AP Euro - Religious Wars

1598

Edict of Nantes

Brueghal

Flemish Renaissance painter and print-maker, known for landscape and peasant scenes

Huguenots

French Protestants (Calvinists)

Henry IV of Navarre

French king that comes to power after the death of Henry III, converts to Catholicism for good of nation but issues the Edict of Nantes, well-liked, personable, lowers poor taxes

Escorial

Huge palace of Philip II in Spain, represented the wealth of Spain, looked like a monastery, connected to religious empire

Mary, Queen of Scots

Leader of the Scottish land, installs Catholic ideas but is disliked and is eventually exiled to France, returns to England, but upon trying to assassinate Elizabeth I, is executed, stirs pot of Catholic countries

Revolt of the Netherlands

Long wars against Spain that eventually earn the Netherlands their independence

1555

Peace of Augsburg

1618-48

30 Years War

1571

Battle of Lepanto

Wallenstein

Bohemian military leader and politician, allegiance to Ferdinand II, but will be paid money as a mercenary leader, assassinated by Ferdinand when seen as disloyal

Prince of Conde

Bourbon leader of the Protestants, allies with Coligny, killed after the Guise assassination

Theodore Beza

Calvinist who increased the power of Protestantism in France and convinced Catherine de Medici to allow initial toleration of Calvinism

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catherine de Medicis supports, fears Coligny's power, assassinated, kill 20k other Protestant, sparks protests, 1572

Bernini

Catholic artist, known for extremely baroque art, grandiose style, sculptor

Rubens

Catholic baroque artists

Spanish Fury

During the revolt of the Netherlands, mercenaries of the Spanish overrun the streets, mindlessly kill tons of people

Rembrandt

Dutch Mennonite painter, restrained, not baroque

Vermeer

Dutch painter, domestic interior scenes, middle class life

William of Orange

Powerful leader of Netherlands independence opposed the central gov't, politique Calvinist

Defenestration of Prague

Protestant nobility in Bohemia throw advisers to the HRE out the window in protest to reforms, big mess

Elizabeth I

Queen of England, believes in a middle road between Catholic and Protestant England, just vague enough to not be disliked, great foreign policies, liked in the country, good diplomat, Act of Supremacy + Uniformity

John Knox

Scottish reformer, lays the groundwork for Protestant resistance, hatred of Mary Queen of Scots for her Catholic policies, resist the political domination of Catholics

1588

Spanish Armada Defeated

Philip II

Spanish king who comes to power of the highly Christian country with an incredibly Protestant rebellious region in empire, bad foreign policy, but strong bureaucracy and army, bad economy (inflation)

Cardinal Granvelle

Spanish official put in place in Netherlands to employ ecclesiastical reforms and centralize the government under Spain

El Greco

Spanish painter during Spanish Renaissance, dramatic and expressionistic styles

Battle of Lepanto

Spanish win control of seas over Ottoman Turks, 1571

Cervantes

Spanish writer, novelist, playwright, Don Quixote, influences the Spanish language

1572

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty that ends the 30 Years War, recognized Calvinism, replaces Augsburg, gives electorship to Bavaria, independence of Swiss/Dutch, continued division/fragmentation

Politique

a leader who puts the interests of the nation in front of personal religious ideals

Edict of Nantes

act made by Henry IV that granted toleration to the Huguenots and allowed fortification of cities, worship in towns, participation in gov't, and assembly

Defeat of Spanish Armada

after execution of Mary Queen of Scots by Elizabeth I, Spain angered by the Protestantism, England defeats the Armada, 1588

Pacification of Ghent

after the Spanish Fury, Catholic and Protestant Netherlands unit against the Spanish

Montmorency-Chatillons

family in France that ruled and had sympathies with the Huguenots, used Coligny as the ruler

Baroque art and music

grandiose and three-dimensional, prominent in Catholicism, succeeds mannerism

Congregationalists

group of more extreme Puritans in England that wanted to become autonomous, saw no need for government

Golden Age of Spain

increased art, literature, architecture in Catholic Spain, flourish culture

Duke of Alba

incredibly strict militaristic leader of Netherlands, comes in after Granevelle is ousted, horrible persecution

Mary I

known for her horrible toleration policies, bad foreign policy, persecutes the Protestants, marries Philip II, executed

Coligny

leader of the Montmorency-Chatillons, assassinated in St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, powerful combination of religion and military ideas

Titian

most versatile of all Italian Renaissance painters, vivid colors, father of mannerism

Dutch School of Art

painters of the baroque era in the Netherlands

"one king, one church, one law"

power of absolute monarch and the idea that all three were connected and central to power

Guise

powerful French family during civil wars in France, side with Catholics, gain much power and control of gov't, then lose it with Henry of Navarre

Bourbon

powerful French family, side with the Huguenots, eventually come to power

Catherine de Medici

queen mother of France, attempts to keep power at all costs, often flip flops between sides (Catholic Guise and Protestant), eventually ends up playing into death of Coligny, initially tolerates religion

Francis II

successor after death of French king, ruled for by Catherine de Medici, marries Mary I

Edward VI

tries to make Lady Jane Grey ruler of the English instead of Mary I, Protestant country

Cuius regio, eius religio

whose realm, his religion, connects to Peace of Augsburg/Westphalia