AP Euro, quarter 4

Which of the following was a direct consequence of Stalin's economic modernization of the Soviet Union?

Famine in Ukraine

The British Reform Act of 1867 had which of the following effects?

It expanded the vote to many (but not all) male workers

Marie Curie is most famous for her work with

Radiation and chemistry

In this speech, which came to be known as the foundation of the "Truman Doctrine," the US presented itself as having what mission in Europe (and elsewhere)?

Containing communism to prevent it from spreading

The fact that the population density in Ireland decreased between 1820 and 1900 would most likely be the result of which of the following?

. Primitive agricultural processes and a potato blight contributed to Irish migration to other areas

In which year were there widespread revolutions in Europe?

1848

Lech Walesa was

A Polish labor leader instrumental in the fall of Communism in that country

The Berlin Airlift was prompted by

A Soviet blockade that was designed to halt the creation of a separate West German state

The image below is of the "Peterloo Massacre" in Great Britain in 1819. The image, by George Cruikshank, is in the public domain. This event occurred during a protest about_______

A lack of proper representation in Parliament combined with the "Corn Laws," high tariffs on foreign grain designed to help wealthy landowners.

What is one reason that Europe has faced increasing tension over immigration in recent decades?

After World War Two, there was a need for labor to rebuild Europe. Immigrants from former colonies provided a cheap source of workers

Which of the following is true of European participation in space exploration since World War Two?

Although France and other European powers have funded some space research, the Soviet Union was the only European country to have been a real leader in space exploration

"I shall never submit to any attempt to influence me...I follow only the promptings of my mind and heart...Nothing, nothing shall trouble the clear vision of my judgement of the strength of my resolution." --Napoleon III, after his election, 1848 The quote above reveals which about Napoleon III?

Although he was elected, he quickly revealed that he was a believer in absolutism

Which of the following is true of the "principle of legitimacy" that guided the Congress of Vienna?

Although the "legitimate" monarchs were installed and protected in France, Spain, and the Italian states, the powers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia were allowed to retain their Polish possessions.

Which of the following is true of the "principle of legitimacy" that guided the Congress of Vienna? Selected:

Although the "legitimate" monarchs were installed and protected in France, Spain, and the Italian states, the powers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia were allowed to retain their Polish possessions.

What might account for Bernstein's decision to embrace this evolutionary, rather than revolutionary, approach to socialism?

As standards of living improved for all classes, including workers, the appetite for working class revolution had decreased in the industrialized areas over the second half of the century

Between 1815 and 1871, which of the following had the most influence on the changes that occurred in the German states?

Bismarck's use of the nationalist agenda to create a unified Germany

While soldiers struggled in the trenches, civilians who received letter such as this reacted by

Continue to support the war by working in factories, enduring rationing, and contributing to "total war." By 1917, however, resistance to the war in the form of strikes and even rebellion was found in several major belligerents

In what ways have recent popes such as Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis tried to keep the Catholic Church relevant in the modern world?

By focusing on social issues such as poverty and inequality

The brutality of World War One combat tended to

Cause psychological wounds and provoke feelings of betrayal in soldiers

Late 19th and early 20th century philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Sorel were known for

Challenging the idea that the world was a rational place where progress towards a better world was the trend

Which of the following industrial advances characterized the "Second Industrial Revolution" of the late 19th century?

Chemical industry, steel production, and new sources of power such as electricity and the internal combustion engine

Which of the following is generally agreed upon by historians as an explanation of the relative stability in Victorian Britain?

Continuing economic growth that caused British subjects at all socioeconomic levels to see an improved standard of living

Which of the following leaders worked towards a common goal with Garibaldi, although they were not in perfect agreement about some of the details

Count Cavour of Piedmont

"Burschenschaften," student societies in the German states, sought primarily to

Create a free, united Germany.

Which of the following would be the most significant cause of the Great Depression?

Dependence on post-World War One American investment capital

Russian Tsars in the early 19th century, such as Alexander I and Nicholas I, generally pursued policies that were

Designed to strengthen the secret police, the bureaucracy, and suppress Polish nationalism.

Which of the following would be a fair characterization of the immigration policies of many Western European nations in the last few decades

Despite tensions, many countries such as France, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands have welcomed foreigners until recent issues around terrorism and the refugee crisis have prompted calls to tighten borders

One of the principles underlying the Marshall Plan, represented in the above graphic (the height of the bar on each state shows the amount of aid provided), was

Economic aid after World War Two would make communism less appealing in war-torn Europe

The European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community were initial moves towards

Economic unity

Which of the following was considered one of the most articulate representatives of the conservative movement in the late 18th/early 19th century?

Edmund Burke

The United Kingdom and France both altered their approach to crime in the early to mid 19th century by

Establishing uniformed police and reforming prisons.

The genocide that this victim survived was known by the euphemism of

Ethnic Cleansing

As a result of the Munich Agreement, what events followed in the next several months?

