AP euro

Fredrick the Great

"1st servant of the state" (Prussia), invited voltaire to live w/ him, scientific agriculture, unified national code of law, abolished torture except for treason and murder, Huguenots and jew to come to his nation, gave junkers full serf control

Descartes

"I Think, Therefore I am", (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

1890-1914

"La Belle Epoque"& "Fin de Siecle"

Louis XI

"The Prudent" or "The Spider King," who expanded France substantially, treacherous character, control separate militas and to control urban independence, married Ana Brittany which added state of Brittany to the French state,

"Belle Époque"

"The beautiful age." Period of time from the late 19th century to WWI that witnessed great peace, prosperity, and scientific/artistic progress between France and her Western neighbors

Richard Wagner

"The ring of Nibelung" fuses music and drama by reshaping ancient Germanic myths into a story of how unselfish love finally triumphs over the obsessive pursuit of money and power

1955-1962

'de-Stalinization' under Khrushchev

Christine de Pisan

(1363-1434) Renassance Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), possibly Europe's first feminist.

Nicholas copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish as1r0nomcr who believed that the Earth orbited the sun. His wotk was banned by the Church.[167] He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles He believed in a heliocentric, or sun-centered, conception of the universe. He argued that the Sun was at the center of the universe. The planets revolved around the sun.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Brahe

(1546-1601) A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory. Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory. Found a nova. Most accurate with naked eye. Built observatory

Elizabeth I

(1558-1603) Politique. 39 articles made moderate protestentism official religion of england. Executed Mary queen of scots. Failed Spainish Armada.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. developed the scientific method he believed that people should gain knowledge through scientific investigation that depended on close observation

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. developed the scientific method he believed that people should gain knowledge through scientific investigation that depended on close observation (1561-1626) Inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at the truth.

Charles I

(1625-1649) Continued to raise taxes and alienate parliment and have Catholic sympathies. Didnt call parliment for a while, short parliement then long parliment then english civl war.

Peter the Great

(1682-1725) Romanov Dynasty. Westernization. Beginning in 1689 Peter gives Russia a crash course in Western ways. He sent Russians to the West to study, brought foreigners into Russia. Taming Streltsy and Boyars. Developed a navy. Founded St. Petersburg. Politique.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government Separation of powers "The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

francois quesnay

(1694-1774) French economist. Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land was the ultimate source of all wealth. Believed *Land was the only effective source of wealth, emphasized agriculture. Government should not interfere with economy Believed that laissez-faire should not be interfered by the government. Government should not interfere with economics

voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) Enlightenment. Economist. Capitaism. The Wealth of Nations (1776). Selfish Economic Interests. Laissez- Faire - limited role of government in economic life. Invisible Hand.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought. (1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyranny

Ludwig van Beethoven

(1770-1827) This German composer and pianist was a crucial figure Romantic eras in Western art music.

Battle of Peterloo

(1819) This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops.,

Winston Churchhill

(1874-1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II.

Taille

(In France before 1789) a tax levied on the common people by the king or an overlord

johann kepler

(Person) German astronomer who proposed that planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles. heir to Brahe's notes; discovered three laws of planetary motion; demonstrated concrete world (matter) is compatible with abstract world (mathematics) embraced heliocentric theory of the universe; elliptical orbits of planets; Three laws of planetary motion

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Nationalism

- believed that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history ,language, and sense of political identity -argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all motors of society -insisted that a persons gretates loyalty should be to nation state - stirred powerful forces for change

Liberalism

- ebleieved in natural rights that govt must protect -freedom; arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, speech, the press, assembly, and religion -individual rights protected by written constitution that creates limited gov -admired the British system of constitutional monarchy - favored representative gov -opposed full democracy -advocated economic individualism and opposed gov intervention in the economy - expressed little concern for urban workers -inspired revlots in France in 1830 and 1848 -great reforms in Great Britain

Conservativism

-believed that national historic and religious traditions are essential for a foundation of any society -gradual change -appealed to those who were frightened by social disorder, violence, and terror by the French Revolution

Metternich

..., Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

James II

..., English king from 1685-1688. He made enemies with Parliment when he displayrd his Catholic faith, appointed Catholics to offices within the government, and had a Catholic son who would be heir to the throne. He was depsoed in 1688

