Ap Euro Test 12: WW1

the Yugoslavs

with the Slavic revival, which emphasize language, the Serbs, Bosnians, and Slavs came to feel that they were really one people, for which they took the name South Slavs, or Yugoslavs

the League of Nations

a permanent international body in which all nations, without sacrificing the sovereignty, should meet together to discuss and settle disputes, each promising not to resort to war

Georges Clemenceau

"tiger of France", the French prime minister who wanted to ensure that Germany would never again threaten France; at the Paris Peace Conference.

The Paris Conference (1919)

(1919) - at this conference the victors signed five treaties, the most important being the treaty of Versailles

Sarajevo (June 28, 1914)

(June 28, 1914) - a young Bosnian revolutionary, a member of the Serbian secret society the Black Hand, assassinated the heir to the Habsburg Empire, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, in the streets of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital, in the Austrian Empire

Causes of WW1

(Mostly all nationalism) 1) breakdown in balance of power- no overpowering power since the battle of Waterloo, but the unification of Germany upset the balance 2) militarism- Building/spending on the military. Some countries had the idea that there are me was so big that they could win a war. It also caused the war because it put everyone on the edge for a war coming. Also, mobilization meant getting your forces ready, and back then this was considered an act of war. 3) economic competition- more countries practicing economic nationalism and hurting each other with tariffs and such 4) imperialism- A symptom of the problems and rivalries in Europe (international anarchy). Also, countries began to argue over their colonial borders 5) alliance system- Allied versus central powers. Brought the war since many countries in Europe belonging to one or the other, making it nearly impossible for local issues to stay local, which led to continent wide wars. Also, some countries became overconfident since they had bigger and stronger allies. 6) series of crisis- there was an incident almost every year from 1900 to 1914. They got through each crisis, but each added more tension between the countries

battle of 1st Marne

- Germany crossed Belgium borders, violating their neutrality - The German army was going pretty fast. And Britain was brought into the war by their violation of Belgium's neutrality - Germany on the way to Paris, within 5 miles of it. French were desperate -The river by Paris was called the Marn, it flows into the siene, was east of Paris - French used taxis and buses to rush as many forces to Marne in front as possible - they do, Titanic war. This battle wrecks Germany's strategy - in France, there was no more movement. The two sides build parallel trenches, stalemate. A war of attrition arose, meaning no more movement, just grinding down each other's sides, trying to kill them off. That's why it's called the great war and it seemed wastefuL -significance- changed everything on the western front, degenerated into stalemate (parelell trenches)

The spark

- June 12, 1914 - war began: aug 1 - on June 28... -archduke Ferdinand and his wife travel to Sarajevo. He was the next in line for the Austrian empire. He was sympathetic for the Slavic's. -there was a Serbian terrorist group called the black hand. -Serbia and Austrian empire did not get along. And the group called the black hen went to Sarajevo to kill the archduke. They killed him and his wife. The assailant was princeps - Austrian government decided to get Serbia after this. But Serbia yeah was allied with Russia, and Russia call themselves the Slavic protector. -Austria paws is in Germany issues a blank check to Austria. This was irresponsible for Germany, and they would now have a two front war -Germany also told Austrian government that they could not wait to decide, precluding any negotiations with Serbia. Austria then delivered an ultimatum to Serbian government. Gave Serbia a list of demands, and if they agree to the demands, it would infringe on their severity. Serbia rejected the ultimatum, Austria declared war bringing in Russia, Germany, and France. -war begins

battle of tannenburg

- Russia had gotten into eastern russia, and Germany had to send troops to defend over there - this was a titanic battle, Russians were slaughtered. It was a huge victory for Germany, altered the war since their army that had to go invade france wasn't as big - from this point on, Germans steadily pushed Russians back, bringing on the communist and bolshevik revolution in 1917

