit rather than birth

B. The Napoleonic Code continued and codified the abolishment of the traditional privileges and prerogatives of the nobility begun during the revolution. The other four choices are incorrect because they were all principles upheld by the Napoleonic Code.

The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of a.guildsmen b. neoplatonists c. the lay piety movement d.the Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy e.the doge

B. The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of the neoplatonists. Choice A is incorrect because the term guildsmen refers to members of the artisan class, not to a school of philosophy. Choice C is incorrect because the lay piety movement emphasized pious behavior and learning outside the Church bureaucracy, which obviously had nothing to do with communing with God. Choice D is incorrect because the Catholic Church in Italy maintained the traditional Christian view that pride in human achievement was a sin, a view at odds with aspiring to cultivate finer qualities in oneself. Finally, a doge was a military leader who wielded political power in some Italian city-states and had nothing to do with this (or any other) belief about communing with God.

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the division of labor? a. It increased the supply of labor available to manufacturers. b. It raised wages for manufacturing workers. c. It increased the volume that manufacturers could produce. d. It allowed manufacturers to sell their products more cheaply. e. It allowed manufacturers to increase their profits.

B. The division of labor increased the supply of labor available, thereby causing wages for manufacturing workers to fall, not increase. Choice A is incorrect because the division of labor did increase the supply of labor available to manufacturers by making all jobs unskilled jobs. Choice C is incorrect because the division of labor increased volume by speeding up the manufacturing process. Choices D and E are incorrect because the combination of increased productivity and cheaper labor allowed manufacturers to sell their products more cheaply and still increase their profits through increased volume.

Nineteenth-century Romanticism can be understood as a reaction against a. conservatism b. changes wrought by the Enlightenment and industrialization c. nationalism d. social Darwinism e. scientific socialism

B. The emphasis on sentiment and emotion by nineteenth-century Romantics can be understood as a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason; their glorification of nature can be understood as a reaction to industrialization. Choice A is incorrect because the conservatives' belief in the importance of traditional forms of life often put them in line with, not against, the Romantics. Choice C is incorrect\ because early-nineteenth-century nationalists had Romantic tendencies, as they emphasized the role that environment played in shaping the character of a nation, and often sentimentalized the past. Choices D and E are incorrect because both social Darwinism and scientific socialism developed after Romanticism.

One of the ways in which the Second Industrial Revolution affected the social structure of Europe was to produce a. a more even distribution of wealth b. a lower middle class of managers and clerks c. poor people d. a merchant class e. gender equity

B. The factory system that was characteristic of the Second Industrial Revolution required and produced a class of managers and clerks whose pay and status located them precariously at the lower end of the middle class. Choice A is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution did nothing to distribute wealth more evenly throughout the population; instead, it made a relatively small number of industrialists and entrepreneurs fabulously wealthy and made some workers better off than before. Choice C is incorrect because the poor had existed before the Second Industrial Revolution. Similarly, choice D is incorrect because a merchant class existed in Europe prior to the Second Industrial Revolution. Choice E is incorrect because, although many women initially found work in the factories of the Second Industrial Revolution, they were not paid equally and were the first to be let go when increasing mechanization decreased the demand for labor.

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to the Renaissance artistic achievement? a.the patronage of the pope b.the invasion of Italy by the French c.the competitive spirit of competing elites d.the apprentice system e.the lack of separation between artistic and commercial aspects of the Renaissance art world

B. The invasion of Italy by the French triggered the spread of the Renaissance to the rest of Europe, but it did not contribute to the Renaissance artistic achievement. Choice A is incorrect because the Renaissance popes were motivated by Renaissance ideals to patronize the arts, so they were a factor contributing to artistic achievement. Similarly, choice C is incorrect because the popes' elite counterparts in other city-states were also motivated to patronize the arts, so they were also a factor contributing to artistic achievement. Choice D is incorrect because the apprentice system helped increase the number of artists, which therefore led to more artistic works, increased ability to mix the techniques of various artistic media (e.g., painting and sculpting), and greater artistic achievement. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the commissioning of artistic works by specific business contracts meant that there was an unprecedented call for Renaissance artists.

Compared with their counterparts in Russia, the English peasantry of the early 1700s a.bore a greater tax burden b.enjoyed less freedom of movement c.had a greater chance of improving their social and economic position d.enjoyed less religious freedom e.were more likely to live in towns

B. The territorial holdings of the Russian Empire were greatly expanded under Peter the Great. Choice A is incorrect because the power of the Russian Orthodox Church was strengthened during the reign of Peter the Great. Choice C is incorrect because the institution of serfdom was supported, not weakened, by Peter the Great. Choice D is incorrect because the tax burden on the Russian peasantry was increased under Peter the Great. Choice E is incorrect because no wealthy merchant class emerged in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great.

The reign of Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) resulted in a.the abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church b.the territorial expansion of the Russian Empire c.the weakening of serfdom d.a decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants e.the emergence of a wealthy middle class

B. The territorial holdings of the Russian Empire were greatly expanded under Peter the Great. Choice A is incorrect because the power of the Russian Orthodox Church was strengthened during the reign of Peter the Great. Choice C is incorrect because the institution of serfdom was supported, not weakened, by Peter the Great. Choice D is incorrect because the tax burden on the Russian peasantry was increased under Peter the Great. Choice E is incorrect because no wealthy merchant class emerged in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great.

Which of the following is NOT contained in Kepler's laws of motion? a.Planets' velocities vary according to their distance from the Sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times. b.The planets orbit the Sun because they are caught in swirling vortices of matter. c.Planetary orbits take the form of an ellipse. d.The Sun serves as one foci of the orbit of the planets. e.The squares of the orbital period of a planet are in the same ratio as the cubes of their average distance from the Sun.