Germany took over first the Sudetenland and then Czechoslovakia

In addition to "perestroika," Gorbachev championed

Glasnost, or openness. This allowed greater political freedoms and freedom of speech

The Soviet leader Khrushchev took which direction following the death of Stalin?

He moved away from Stalin's harsh policies, even proclaiming that there would be "destalinization"

Which of the following would be a fair characterization of the domestic policies of Napoleon III?

He used government resources to expand railway lines, build hospitals and housing, and enhance economic growth

Which of the following describes Gorbachev's policies as leader of the USSR?

He was anxious to make reforms, but he did not want to destroy the Soviet communist system

The image above of King Louis Philippe of France represents

His attempts to portray himself as a member of the upper middle class to build on his support from that group

Which other Eastern Bloc Nations saw a Soviet invasion that crushed attempts at reforms in the early decades of the Cold War?

Hungary

This image is an example of which artistic style?

Impressionism

In what ways were women's roles changing in post-World War Two Europe?

In almost all European states, women achieved suffrage. They also looked increasingly to careers in addition to or even instead of marriage and motherhood

The song above is an example of which of the following developments in European society?

Increased migration from rural to urban areas

Which of the following has emerged as a major threat to European nations in the years since the end of the Cold War?

International terrorism

The economic dynamic described above had which of the following effects?

It encouraged regions to specialize in the production of goods. The poorer countries focused on agricultural specialization (olive oil or wine, for example) and wealthier ones focused on certain areas of manufacturing (chemicals in Germany and agricultural machinery in Great Britain).

Which of the following was true of the renovation such as that of Paris as shown in the painting above?

It necessitated destruction of urban centers and displacement of many residents and resulted in a separation of where most people worked and where they lived

The cartoon above relates to the creation of the "Zollverein," or customs union, in 1834. The creation of the Zollverein had which of the following effects?

It stimulated trade and created a sense of unity among German-speaking peoples

The leader of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was

Klemens von Metternich

"And so we National Socialists...take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east...If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states." Which concept in the Nazi ideology most closely ties to the quote above?

Lebensraum

The political philosophy that included a respect of civil liberties, equality before the law, a written description of rights of government organization, and toleration was known as

Liberalism

What characterized European culture, especially youth culture, in the 1960's?

Like in the US, it was a culture of rebellion, with revolutionary views on drug use, sexual mores, music, behavior, and art

In which of the following ways did women find new economic opportunities in the Second Industrial Revolution of the late nineteenth century?

Many found "white collar" jobs in offices, as telephone operators, in health and human services jobs, and as secretaries

"the freeing of trade unions and systems of cooperative trading from legal restrictions, the consideration of standard conditions of labor in the work undertaken by public authorities--all these characterize this phase of the evolution." How might Karl Marx react to the words of Bernstein above?

Marx would strongly disagree in this gradual approach, as he advocated sudden and violent revolution

"And so we National Socialists...take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east...If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states." What ultimately was most responsible for Hitler's failure to achieve the goal he laid out here?

Massive numbers of Soviet troops, combined with severe winters and Hitler's poor leadership decisions, overwhelmed the Germans at places like Stalingrad

"Union between the monarchs is the basis of the policy which must now be followed to save society from total ruin..." The Quote above represents which of the beliefs of early 19th century conservatives?

Monarchs needed to work together to repress the forces of nationalism, liberalism, and republicanism.

Which of the following factors was most responsible for increasing urbanization in Western and Central Europe between 1820 and 1900?

Most of Europe had become industrialized by 1900

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Count von Breust was responding to what influence on the Hungarians?

Nationalism and its emphasis on political unification

"And so we National Socialists...take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east...If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states." In addition to the economic goal outlined above, what other major reason pulled Hitler towards a desire to attack to the east?

Poland and the Soviet Union represented the largest demographic concentration of Jews in Europe, tied into Hitler's antisemitism

The French "Policy of Coercion" in 1919-1924 had the effect of

Prompting Germany to passively resist the occupation of the Ruhr, printing money to cover costs lost due to the occupation and this causing hyperinflation

The Zollverein added to the influence of which German-speaking state?

Prussia

Freud is often credited with laying the foundation of

Psychoanalysis

Alexander's reforms had the consequence of

Raising expectations for rapid change among the peasants and reformers and backlash from conservatives who were alarmed by what they saw as attacks on tradition

What sorts of "tropical wealth" did imperialists mostly seek in their colonial acquisitions in the late 19th century?

Raw materials such as rubber, tropical hardwoods, and oil

Charles X of France can be best characterized as:

Reactionary, due to his attempts to restore the power and fortunes of the Catholic Church and the nobility.

The painting above is representative of which literary and artistic movement of the mid-nineteenth century?