Punishment of Germany

-(other central powers also punished) -Rhineland- demilitarized. Remained part of germany but they couldn't have military there because their western attacks were historically launched from the Rhine -Alsace-Lorraine- returned to France -colonies- germany lost all of its colonies -germany lost parts of germany, especially territory on east. (All these things are making the Germans bitter- leading to hitler) -treaty created the nation of Poland, wanted port on the Baltic, so they created corridor to get to ban it, east Prussia was added to Poland -reparations- money yo repair damage, germany broke Eastern Europe and now had to pay for it -allied powers agreed germany should pay reparations, wilson said not too much -ger was the biggest euro economy, wilson said ruining it would ruin everyone's economy (Clem felt wilson wasn't sympathetic to the french -allied powers said they will set up commission - - when germany signed in 1919, no number of money yet, 2 years later it was 33 billion, german economy ruined, allowed hitler to come to power -disarmament- germany could only keep a small army/navy, not much -war guilt clause- more than enything in the treaty, this pissed off germany most, it said germany was guilty of causing WW1

Paris Peace Conference

-1919 -the big 3- france, US, Britain -Clemenceau was france primer, Woodrow Wilson president of US, LLoyd George prime minister of Britain -right off the bat, there was controversy -the central powers sent delegates to Paris, told to go home until it was time to sign. Germany thought this was unfair (eventually lead to hitler/WW2) -Clemenceau/ Wilson disagreed on the kind of treaty. France wants security , Allies for after the war, they were hoping for Britain and the United States -but his views on the treat were opposing Wilson's and also opposing some of his own views. He wanted Germany to pay compensation, but the problem is Wilson's idea of treaty was the 14 points -Wilson had issued 14 points in January 201918, before the treaty and before the war ended -his 14 points were his blueprint for what a treaty should look like. He wants a treaty to prevent another big war, and make the war unlikely. So there should be no victors or defeated in the war, since doing that would cause countries to either want revenge or have a superiority complex -and Wilson wanted a lenient treaty on the Germans, clemens so wanted a harsh treaty -Wilson said too harsh of a treaty would make Germany want revenge, Clem said someone had to pay, and didnt want germany attacking them again -the treaty was in the middle -took several months to negotiate it -signed at Versaille in 1919

The sides (central powers)

-2 main countries- Germany, Austria/Hungary -before war- known as triple alliance -called central powers since they were literally in the center -advantages of central powers- Germany had best army

The sides (allied Powers)

-Allied powers- many powers, was known as triple entente before war. -the countries- france, Britain, russia(later the US) -advantages- -bigger population -more wealth -had the British navy -Germany was fighting a two-front war -Austria was weak, and Germany had to fight a lot more

National background of Austria-Hungary

-Austria was expanding south east into the Balkans, but they are mostly Slavic and had a surge of Slavic nationalism -Austria was in serious decline, they were an old empire. So they figured they had to fix Serbia now or it would become too late

Economic impact of the war and treaty

-Disrupted commerce and trade between nations. Commerce is wealth created through trade -Britain was hurt the most from the commerce decline, mainly because of the blockade. They would never get some of their foreign markets back. -National economies destroyed- war cost is so much, and it was incredibly wasteful -most governments were deeply in debt, owed billions to each other. Debt is good, but it weighs you down -inflation is sky high and there was very high unemployment, and these things usually did not happen at the same time -countries engaged in economic nationalism/Socialism, meaning the government interfering in the economy -planned economy- Government was really managing the economy, or war socialism

Cultural impact of war/treaty

-Europeans questioned civilization- is there a problem in europe that started this war? What's wrong with us? -made Europeans pessimistic- worried about the future, very down and not optimistic -they began to disapprove of war

The armistice

-November 11, 1918. The war ended -a ceasefire -going into 1918, on western front, war turning against the Germans -war unraveled quick for german/central powers (nobody even saw an and to the war at the start of 18) -ger/cen powers lost -there were revs in both aus/ger at the end of 1918 -german/Hapsburg empowers overthrown, empires lost -in october, empowers overthrown, germany became a republic -by nov, allied powers pumped them out of france/Belgium, preparing to invade germany -germany sued for peace, signed ceasefire

National Background of Germany

-The kaiser was Wilhelm the second, and he didn't have all power, but was the ultimate loose cannon. -he did threatening things, putting people on edge -Germany wanted "place in the sun "or a seat at the table -they had rose, and felt disrespected by Britain. This was an example of the Thysedes trap- countries rising and being disrespected would lead to war -Germany was very divided socially and politically. German gov was thinking a war would unite people and distract from the divisions