B. The vortex theory belonged to Descartes, not Kepler. Choice A is incorrect because it is from Kepler's second law. Choices C and D are incorrect because both are from Kepler's first law. Choice E is incorrect because it is from Kepler's third law.

In the period 1600-1715, the English had the greatest success in resisting the absolutist designs of their monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a.the nobility forged an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class b.the English nobility was the most powerful in all of Europe c.the Parliament was an old and respected institution d.the Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic leanings and sympathies e.the English economy was well-developed and diversified

B. The wealth and power of the English nobility as a class was in decline as the economy became more diversified and new forms of wealth created an economically strong middle class. Choice A is incorrect because the nobles inside Parliament did forge an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class to resist the absolutist designs of the Stuarts. Choice C is incorrect because the tradition of a powerful Parliament gave the noble-merchant alliance credibility with the English people. Choice D is incorrect because the Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic leanings and sympathies, which did not sit well with the English people. Choice E is incorrect because the advanced development of the English economy is what produced the merchant middle class with whom the nobles in Parliament allied.

The style of Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was a.the philosophical treatise b.the satire c.the play d.the pamphlet e.the novel

B. Voltaire is best known for his satire, as exemplified by both Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733) and Candide (1759). Choice A is incorrect because Voltaire wrote no philosophical treatises. Choices C-E are incorrect because they are not the style for which Voltaire is best known.

The economic policy known as Laissez-faire a.advocates protectionist tariffs b.is based on the notion that people have a right to do anything they want c.is based on the notion that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior d.argues that the government should act as an "invisible hand" to regulate the economy e.was instituted by enlightened despots

C. Adam Smith argued that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior and, therefore, the government should refrain from legislation that tries to produce results that run counter to those laws. Choice A is incorrect because protectionist tariffs, taxes levied on foreign goods to protect the sales of domestic goods, are an example of the kind of law that Smith argued would be either futile or harmful. Choice B is incorrect because the notion of Laissez-faire applies only to economic behavior; it does not argue that people have a right to do anything they want. Choice D is incorrect because the "invisible hand" referred to the natural laws that Smith believed regulated the economy, not the government. Choice E is incorrect because Laissez-faire was not popular with or instituted by enlightened despots.

As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsmen a. prospered b. became managers in factories c. lost their livelihoods d. moved to towns and cities e. were women

C. Because factory-produced goods could be made in greater quantity and sold more cheaply, most skilled artisans and craftsmen were unable to compete and lost their livelihoods. Choice A is incorrect because the skilled artisans and craftsmen did not prosper; instead, they faced either unemployment or factory work at wages much lower than the profits they had made in their shops. Choice B is incorrect because a factory manager was a new breed whose job was to keep the factory running at peak efficiency and whose skills were unrelated to those of the old artisans and craftsmen. Choice D is incorrect because, unlike their agricultural counterparts, artisans and craftsmen had always located themselves in towns and cities. Choice E is incorrect because neither men nor women were being drawn into these professions during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Nineteenth-century anarchists were most active in a. Britain b. France c. Russia d. Italy e. Germany

C. Because they believed that the modern nation state and its powerful government institutions were the enemies of individual freedom, anarchists dedicated themselves to carrying out terror campaigns designed to disrupt and, if possible, bring down governments. There was, therefore, a correlation between the repressive nature of government and the activity of anarchists. Because nineteenth-century Russia had the most repressive regime, it had the most active anarchist movement.

The Council of Trent a.excommunicated Martin Luther b.established the Inquisition c.insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith d.reconciled Protestants and Catholics e.produced the Treaty of Augsburg

C. Choice C is correct because, although the Council of Trent passed many reforms that pleased Protestants, it failed to reconcile Catholics and Protestants because it insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith. Choice A is incorrect because the Council of Trent did not excommunicate Luther. Choice B is incorrect because the Council of Trent did not establish the Inquisition; it was established by the pope. Choice D is incorrect because the Council of Trent failed to reconcile Protestants and Catholics. Choice E is incorrect because the Treaty of Augsburg was a secular treaty reached by the princes of Germany.

The main obstacle to solving France's financial problems was a.the extravagant lifestyle of Louis XVI b. the unwillingness of the Third Estate to pay more c. the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes d. foreign wars e. a bad economy

C. It was the tax exempt status of the nobility and the clergy that prevented the government from gaining access to the majority of wealth in the French economy and, therefore, from solving its financial problems. Choice A is incorrect because, although Louis's lifestyle was a drain on government resources, there was sufficient wealth in France to cover its national debt. Choice B is incorrect because the various classes in the Third Estate were already taxed beyond what they could bear. Choice D is incorrect because, although Louis's foreign wars were a drain on France's finances, there was sufficient wealth in the economy to pay for them. Choice E is incorrect because there were sufficient amounts of wealth in the French economy to deal with all of France's financial difficulties.

The seventeenth-century astronomer who first suggested that the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular was a.Copernicus b.Galileo c.Kepler d.Aristotle e.Newton

C. Kepler first suggested that the shape of planetary orbits was elliptical in the first decade of the seventeenth century. Choices A and B are incorrect because, although both Copernicus and Galileo advocated a heliocentric system, both agreed with Aristotle that the planets moved in uniform circular orbits. Choice D is incorrect because Aristotle believed the planets to move in uniform circular orbits. Choice E is incorrect because, although Newton proposed elliptical orbits for the planets, Kepler preceded him.

Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that a.men are created equal b.men tend to follow their own self-interest c.the natural state of men is one of war d.a government's power comes from the people e.men are often ruled by their passions

C. Locke believed that men could and did overcome their passions in civil society; Hobbes disagreed, believing that the fears and passions of men were so strong that their natural state was war and only a ruler with the power of life and death over his subjects could guarantee peace. Choices A and B are incorrect because both argued that men were created equal and tended to follow their own interest. Choice D is incorrect because both believed that a government's power came from the people. Choice E is incorrect because both believed that men were often ruled by their passions; they disagreed about whether those passions could be overcome.

Which of the following was part of Luther's theology? a.a belief in the need to create a Protestant Church b.the notion that nature could serve as a guide to salvation c.the idea that salvation came only through faith d.the assertion that charitable works were necessary to go to heaven e.the belief that the poor should be given more social and political power

C. Luther's conclusion that salvation comes only through faith rather than through grace and good works as the Church argued, is the foundation of his theology. Choice A is incorrect because Luther's goal was to reform the Church, not to break with it. Choice B is incorrect because Luther believed that only scripture could give knowledge of how to achieve salvation. Choice D is incorrect because the Roman Church held that charitable works could help gain entrance into heaven; Luther disagreed. Choice E is incorrect because Luther did not advocate a change in the social or political order and denounced the peasant revolts.

Which of the following is NOT true of nineteenth-century liberalism? a. It asserted that the task of government was to promote individual liberty. b. It opposed government intervention in the economy. c. It supported the privileges of the clergy. d. It believed in the existence of natural laws that governed human behavior. e. It drew its support primarily from the middle classes.

C. Nineteenth-century liberalism opposed the traditional privileges of the clergy as an anachronism that stood in the way of individual liberty. The other four answers are true of nineteenthcentury liberalism, which believed that the task of government was to promote individual liberty (choice A), and in the existence of natural laws that governed human behavior (choice D). They opposed government intervention in the economy (choice B) because they thought it only got in the way of the operation of those natural laws. Because of their agenda for revoking the traditional privileges of the aristocracy and the clergy, liberals drew their support primarily from the middle classes (choice E) to whom such privileges were denied.

During the period from 1600 to 1715, the traditional social hierarchy of Europe came under pressure by all of the following EXCEPT a.continuous warfare b.climate change resulting in series of bad harvests c.the rejection of religious practice by large numbers of people d.increased trade and the diversification of the economy e.the desire of monarchs to increase their power and authority

C. Nowhere in Europe during this period was there a large-scale rejection of religious practice; rather, the religious fervor that pitted Catholics against Protestants complicated the tensions created by the other four answers. Choice A is incorrect because continuous warfare put pressure on the traditional social hierarchy by disrupting the economy and increasing the demand for taxes. Choice B is incorrect because a series of bad harvests meant that there was less wealth in the economy at a time when monarchs were demanding more. Choice D is incorrect because increased trade and a more diversified economy gave birth to a class of economically powerful merchants who did not fit into the traditional social hierarchy. Choice E is incorrect because the desire of monarchs to increase their power and authority led them to wage wars of conquest, which put enormous stress on the economy.

Medieval Christian scholars advocated the Aristotelian view of the cosmos a.because Aristotle was Christian b.because Aristotle was praised in the Bible c.because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and Christian theology d.because they were unaware of the works of other Ancient Greek philosophers e.because the pope ordered it

C. The Christian notion that the world was created for mankind, and that the realm of God in heaven was perfect, fit well with Aristotle's Earthcentered cosmos where the world of corrupt matter was separated from the realm of perfection by the moon. Choice A is incorrect because Aristotle was an ancient Greek, not a Christian. Choice B is incorrect because Aristotle is not mentioned in the Bible. Choice D is incorrect because, although it was true that ancient Greek texts were rare in Europe until the Renaissance, the medieval scholastics knew of and had translated others besides Aristotle. Choice E is incorrect because the Aristotelian view of the cosmos was absorbed gradually by Church scholars, not by order of the pope.

The Directory turned to the military because a. it lost the support of the sans-culottes b. it lost the support of the nobility c. it was threatened by both Jacobin and Royalist opposition d. it feared it would lose the next election e. it was overthrown by a general

C. The Directory, being a government of bourgeois moderates, turned to the military to protect it from threats posed by both the more radical Jacobins and the more conservative Royalists. Choice A is incorrect because the Directory never had the support of the sans-culottes. Choice B is incorrect because the Directory never had the support of the nobility. Choice D is incorrect because the new constitution written by the moderates limited voting rights to the propertied classes who supported the Directory, thus they had no fear of elections. Choice E is incorrect because, although the Directory was eventually overthrown by a general, Bonaparte, they had by that time already been dependent on the military for several years.

n the fifteenth century, the Holy Roman Emperor a. was another name for the pope b. was dethroned in the Hundred Years War c. was elected by a seven-member council of German archbishops and nobles d. was Ferdinand of Aragon e. sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus

C. The Holy Roman Emperor was elected by a seven-member council consisting of the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, the Count Palatine, and the King of Bohemia. Choice A is incorrect because the Holy Roman Emperor was a specific title which did not refer to the pope. Choice B is incorrect because the Hundred Years War was an English dynastic struggle that did not involve or affect the Holy Roman Emperor. Choice D is incorrect because Ferdinand of Aragon was never Holy Roman Emperor. Choice E is incorrect because the voyages of Columbus were sponsored by the Spanish monarchy.