Realism, which rejected flowery images and language and depicted unsentimental scenes accurately and with detail to find meaning

One of the problems that plagued Germany following its reunification was

Regional tension between the wealthier West and the poorer East

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be a policy of the fascist governments of the 1920's and 1930's?

Reluctant acceptance of democratic institutions

Due to its focus on man as part of nature, its stress on individualism, and its mystic qualities, this painting is considered a prime example of which artistic movement?

Romanticism

"Mankind as a whole, like the individual man, advances through pain and suffering only. The path of progress is strewn with the wreck of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the hecatombs of inferior races, and of victims who found not the narrow way to the greater perfection."

Social Darwinism

Charles Fourier, Robert Owen, Louis Blanc, and Flora Tristan were all

Socialists

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe...Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts --and facts they are--this is certainly not the liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it the one which contains the essentials of a permanent peace." What characterized the Soviet response to this speech?

Stalin branded it as a "call to war" against the USSR

France and Italy in the 1980's both could be characterized as

Suffering from economic stagnation and political disunity

Emmeline Pankhurst and Millicent Fawcett were famous

Suffragettes

The Cold War crisis that likely came the closest to causing a war between the US and the Soviet Union was

The Cuban Missile Crisis

"Therefore it is imperative that we realize that Jewish racial characteristics differ so greatly from ours that a common life of Jews and Germans under the same laws is quite impossible because the Germans will perish." Which of the following events in France reflected the same tensions?

The Dreyfus Affair

The Soviet leader from 1964-1982 was Leonid Brezhnev. His slogan was "no experimentation." Which of the following best represents this slogan?

The Soviet reaction to the "Prague Spring"

Which of the following countries made use of women in front-line combat positions (such as snipers) in World War Two?

The USSR

Which of the following, a crisis that occurred in the region depicted, triggered World War One?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Historians generally consider which of the following to be one of the great achievements of the Congress of Vienna?

The balance of power achieved in 1815 prevented a major European-wide war until the outbreak of World War One in 1914.

"The foundation of Fascism is the conception of the State, its character, its duty, and its aim. Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of in their relation to the State." Which of Hitler's ideas most closely mirrored some of the ideas expressed here?

The concept of "lebensraum"

The passage above is an example of which of the following developments in modern European history? "Darwin's Origin of Species had come into the theological world"

The growth of positivism, which emphasizes the scientific analysis of nature and human affairs

The Communist Manifesto explained all history as which of the following?

The history of class struggle between oppressed and oppressor

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Count von Beust was most influenced by which of the following?

The hope to stabilize the Austrian Empire by recognizing its largest minority

Which of the following would be an unintended effect of Darwin's works?

The justification of new racial theories

"Perhaps the real problem was that the treaty was never really properly enforced so that Germany was able to rebuild its military and challenge the security of Europe all over again." Which of the following could be used as evidence against the argument MacMillan makes in the above quote?

The massive reduction in the size of the German military forced by the Treaty of Versailles was a deep humiliation to Germany that was a major factor in the rise of Hitler, who promised to reject the Treaty's military limitations

"Allow me to ask how long you are going to go on degrading Russia's millions, its tormented and exhausted people. Instead of peace, you signed an armistice with the enemy...you moved the troops you had tricked to the Russian-Russian front and started a fratricidal war." Which of the following are likely reasons for the author to have expressed these views?

The policies of "war communism" and the use of terror by the Bolsheviks were seen as brutal and unfair by many common Russians

"States which have undergone a change of Government due to revolution" This quote represents

The principle of intervention

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic..." This quote is often seen as marking which event?

The start of the Cold War

Freud believed that human behavior was determined by

The struggles of the unconscious mind

The leader Garibaldi was instrumental in which event?

The unification of Italy

In what ways did the leading industrial powers of Europe compete for dominance among themselves?

Through the imposition of tariffs, the creation of cartels, and the creation of technical schools to train citizens in new technologies

What was the end result of the Nazi racial policies in World War Two?

Two thirds of Europe's Jews and many millions other so-called "undesirables" such as Romani (Gypsies), Slavs, political dissidents, homosexuals, and those with disabilities were murdered

How did France exert influence in foreign affairs in the mid-nineteenth century?

Under the leadership of Napoleon III, France engaged in several wars of choice, with results varying from mildly successful (the Crimean War) to disastrous (the Franco-Prussian War)

The song would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

Views during this time period regarding proper male behavior and masculine values

Which country experienced an "economic miracle" following the devastation of World War Two?

West Germany

The map here represents which fact about Cold War Europe?

Western Europe, represented by the NATO alliance, and Eastern Europe, represented by the Warsaw Pact, were in a standoff that was threatened mutual destruction

Which of the following statements about the process of "decolonization" following World War Two?

While Europeans reluctantly allowed for independence for most colonies, the process could sometimes follow a violent path, such as in Algeria and Vietnam

Which of the following East European countries suffered a violent civil war when Communism collapsed?

Yugoslavia