National background of France

-They had been humiliated in the Franco Prussian war, and were knocked out super fast -germans had taken alsace-Lorraine -wanted revenge -France was declining, relative to Germany. They were losing population and wealth, thinking they will never get back Alsace-Lorraine

National Backround of Russia

-They saw themselves as the leader of the Balkans -had lost interest in the Balkins late 1800s, we're now interested in China -they lost the Russo Japanese war, now believed best interest were in Balkans and Europe -even though they were ruled by an autocrat, they had internal division, and thought warm might help unite and distract the people

Battle of verdun

-a city in east france, southern end of trenches -in a salient, it was a fortified city -in 1916, Germany decided to have a massive assault on it because... verdun was politely and historically important to france. Also, the Germans realized france would die to defend it, so Germany wanted to bleed them dry -2 sides together lost 900000 men, it was an extremely ugly war -looked like Germany would win, but the french held out(at great cost, army) -significance- the greatest example of battle of attrition, turned france against war with a Puric victory(cost all) -longer sig- worsened the social divisions in the third republic, lower class was eaten alive and wealthy nobles thrived -when it came to ww2, france was out of the game and didnt resist -even longer sig- this battle helps makes Europeans fairly anti-war

Political impact of the war/treaty

-all governments are bigger and more powerful, and they had to become this way to fight the war -ended most monarchies, and it advanced democracies -but, you have totalitarianism dictators also

Battle of Jutland

-big naval battle -Jutland is the danish peninsula -naval battle fought off coast of Jutland -only regular, conventional naval battle in the war -kinda a germany victory -strategically, a British victory as germany never came out of port again -and, the Germans decided to have a submarine blockade of the British isles -each side had a blockade of the other-British on the North Sea and Germans had submarines reigning on Britain isles -both blockades were very effective -with submarines, more ships sunk, more lives lost -but, subs are most effective operating in stealth, using torpedos with no warning -they had to attack by surprise to be most effective -most famous sinking of a Brit surface ship was the sinking of Lusitania- sister of the titanic, sunk by a German sub

WW1 duration

-duration- 1914-1918 -1914- began -1917- russia left the war due to communist rev, US entered because of German submarine ware fare -1918- war ended with armistice (Germany surrendered/ceasefire) -1919- nations met in paris to negotiate a peace treaty. When done, went to Louis 14's palace of Versailles for signing ceremonies

Diplomatic impact of war/treaty

-end of the four empires, the ottoman, Germany, Austrian, and Russia empires. Ottoman split into many small countries including turkey, the Austrian Habsburg empire had been around since the 1400s and was now ended, the only empire remaining with Britain, who still had colonies -Britain lost much of their influence, not like it had been -New force that emerged to challenge the European nations was the growth of US influence in Europe -there is the Soviet union, Russia, becoming dominant. Russia and the US were the two dominant powers in Europe. And they were not really even in Europe -Revolutionism spreading all over. -rise of anti-colonist movements, which get even bigger in World War II -The seeds of World War II planted by the World War I and treaty

Revolution warefare

-first total war in history- countries devoting all resources to waging war -involved war socialism- giv intervention in economy, govs run the economies (extensively) during the war -first time on large scale, science used for war -developed new technology -1st time of widespread use of propaganda

Flaws in the treaty

-intermingling of nationalities- created new countries without cleaning it up -Germany's gov was discredited- there were revs in germany/A-H, at the end of the war, unraveling things fast - -emporer was overthrown in germany, replaced by republic (Weimar) - -Weimar gov was discredited by the treaty , allied powers said to sign or they will invade - -signed, but many Germans associated Weimar gov with the treaty of Versaille -The US Constitution said the president can sign the treaty, but must get the approval of the Senate, who ended up rejecting it. So the US was never part of the league of nations. This removed one of the big powers from the European stage and might have prevented World War II if they Senate had approved -Compromise was bad here, and the treaty was neither harsh or lenient enough. They had to be all the way hard to prevent a revolution or be kind that they won't want revenge. The treaty didnt disable germany and they became bitter