The aims of the great powers represented at the Congress of Vienna were a. to so weaken France that it could never threaten Europe again b. to secure the democratic reforms won by the French Revolution c. to restore the traditional order and to create a new balance of power d. to create an alliance system e. to provide independent nation states for Italy, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

C. The great powers at the Congress of Vienna were represented by members of the traditional, aristocratic ruling houses of Europe. Accordingly, their aims were to restore the traditional order of a Europe that the French Revolution had challenged and to create a new balance of power that would make another Napoleon impossible. Choice A is incorrect because the aims of restoring the traditional order and establishing a balance of power meant both the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy and of a reasonable economic and military power in France. Choice B is incorrect because the aristocratic representatives at the Congress of Vienna were directly threatened by and, therefore, opposed to the democratic reforms of the French Revolution. Choice D is incorrect because the creation of an alliance system was a means to achieve the aim of a balance of power. Choice E is incorrect because the nationalist hopes of the Italians, Hungarians, and Czechs ran counter to the aim of rest ring the traditional order.

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World? a.inflation in the economy of Europe b.the establishment of Roman Catholicism in the New World c.the rise of a wealthy merchant class in Europe d.the establishment of a hierarchical social structure in Europe e.the establishment of a system of economic dependence between Europe and the New World

C. The religion of Renaissance Italy, which was Catholicism, was shared by many of the European kingdoms. Choice A is incorrect because the Italian peninsula's geographical location wasa reason the Renaissance began here: As the gateway to Europe for Eastern trade coming in through the Mediterranean Sea, Italy was the first region to benefit from economic recovery and the influx of ancient texts. Choices B, D, and E are incorrect because the fact that the Italian peninsula was organized politically into independent city-states (choice B) that competed with each other commercially (choice E) meant that the traditional nobility was less powerful and that social status was less hierarchical and based on occupation (choice D). All these factors allowed for the development of the individual ambition and civic pride that characterized Renaissance values and ideals.

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Hundred Years War? a. a significant decrease in the population b. a series of peasant rebellions c. the unification of Castile and Aragon d. a more politically unified France e. an economically weaker England

C. The unification of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon had nothing to do with the Hundred Years War: Castile and Aragon were unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand in 1469.The other four choices are incorrect because they were effects of the Hundred Years War.

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems facing the Christian Church in the sixteenth century? a.the pope's status as ruler of the Papal States b.its use of Latin in the mass and in the printed Bible c.an increasingly literate population d.its inability to tend to the physical needs of the poor e.its inability to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population

D. Choice D is the correct answer because the Church's network of poor relief was functioning as well as it ever had and was not, therefore, the problem. Choices A-C were all problems the Church faced. Choice A is not correct because the pope's status as ruler of the Papal States meant that the Church was constantly embroiled in the politics of the peninsula, thereby alienating Italians who lived in other city-states. Choice B is not correct because the Church's use of Latin, a language that only the elite could read, angered and alienated people. Similarly, choice C is incorrect because people were increasingly able to read the vernacular, but they still could not read Latin. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the Church was unable to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population.

The Concert of Europe a. supported Spanish resistance to French rule b. opposed the Greek independence movement c. was unanimous in its opposition to nationalist rebellions d. authorized Austria to use military force to put down Italian nationalist movements e. supported a rebellion for reform in Russia in 1825

D. In 1821, the Concert of Europe authorized Austria to put down nationalist uprisings in the Italian kingdoms of Sicily and Piedmont. Choice A is incorrect because Spanish resistance during the existence of the Concert of Europe was to the restored Spanish Bourbon monarchy, which had the support of the Concert. Choice B is incorrect because the Greek independence movement against the Ottoman Turks was the one such rebellion supported by the Concert. Choice C is incorrect because Great Britain often sympathized with nationalist movements and formally withdrew from the Concert over the issue. Choice E is incorrect because the Concert supported Nicholas I's decision to crush a revolt led by reform-minded army officers in 1825.

The event that finally caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition was a.his invention of the telescope b.the publication of The Starry Messenger c.his meeting with the pope in 1623 d.the publication of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World e.the publication of the Principia Mathematica

D. It was the publication of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, which openly mocked the Aristotelian view of the cosmos and its defenders, and which was published in the vernacular that many common people could read, that caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition and force him to recant. Choice A is incorrect because the Church was not opposed to Galileo's invention of the telescope. Choice B is incorrect because, although the publication of his telescopic observations in The Starry Messenger provoked some criticism from Aristotelian philosophers and priests, the Church took no action against Galileo at that time. Choice C is incorrect because Galileo's meeting with Pope Urban VIII in 1623 went well, and Galileo left with the permission to teach the Copernican theory as a hypothesis. Choice E is incorrect because the Principia Mathematica was Isaac Newton's great work, not Galileo's.

The era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries was inspired by a. the Reformation b. the invention of the steam engine c. the need to escape the Black Death d. the search for gold and competition for the spice trade e. the successful circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition

D. It was the search for gold and competition for the spice trade between Spain and Portugal that provided the inspiration for the era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. Choice A is incorrect because the Reformation's focus was internal to Europe and had nothing to do with exploration outside European borders. Choice B is incorrect because the steam engine was not widely used to power ships until the nineteenth century, not in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Choice C is also incorrect not only because the timing is wrong—the Black Death was a fourteenth-century phenomenon that had ended by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century time period mentioned in the question— but also because it was a sickness that killed much of the population of Europe and crippled Europe's economy and had nothing to do with exploring the rest of the world beyond Europe. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the successful circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition was an example and, in some ways, a culmination of the era of exploration and discovery, but it was not its inspiration.