Social impact of war/treaty

-they have lots of refugees- meaning the people that left their countries. What's bad about this is that people like roots and familiarity people. They have lost their homes and their countries. Also bad about this is that it costs a lot to take care of these people. This problem was mainly in Eastern Europe, since that's where the empires broke down, as well as northeastern France which was destroyed -more women than men now, because the men were killed in war. Even worse, the men were lost in their "prime", meaning their 20s to forties. Women began to have a softening effect on Europe. Women were emancipated, meaning they got the right to vote. The idea that wives were like second class to their husbands was beginning to change -Leveling of society, not as many rich or poor people like before. But it was not completely leveled. Bombs don't discriminate by class, so people of all classes were experiencing the same aggressiveness. -collectivization, met people working together. To win wars, you had to work together collectively. This is still in Europe today

Self Determination in Eastern Europe

-wilson's "baby", but not done the way he wanted -this meant, all empires in europe were gone, so they created smaller countries -Baltic states, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia -it meant let each ethnic group in europe decide itself to be its own country or part of a bigger one -the problem was you still had an intermingling of nationalities in Eastern Europe -like, Bohemia protrudes into germany, had Germans in it that were bing mistreated -created the League of Nations- part of Wilsons 14 points, let countries submit disputes to organization of nations, will be resolved unbiased

Pair of events in 1917

1) US enters the war, largely because of German sub warefare- germany didnt want this, knew they cant beat us 2) 2 revs in russia- first one overthrew tsar, second was the Bolshevik/communist rev(lead by Lenin)- the 2 revs occurred and succeeded because russia was getting slaughtered by the Germans . After his rev, Lenin said they were pulling out

Series of crises

1) boer war - 1899 to 1902. Britain verse the Boers. Britain had practiced splendid isolationism, but realize they needed friends and allies. Britain realize Germany was actually not there friend since kaiser Willhelm urged on the Boers. Also Germany built up navy to protect sea routes to colonies. And Britain said they did not need it 2) moroccan crisis - there were two of them. Morocco is in northwest corner of Africa. Basically in the French sphere of influence. In 1905 in 1908, Germany decided to challenge it. Kaiser was mad that France had it. Both times Britain sided with France, brought them closer, thought Germany was a bully. 3) Russo Japanese war - 1905, Russia lost, turned attention to Balkans and the west, where World War I started. 4) Bosnia-Harrahsgavnia- today called Bosnia. It is in the Balkans, Slavic people. In the late 19th century, it was decided that Austria could have Bosnia, but it wasn't given to them, they just controlled it. They couldn't annex it. In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia, pissing off the Slavic's in the Balkans, especially Serbia 5) Balkan wars- 1912 and 1913, wars among various Balkan countries about the borders. Shows things weren't stable in the Balkans. They were a powder keg

War battles

1) tannenburg 2) 1st Marne 3)battle of verdun 4) battle of Jutland 5) us enters/ Bolshevik rev (1917)

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

the Triple Alliance

Bismarck formed a military alliance with Austria Hungary in 1789 to which Italy was added in 1882; lasted until the First World War; terms were, briefly, that if any member became involved in war with two or more powers, its allies should come to its aid by force of arms

8) What was the impact of the battle of the Marne?

Changed character of war, Germans were obliged to retreat, the hope of felling France at a single blow was ended, each side tried to outflank and destroy the other until the battle lines extended to the sea, Germans failed to win channel ports, French and Brittish communications remained uninterrupted. For these reverses the great victories meanwhile one by the Germans on the Eastern front, though if gigantic proportions, we're in the long run small and consolation

National background of Britain

Declining relative to Germany, even though their Konomi is growing. Germany caught up to them in 1900

15) How did the War change the economic system?

During the war all belligerent governments controlled the economic system far more minutely. The planned economy was first applied in the First World War as the warring states attempted to direct all wealth, resources, and mora, purpose of their societies to a single end. Involved war socialism, government intervention in the economy, governments run the economies extensively during the war. Commerce and trade between nations was disrupted. Britain was hurt the most from the commerce decline. National economies destroyed, governments were deeply in debt, inflation is sky high, very high unemployment, countries engaged in war socialism and economic nationalism

1) In what way did Europe suffer from "international anarchy"?

Europe fell into a deadly grinding war that consumed much of its wealth killed millions of its young men and ultimately weakened or even destroyed much of its power and influence in the world. Also mobilization was becoming very popular, and it meant getting your forces ready, and back then this was considered an active war. Countries were also allowing military plans to determine foreign policy

7) How did the alliance system and nationalist ideologies cause World War I?

Europe was divided into two armed camps. Every incident tended to become a test of strength. A specific national incident could not be settled on its own merits, merely by the parties concerned. However it was dealt with, one of the two camps was deemed to have lost or gained and hence to have lost or gained influence in other incidents. Each nation felt that it must stand by allies whatever the specific issue. This was because all lived in the fear of war, of some nameless future in which allies would be necessary.

August 1, 1914

Germany declares war on Russia

12) In what ways did the Treaty punish or penalize Germany?

Germany lost its colonies, The allies took control of the German fleet, made Germany pay for war expenses and damages, limited German fleet, war guilt clause, the German army could not have heavy artillery, german army limited to 100000 and became exclusively professional,

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

4) What effect did the Moroccan crisis have?

It increased British Hostility towards Germany, The Germans obtained some small excessions in Africa after the first Moroccan crisis, distrust of Germany also inclined the British to bury the hatchet with Russia and the next year, the British stood by the French all the more firmly, and French and British army and naval officers now began to discuss common plans

the Balkan Wars

Italy declared war on Turkey, from which it soon conquered AAA and the Dodecanese islands; after this war, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece joined forces in their own war against Turkey, hoping to annex certain Balkan territories in which they believed they had a right; Turkey was soon defeated, but the Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs would yield; this first Balkan war of 1912 was followed by a second in 1913 in which Albania was the subject of angry discord; the Serbs occupied part of it as did the Greeks and had also been vaguely promised Italy; Russia supported the Serbian claim and Austria was determined to shut off the search of access to the sea which they would obtain by annexation of Albanian territory; all agreed to make Albania an independent kingdom as a result

Morocco

Kaiser William II made a startling speech in favor of Moroccan independence; was a signal that Germany was attempting to break up the new understanding between France and England; the Germans demanded and obtained an international conference, but it supported the French claims in Morocco, only Austria voting with Germany; because of this incident, the British stood by the French more firmly; French and British army and naval officers now began to discuss common plans

6) Why were the Balkan Wars so important?

Left feelings of exasperation in Austria, desperation in Serbia and humiliation in Russia. Confirmed Austrian policy, kept Serbia from sea, aroused outcries in Serbia and Russia. Austrian influence in Balkans grew. Russian backed down again and Serbian expansionism was again frustrated and inflamed

11) What was the great demand of France?

Security against Germany, [at the Peace Conference] a guarantee of German payment for war damages

17) What four empires were ended by the War and the Treaty?

The Ottoman Empire, Russian, Austrian Hungary, and German

18) What new forces emerged to challenge the European nations?

The rising power of the US, the revolutionary government of the Soviet Union, anti colonel movements of Africa and Asia

3) What was the effect of Germany's naval buildup?

The naval race led to both sides to enormous and increasing expense turns. In Britain it produced a sense of profound insecurity, this drove them into the arms of Russia and France.

the Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The peace treaty between Allies and Germany that formally ended WWI; stripped Germany of all armed forces; Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion); had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI and could not manufacture any weapons

13) What were the repercussions and significance of the Treaty?

The treaty of Versailles was designed to put an end to the German menace. It was not successful. When the Germans refused to sign the treaty in 1919 the allies threatened a renewal of hostilities, leading to a government crisis in Berlin. The loss of faith by the allies in their own treaty only made easier the task of those German agitators who demand it it's repudiation. The door was open for Adolf Hitler. Another problem was that you still had an intermingling of nationalities in Eastern Europe. German government was discredited, and the US Constitution said the president can sign the treaty but must get approval of the Senate, who rejected it

5) What two events brought "the brew to a boil" in the Balkans?