Locke argued that the primary aim of government is a.to guarantee peace by putting the fear of death into its subjects b.to follow and enact the general will of the people c.to provide and protect democracy d.to assure the right to property e.to institute a constitutional monarchy

D. Locke argued that the legitimate aim of government was the protection of individual liberty; that liberty was, for Locke, encapsulated in an individual's right to dispense with the fruits of his labor (property) freely. Choice A is incorrect because the notion that a government must be able to put the fear of death into its subjects belonged to Hobbes. Choice B is incorrect because the notion that a government has an obligation to follow and enact the general will of the people belonged to Rousseau. Choice E is incorrect because Locke, though part of a movement that instituted a constitutional monarchy in England, argued in the Second Treatise of Government that any form (monarchy, oligarchy, or democracy) of government could be legitimate, provided it ensured and protected the fundamental rights of its subject.

The religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was a.Catholicism b.Lutheranism c.Calvinism d.Deism e.Atheism

D. Most philosophes were deists who believed that a rational God created the world and the laws by which it was governed, but took no further active role in the universe. Choices A-C are incorrect because, for the philosophes, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism all failed the test of reason because they were based on received knowledge taken on faith. Choice E is incorrect because most philosophes were not, however, atheists, who deny the existence of God, as they believed that a rational world governed by natural laws required a rational creator.

Which of the following is NOT a Renaissance value? a.mastery of ancient languages b.patronage of the arts c.scholarly achievement d.proficiency in the military arts e.civic duty

D. Proficiency in the military arts had been a traditional value of the nobility of medieval Europe, but it was downplayed in the Renaissance. The other choices are values particular to the Renaissance.

Renaissance art a.was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists b.was characterized by religious subject matter c.abandoned painting in favor of sculpture d.was characterized by its concern for the human form e.did not require patrons

D. Renaissance art was characterized by its concern for the human form. Choice A is incorrect because Renaissance artists did not specialize; in contrast, they were trained in all media. Choice B is incorrect because this focus on the human form was a move away from religious subject matter, which characterized most art before the Renaissance (for example, think of all the Medieval Madonna-and-child paintings and depictions of other biblical scenes and Church icons). Choice C is incorrect for the same reason as choice A: Again, Renaissance artists did not abandon painting in favor of sculpture; instead, they were trained and worked in all media. Finally, choice E is incorrect because Renaissance art was, in fact, a business: Patrons commissioned and paid for all Renaissance art, so they were definitely required by artists during this time.

The Concordat of 1801 a. created a temporary peace between France and Russia b. made Napoleon the "consul for life" c. made Napoleon Emperor of France d. reconciled France with the Roman Church e. forbade the areas of Europe controlled by Napoleon from trading with Great Britain

D. The Concordat of 1801, signed by Napoleon and the pope, reconciled France to the Roman Church by stipulating that the clergy would be chosen and paid by the state but consecrated by the pope. Choice A is incorrect because the temporary peace between France and Russia was created by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Choice B is incorrect because Napoleon was made "consul for life" in 1802 (not 1801). Choice C is incorrect because Napoleon had himself crowned Emperor of France in 1804 (again, not in 1801). Choice E is incorrect because it was the Continental System, not the Concordat of 1801, that forbade areas controlled by Napoleon from trading with Great Britain.

In the nineteenth century, conservatives a. argued that governments should not interfere with the natural tendencies of the economy b. emphasized the development of sentiment and emotion c. favored constitutional monarchy d. supported the privileges of the aristocracy and clergy e. espoused utilitarianism

D. The conservatives' belief in traditions as timetested and organic solutions to social and political problems led them to support the traditional privileges of the aristocracy and the clergy. Choice A is incorrect because the position that government should not interfere with the natural tendencies of the economy was a liberal position, not a conservative one, in the nineteenth century. Choice B is incorrect because it was the Romantics who emphasized the development of sentiment and emotion. Choice C is incorrect because conservatives' belief in the importance of tradition led them to oppose constitutionalism. Choice E is incorrect because utilitarianism was espoused by mid-to-late-nineteenth-century liberals.

The theology of Calvin differs from Luther's in which of the following ways? a.the belief that scripture alone is the guide to salvation b.the belief that salvation is earned by faith alone c.the belief that the church hierarchy is unwarranted and harmful d.the belief that some have been predestined for salvation e.the belief that the Bible should be printed in the vernacular

D. The doctrine of predestination, which said that only a group known as the elect would enjoy God's salvation, was a theological conviction of Calvin and his followers; Luther taught that all who came to have true faith were saved. The other four answers are all theological beliefs that were shared by Luther and Calvin.

All of the following precipitated the radical turn of the revolution EXCEPT a. the rise of the sans-culottes b. the flight of the king c. the division of the Assembly into factions d. the execution of the king e. the outbreak of war with Austria and Prussia

D. The execution of the king was an effect of the radicalization, not a precipitant or cause. Choice A is incorrect because the rise of the sans-culottes led to a shift to more radical aims because the sans-culottes' hopes of a more egalitarian and economically fair society were more radical than those of the bourgeois members of the Assembly. Choice B is incorrect because the flight of the king eroded the people's confidence in him and forced them to consider a more radical path. Choice C is incorrect because the development of factions within the Assembly meant that each faction had to compete for the support of the Paris crowd and, therefore, be more willing to listen to their radical demands. Choice E is incorrect because the war with Austria and Prussia created an air of crisis in which bolder action seemed required.

The English Parliament during the period from 1600 to 1715 a.was a relatively new institution b.was exclusively an institution of the nobility c.was an institution opposed to monarchy d.was the institution in which nobles, merchants, and professionals formed an alliance to oppose the absolutist goals of the Stuart monarchs e.was in favor of a one-man, one-vote system of democracy

D. The existence of Parliament as an institution that mixed traditional nobility with newly wealthy merchants and professionals allowed for an alliance between the two to form in opposition to Stuart absolutist designs. Choice A is incorrect because Parliament was, by 1600, an old and respected institution. Choice B is incorrect because Parliament's members were elected from local elites whose qualifications were based on property ownership, not noble birth. Choice C is incorrect because the Parliament was not opposed to monarchy as a form of government, but only to the notion that the monarch had absolute and unlimited power. Choice E is incorrect because Parliament's members did not, in this period, question the notion that only those who met certain property qualifications were entitled to vote.

Fifteenth-century attempts by the cardinals to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church are known collectively as a.the Reformation b.the Counter-Reformation c.the Inquisition d.the Conciliar Movement e.the Court of the Star Chamber

D. The fifteenth-century attempts by councils of cardinals to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church are known collectively as the Conciliar Movement. Choice A is incorrect because, although the leaders of the movement that came to be known as the Reformation did originally have as their goal reforming and reinvigorating the Church, they were not cardinals in the Church and their movement was not one of reunification. Choice B is incorrect because, although the socalled Counter-Reformation also had reform as one of its goals, it increasingly came to be concerned with stamping out Protestantism and was also not a movement particular to the cardinals. Choice C is incorrect because the Inquisition was an instrument of the Church invented in Spain to enforce the conversion of Muslims and Jews, and later used to root out Protestants. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the Court of the Star Chamber was an instrument used by the early Tudor kings of England to curb the power of the nobility and had nothing to do with Church reform.

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World? a. inflation in the economy of Europe b. the establishment of Roman Catholicism in the New World c. the rise of a wealthy merchant class in Europe d. the establishment of a hierarchical social structure in Europe e. the establishment of a system of economic dependence between Europe and the New World

D. The hierarchical social structure of Europe was not a result of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World; that social structure dates back to the early medieval period. Choice A is incorrect because the influx of new wealth from Spain's New World Empire did cause inflation in Europe. Choice B is incorrect because the creation of Spain's New World Empire also involved missionaries who firmly established Christianity there. Choice C is incorrect because the wealth gained in trade with the New World Empire did lead to the rise of a wealthy merchant class. Choice E is incorrect because it did foster economic dependence between Europe and the New World.

The idea that competition was natural and necessary for social progress was promoted by a. Karl Marx b. Charles Darwin c. Charles Fourier d. Herbert Spencer e. Robert Owen

D. The idea that competition was natural and necessary for social progress was promoted by social Darwinists, whose leading advocate was Herbert Spencer. Choice A is incorrect because Karl Marx was the founder of communism, which argued against competition because the control of the means of production was the root of class conflict. Choice B is incorrect because Charles Darwin confined his speculations to the role that competition for natural resources played in creating biological diversity and remained skeptical about the claims of the so-called social Darwinists. Choice C is incorrect because Charles Fourier was a psychological socialist who believed that human nature was essentially cooperative, not competitive. Similarly, choice E is incorrect because Robert Owen was an industrial socialist who sought to build industrial communities where people labored in a spirit of cooperation.

Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought? a.Humans are born essentially good and virtuous but are easily corrupted by society. b.The early years of a child's education should be spent developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiments. c."Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains." d.All religion is based on "hope and fear." e.The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community.

D. The proposition that all religion was based on "hope and fear" was articulated by Hume not Rousseau. Choices A, B, C, and E are all positions articulated by Rousseau.

The invention of new forms of power such as steam and electricity a. led to the creation of the factory system b. facilitated the invention of the automobile c. decreased demand for coal d. allowed manufacturers to relocate their mills away from water sources e. doomed the shipping industry

D. The shift to steam and electrical power and away from hydropower allowed manufacturers to move away from water sources and relocate in more convenient locations. Choice A is incorrect because the factory system is a way of organizing labor; it is not dependent on a particular source of power. Choice B is incorrect because the invention of the automobile was facilitated by the invention of the internal combustion engine, not steam and electricity. Choice C is incorrect because both steam engines and electrical generators relied on coal for fuel, therefore increasing demand for it. Choice E is incorrect because, although the invention of the steam locomotive led to a railway boom, the application of it to ships allowed the shipping industry to prosper as well.

The significance of the storming of the Bastille was that a. it put ammunition into the hands of the Paris crowd b. it marked the beginning of a radical phase of the revolution c. it freed important leaders from prison d. it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly e. it demonstrated that the crowd was tired of monarchy

D. The storming of the Bastille showed the members of the Assembly that the Parisian crowd could be used as a threat of further violence if its demands were not met. Choice A is incorrect because, despite its reputation, the Bastille did not contain much ammunition. Choice B is incorrect because, although the storming of the Bastille was surprisingly violent, it did not signal radical aims. Choice C is incorrect because, despite the Bastille's reputation, it did not contain many prisoners. Choice E is incorrect because the storming of the Bastille did not signify a loss of faith in the king.

Which of the following is the best example of Descartes' deductive method of reasoning? a.A telescope reveals craters and mountains on the moon, therefore, matter in the celestial realm cannot be perfect. b.The orbits of the planets can be calculated using calculus. c."I think, therefore I am." d.True reality exists in the world of pure forms. e."Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses."

Descartes's method of deductive reasoning begins with a proposition that cannot be doubted and then draws a logical conclusion; "I think, therefore I am" is Descartes' most famous formulation of the method. Choice A is incorrect because it begins with an empirical observation which relies on sense impressions; Descartes believed one could always doubt the senses because they were easily fooled. Choice B is incorrect because it also relies on sense impressions as the calculus is applied to observations. Choice D is incorrect because it is a basic assumption of neoplatonism, not of Descartes. Choice E is incorrect because it is Newton's formulation\ of the law of universal gravitation, not the work of Descartes.