The young Turks whose long agitation against Abdul Hamid managed in that year to carry through a revolution. They obliged the sultan to restore the liberal parliamentary constitution of 1876. They showed two that they meant to stop the dissolution of the ottoman empire by taking steps to have delegates from Bulgaria and Bosnia sit in the new ottoman parliament. 2nd, Russia, it's foreign policy in the Far East ruined by the Japanese war turned actively to the Balkan and Turkish scene. Russia, as always wanted control at Constantinople. Austria wanted full annexation of Bosnia, the better to discourage pan Yugoslavia ideas

9) What two events in 1917 altered the stalemate?

the withdrawal of the Russians from the war and the entrance of the Americans

Tannenberg

a great victory won by the Germans on the Eastern front; in the long run it was a small consolation

mandates

assigned Germany's colonies to various powers for administration (AKA new name for the colonies)

"Planned economy"

during the war, all belligerent governments controlled the economic system far more minutely; was first applied in WWI as the warring states attempted to direct all the wealth, resources, and moral purpose of their societies to a single end

the Armenian massacres

in 1915 the Turkish government, as the Russian army threatened its eastern frontier, order the deprecation of Armenians from this war zone as potential sympathizers with Russia and the Western Allies; supposedly they were to be resettled in Syria and Palestine; in fact, in the atmosphere of military crisis, political hatred, bureaucratic contents, and wartime scarcities, hundreds of thousands of Armenians perished in what many later defined as a genocidal massacre; virtually no Armenians remained within what became the Turkish Republic a few years later

The Russian Revolutions of 1917

in November of 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government

"the stab in the back theory"

it was said by some that the German army had not been defeated and that it had been stabbed in the back by dissolving civilian home front; it was the panic stricken Ludendorff who first cried for "democracy."

The Schlieffen Plan

offsetting the fighting on two fronts, France and Russia, by the possession of good rail lines, which allowed the rapid shuttling of troops from one front to the other; this war plan rested upon this fact; the idea was first to defeat France by the rapid wheeling motion of a tremendous Army through Belgium and then to turn it more leisure against Russia, whose great size and less developed railways would make its deployment much lower

" The Fourteen Points"

principles upon which, after victory, peace was to be established. They demanded an end to secret treaties and secret diplomacy; freedom of the sea is "alike in peace and in war"; removal of barriers and inequalities in international trade; reduction of armaments by all powers; colonial readjustments; evacuation of occupied territory; self-determination of nationalities in the redrawing of European boundaries along national lines; and last, but not least, an international political organization to prevent war

"the blank check"

the Austrian government consulted the German one to see how far it might go with the support of its allies; the Germans, issuing their famous "blank check," encouraged the Austrians to be firm; the Austrians, thus reassured of strong German support, dispatched a drastic ultimatum to Serbia, demanding among other things that Austrian officials be permitted to collaborate in investigating and punishing the perpetrators of the assassination

the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

the Bolsheviks, since they would not or could not fight, were obliged to sign the German tree to which they repeatedly objected on March 3, 1918; by this treaty they acknowledge the "independence," or at least the loss to Russia, of Poland, the Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces; represented the Germans maximum success during the first world war; it accomplished some of the war aims formulated at the beginning of hostilities; not only having neutralized Russia, they also now dominated Eastern Europe to puppets placed at the head of the new independent states; a certain number of German troops remain in the East to preserve new arrangements

The Balfour Declaration

the British foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, issued the famous Balfour declaration in 1917, promising the British government support for the idea of a "Jewish homeland" in Palestine and also settling the foundations for a clash between Jewish and Arab nationalism, which has afflicted the Middle East down to the present

"splendid isolation"

the British have long prided themselves on going their own way, disdaining the kind of dependency that alliance with others always brings

"War Socialism"

the Germans government controls that became more thorough and more efficient because they were denied access to the sea thus having to adopt unprecedented measures of self-sufficiency