Northern humanism a.was less secular than Italian humanism b.linked scholarship and learning with religious piety c.criticized the notion that priests were d.required to understand the Bible contributed to the Reformation e.all of the above

E. All of the answer choices are true: Choices A, B, and C are accurate and constitute the ways in which northern humanism helped to bring about the Reformation, thus choice D is also true.

Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by Great Britain that helps to explain why the Second Industrial Revolution originated there? a. an extensive river system b. the lack of internal trade tariffs c. a well-developed commercial economy d. natural resources e. all of the above

E. All of the choices are correct. Britain's extensive river system (choice A) allowed it to move raw materials and manufactured goods with relative ease. The lack of internal trade tariffs (choice B) allowed manufacturers to buy and transport materials without eating into their profit. Britain's well-developed commercial economy (choice C) provided both a merchant class and capital for investment. Finally, Britain's rich deposits of iron and coal (choice D: Britain's natural resources) provided the necessary raw materials.

Which of the following was argued by Descartes in his Discourse on Method ? a.All true knowledge is based on observation. b.All matter is made of up of five elements. c.Nature and scripture could never disagree. d.Telescopic observations should be the basis of knowledge of the heavens. e.The only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt.

E. Descartes argued that all knowledge should proceed from a "clear and distinct idea," that is, one that could not be doubted. Choice A is incorrect because Descartes argued that observations relied on the human senses, which could be fooled. Choice B is incorrect because the five elements are a basic principle of Aristotelianism, not of Descartes' system. Choice C is incorrect because Descartes argued that all received knowledge, including scripture, was mere opinion. Choice D is incorrect for the same reason that choice A is.

The decline and fall of Napoleon is best explained by a. the inefficiency of the French army b. his tactical blunders c. internal resistance by royalists and republicans d. the British victory at the Battle of Trafalgar e. a combination of flawed policies and growing resistance to French rule

E. Flawed policies like the decision to constantly expand the Empire and the enforcement of the Continental System (which hampered the economies of Napoleon's allies more than that of Britain), and increasing resistance to French rule throughout the far-flung Empire, eventually led to an opposition coalition so large that it presented tactical and strategic difficulties that were insurmountable. Choice A is incorrect because the French army was well organized and unparalleled in its logistical efficiency. Choice B is incorrect because, while Napoleon was not the military genius he has sometimes been made out to be, it was insurmountable logistical problems rather than tactical blunders that led to his defeat. Choice C is incorrect because both Royalist and Republican opposition to his rule had been largely subdued by 1805. Choice D is incorrect because, although the loss of the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar ended Napoleon's dreams of controlling the seas and conquening the British, it did not mean defeat for Napoleon's land armies; they went on to conquer most of Europe in the subsequent decade.

In Thermidor a. the nobility reasserted its power b. France was defeated by the European coalition c. the French monarchy was restored d. the sans-culottes chose to govern France directly e. the moderate portion of the propertied bourgeoisie reasserted its power

E. In Thermidor, bourgeois moderates reasserted their power after the great leaders of the radical phase had been consumed by their own Terror tribunals. Choice A is incorrect because the nobility were largely absent from Paris by the time of Thermidor, having had the resources to flee the Terror. Choice B is incorrect because France was not defeated by the coalition until 1815. Choice C is incorrect because the French monarchy was not restored until after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Choice D is incorrect because the sans-culottes had exhausted their energies by Thermidor and succumbed to the counter-terror of the bourgeois elites.

Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther is an example of a. the anarchist movement b. socialism c. early liberalism d. nationalism e. the Sturm und Drang movement

E. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) is an example of the German Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) movement of the late eighteenth century. Its glorification of the "inner experience" of the sensitive individual was a forerunner of nineteenth-century Romanticism. Choice A is incorrect because, although both Goethe's Sorrows and anarchism share a romanticized view of preindustrial society, the anarchist movement was dedicated to the eradication of the modern nation state, a theme that is not present in Sorrows. Choice B is incorrect because socialists were more concerned with designing a harmonious and equitable society than with the inner life and sentimentality. Choice C is incorrect because the early liberals emphasized the reform of society based on reason, not sentiment and emotion. Choice D is incorrect because, although Sorrows emphasized the power of environment to shape the individual, it did not emphasize the shared cultural identity of nations.

The Renaissance marks the beginning of the modern era in large part due to the development of all of the following EXCEPT a. the foundations of capitalism were laid at this time b. individualism emerged as a trend c. trade with the new western world began trend of Global trade d. scientific thought emerged with an emphasis on the scientific method e. northern Europe began to dominate southern europe

E. Northern Europe did not dominate southern Europe until the decline of Spain in the 17th century

Renaissance humanism a.devalued mastery of ancient languages b.urged the development of a single talent to perfection c.valued ancient philosophers as the final authorities on all matters d.denied the existence of God e.valued scholarship for its own sake and for the glory it brought the city-state

E. Renaissance humanism did indeed value scholarship. In contrast, choice A is incorrect because Renaissance humanism did not devalue the mastery of ancient languages; in contrast, it sought to revive and encourage such learning of Greek and Latin, for example. Choice B is incorrect because Renaissance humanism emphasized well-roundedness, not just the perfection of a single talent (think of today's use of the term "Renaissance man"). Choice C is incorrect because, although Renaissance humanists respected the ancient philosophers, they did not view them as the final authorities but instead believed they could enter into conversation with and eventually surpass them. Finally, choice D is incorrect because Renaissance humanists did not deny the existence of God at all: In contrast, they believed that all of man's abilities were gifts from God that should be developed to the fullest.