Verdun

the Germans planned a great offensive here; they attacked in February; the French general Petain and his troops, held to minimum numbers, those had to take the full weight of the German army; this battle lasted almost 10 months, engaged about 2 million soldiers, and became a legend of determined French resistance ("they shall not pass"); the Germans finally abandoned the attack because they sustained almost as many casualties as the French-330,000 to 350,000

the Black Hand

the Serbian secret society and terrorist organization that orchestrated the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

the American entrance into WWI

the US Army performed the mammoth fate of turning over 3.5 million civilians into soldiers (4 million with the navy); American farms and factories now broke all records for production; civilian industry was converted to war uses; radiator factories turned out guns, and piano factories manufactured airplane wings; every possible means was employed to build up ocean shipping, that without which neither American supplies nor American armies could reach the theater of war; shipping was increased

the Somme

the allies opened their offensive here in July; they brought up unheard-of amounts of artillery, and the newly raised British Army was present in force; the idea was to break through the German supply line simply by stupendous pressure; on both sides, Allied and German, the art of general ship had sunk to an all-time low; despite a weeklong artillery bombardment the British lost 60,000 men on the first day of the attack; in a week they had advanced only 1 mile along a 6 mile front; in a month they had advanced less than 3 miles; the battle of the Somme, lasting from July to October, cost the Germans about 500,000 men, the British 400,000, and the French 200,000; it was here the British first used the tank, an armored vehicle with catlike tracks that could crash through barbed wire, lunchroom or trenches, and smash into machine gun nests; however, they were introduced in such small numbers, and with such skepticism on the part of many commanders, that they had no effect in battle

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

the heir to the Habsburg Empire who was assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914; he was known to favor some kind of transformation of Austria-Hungary, in which a more equal place might be given to the Slavs.

the Triple Entente

the military alliance of England, France, and Russia; was somewhat looser than the older triple alliance since the British refused to make any formal military commitments

Jutland

the one great naval engagement of World War I; the German admirals became restless at seeing their newly built Navy skulking behind minefields on the German shores, yet they could not presume to challenge the superior British grand Fleet, posted watch late at Scapa Flow; they hoped, however, to decoy smaller formations of British ships, destroyed one by one, and perhaps eventually obtain enough of an able balance of the North Sea to loosen the British blockade by which Germany was slowly being strangled; they were themselves, however, trapped into a major engagement in which the British grand Fleet of 151 ships took them by surprise in the spring of 1916; after few hours of furious combat the Germans were able to withdraw into mind waters; they had lost less tonnage and fewer men than the British and had proven themselves to be dangerously proficient in naval combat; but they failed to undermine the British preponderance at sea

"The Big Four"

the ones who decided matters at the conference; Wilson himself, Lloyd George for England, Clemenceau for France, Orlando for Italy

the 1st Marne

this battle changed the character of the whole war; the Germans were obliged to retreat; the hope of selling France in a single blow was added; each side now tried to outflank and destroy the other until the battle lines extended to the sea

The War Guilt Clause

this was meant to justify the reparations; by this clause Germany explicitly "accepted responsibility" for all loss and damage resulting from the war "impose upon them (the allies) by the aggression of Germany and her allies."

14) How did Germany's government radically change near the end of the War?

• A cabin was created with the liberal Prince Max of Baden as its head • In October various forms were enacted, the Bismarckian system was ended, and Germany became a liberal constitutional monarchy • Three days before the war ended, Kaiser William II abdicated and Germany became a republic.

2) What were the causes of World War I?

• The idea that war was bound to break out sooner or later probably caused some statesman in some countries more willing to unleash it • Popular expectation of future wars as well as the large standing armies • Interlocking system of international alliances • Germany's desire for a greater role in world affairs (which challenged Britain's earlier ascendancy and raised nationalist anxieties in France) • Ongoing conflicts in the Balkans

16) What was the War's most widespread cultural consequence?

• emerged in new forms of cultural pessimism • The psychological studies of Sigmund Freud, for example, increasingly emphasize the raw power of human aggression-what Freud began to call the death instinct-which could never be completely tamed that even the most advanced modern societies

10) What did Wilson "stand for" at the Paris Conference?

• the fruition of the Democratic, liberal, progressive, and nationalistic movements of the century past • for the ideals of the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the revolutions of 1848 • (world war should end in a new type of treaty)