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of eighteenth-century Europe? a.Locke's notion that humans are born tabula rasa b.Hobbes's notion that human nature requires a ruler with absolute power c.Beccaria's notion that the goal of a legal system should be the rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society d.the concept of religious toleration e.Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people

E. Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people explicitly challenged the right of the privileged classes to rule, a radical and dangerous idea in the eighteenth century. Choice A is incorrect because, although Locke's notion that humans are born tabula rasa, or like a blank slate, challenged the traditional Christian view of humans as depraved, it did not have the direct political implications of Rousseau's "general will." Choice B is incorrect because Hobbes's notion that human nature required a ruler with absolute power was a conservative one, and most compatible with the ideology of the ruling regimes in the eighteenth century. Choice C is incorrect because Beccaria's notion that the goal of a legal system should be the rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society was reformist in nature, while Rousseau was revolutionary. Choice D is incorrect because the concept of religious toleration was sometimes absorbed into the ideology of ruling regimes in the eighteenth century.

Of the fifteenth-century attempts by monarchs to consolidate and centralize power, the most successful was in a. England b. France c. Germany d. Italy e. Spain

E. Spain's Isabella and Ferdinand were most successful at consolidating and centralizing political power in the fifteenth century, as they were able to use their control of the Church and the combined wealth of Castile and Aragon to curb the power of the nobility and enforce uniform loyalty to the crown. Choice A is incorrect because in England the process of centralization was delayed by an internal power struggle between two rival branches of the royal family known as the War of the Roses, though some progress was made after Henry Tudor came to power in 1485. Choice B is incorrect because France did make progress in consolidating and centralizing power, second only to Spain, but French progress was delayed by the need to subdue the powerful Duke of Burgundy, which was not accomplished until 1477. Choice C is incorrect because German nobles were able to retain considerable autonomy from the Holy Roman Emperor who was an elected ruler, which obviously impeded the consolidation of power. And choice D is incorrect because the Italian peninsula still consisted of independent city-states that were ruled by powerful merchant-princes.

The Great Fear of the summer of 1789 a. politicized the urban workers of Paris b. catalyzed a European coalition against the French revolution c. put greater pressure on the Assembly to enact more radical legislation d.strengthened the position of the nobility e.demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry

E. The Great Fear was a traditional peasant uprising; the peasants protested high bread prices and burned records of taxes that they could not pay. Choice A is incorrect because the Great Fear was an uprising that took place in rural areas of France, not the urban areas. Choice B is incorrect because the Great Fear had no effect on France's foreign relations. Choice C is incorrect because, although the rural violence seems to have emboldened the Assembly, the pressure was applied to the king, Church, and nobility as the traditional sources of\ authority. Choice D is incorrect because the nobility's inability to deal with the financial crisis undermined their authority.

The Peace of Augsburg a.ended the war between the Church and the Protestant princes b.established Henry VIII's right to establish the Church of England c.established Geneva as the stronghold of Calvinism d.unified the German principalities under the Holy Roman Emperor e.established the principle of "he who rules; his religion"

E. The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed by the German princes that established the principle of "he who rules; his religion," thereby guaranteeing that they would not go to war with each other over the issue of religion. Choice A is incorrect because there was no war between the Church and the Protestant princes. Choice B is incorrect because the Peace of Augsburg was an agreement between the German princes and was not connected to the English Reformation. Choice C is incorrect because Geneva became the center of Calvinism because Calvin settled there and because the male population voted to become Protestant. Choice D is incorrect because, although the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by a group of the most powerful German princes, the process had no connection to the Peace of Augsburg.

In general, the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe a. began on the Continent and spread in all directions b. took place in Great Britain c. took place more slowly in Eastern Europe d. was stimulated by government investment in Western Europe e. took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe

E. The Second Industrial Revolution originated in Britain and took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe, which was able to copy and purchase key industrial innovations. Choice A is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution originated in Great Britain and spread eastward across Europe, not in all directions. Choice B is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution was not unique to nor contained in Britain. Choice C is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution occurred later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe. Choice D is incorrect because there was more government investment involved in Eastern Europe where governments feared falling economically and technologically behind their Western rivals.

The single most important factor in explaining the need of central and eastern European monarchs and nobles to reach compromises on the issue of sovereignty during the period from 1600 to 1715 was a.the lack of religiosity in the people b.the lack of ambitious monarchs c.the existence of strong peasant movements d.the lack of strong armies e.the lack of a well-developed middle class of merchants and professionals

E. The key to successfully building or resisting a powerful centralized state in this period was the degree to which the monarchs or nobles could forge an alliance with and utilize the talents and wealth of a merchant middle class. Therefore, the lack of such a class forced compromise in the central and eastern kingdoms. Choice A is incorrect because all European peoples were equally religious during this period. Choice B is incorrect because the Monarchs of Europe were equally ambitious during this period. Choice C is incorrect because peasants in all the European kingdoms resisted encroachment on their rights and livelihood in the only way they could, through occasional tax and bread riots. Choice D is incorrect because all European monarchs were capable of raising sizeable armies during this period.

The term "Dissenters" a.refers to all Protestants who deny that good works can earn salvation b.refers to the Anabaptists c.refers to English Protestants d.refers to those who refused to sign the Peace of Augsburg e.refers to English Protestants who refused to join the Church of England

E. The term "Dissenters" refers to English Protestants who refused to join the Church of England. Choice A is incorrect because the term "Dissenter" implies a refusal to join the Church of England, not a reference to a specific theological stance. Choice B is incorrect because Anabaptists were just one of many groups in England to whom the term "Dissenters" was applied. Choice C is incorrect because the term "Dissenters" does not refer to all English Protestants, because members of the Church of England are Protestants. Choice D is incorrect because the Peace of Augsburg is unrelated to either "Dissenters" or English history.