William and Mary

..., These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament

Marx

..., developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over

Samuel Crompton

1179 invented a spinning machine called the mule that combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water framce to produce thread that was stronger, finer, and more unifrom than earlier spinning machines

Nicholas of cusa

1401-1464, Rhinelander, churchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of mathematics and science. Roman Catholic philosophe Reformed calendar and rejected Donation of Constantine that said HRE authorized HRCC's control Nicholas of Kues (1401 - 11 August 1464), also referred to as Nicolaus Cusanus and Nicholas of Cusa, was a German philosopher, theologian, jurist, and astronomer. One of the first German proponents of Renaissance humanism, he made spiritual and political contributions in European history. A notable example of this is his mystical or spiritual writings on "learned ignorance," as well as his participation in power struggles between Rome and the German states of the Holy Roman Empire

John Kay

1733 invented the flying shuttle, anabling a single weaver to work twice as fast

Richard Arkwright

1769 invented a water frame that ised water power ffrom fast-moving streams to drive spinning machines

Edmund Cartwright

1785 invented a power loom that used water power to dramatically speed up weaving

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1789. Defined rights as liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression. rights and equality of all

Eli Whitney

1793 invented the cotton gin, making it poissbe to efficently remove seeds from the cotton fiber

rene descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts

1807-82 An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. "Liberated" Southern Italy. Gave his support to Victor Emmanuel II

Corn Laws

1815- tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. These laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them.

Treaty of Nanking

1842 -Gave Hong Kong to Britain (until 1997) -Four "treaty ports" were opened to British trade including Canton and Shanghai -British residents in China (and European visitors) were granted extraterritoriality and thus were immune to Chinese law

Second French Republic

1848 ended the June Days Revolution in France with Louis Napoleon becoming president of the republic

Leopold II

1870'S - King of Belgium. Became notorious for exploitation of the Congo's rubber, ivory and minerals and peoples.

1870-1914

2nd Industrial Revolution

1618-1648

30 Years' War

1517

95 theses

Henrik Ibsen

A Doll's House- aroused Greta controversy becasue of its critical attitude towards 19th century marriage norms

Marie Curie

A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles

Vasco de Gama

A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Bolsheviks

A arty of revolutionaries Marxist led by Vladimir Lenin who seizes power in russia in 1917 advocated a immunity revolution led by a small elite of professional revolutionaries

Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism

A body of thought that applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest.

Niccolo Machiavelli

A civic humanist and the best known political theorist of the era, wrote the Prince argue that the function of the rulers was to preserve order and security, weakness of ruler only leads to disorder, believed rulers should use whatever means he needs to gain order but not do anything that would turn the populous against him, better feared than loved

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason in 1894. After the man was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Indulgence

A document issued by the catholic church lessening the penance or time in purgatory widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Assembly of Notables

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

A leading patron of art and scholarship; powerful member of the Medici family. Ruler of Florentine republic and the most powerful enthusiastic patron of renaissance culture in Italy, grandson of cosimo controlled Italy behind the scenes

Realism

A literary movement that stressed the depiction of life as it actually was. Reaction to Romanticism, used mostly prose.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder

Charles Townshend

A man who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even while drunk. He rashly promised to pluck feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. He seized a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes and made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. But colonials didn't want taxes. reated the Townshend Acts. British Prime Minister (Grenville’s replacement) Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

"Bloody Sunday"

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905 that triggered a revolution

stamp act congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. meeting where the members agreed that only the colonial governments could tax the colonists

four-crop rotation

A method to keep the land in productive use. Wheat, Turnips, Barley, and Clover would succeed one another. Turnip and clover crops were used to feed larger herds of animals. An agricultural technique that involves rotation of crops each year

enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

Pan-Slavism

A movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples.

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

The "Nouveau Rich"

A new elite social class based on class and not noble blood

Realpolitik

A new generation of European statesman abandoned the politics of idealism in favor of a pragmatic tough minded use of shrewd diplomacy and military force

Zemstvos

A new institution of local government in reformed Russia

renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

apologist

A person who makes an argument in support of someone or something one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia one who writes in defense of a cause or institution n. one who writes in defense of a cause or institution

Existentialism

A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives A form of government in which citizens govern themselves

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Humanism

A program of study designed by Italian that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

Olympe de Gouges

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791),

glorious revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

Filipino Brunelleschi

A renaissance architect that constructed the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, looked to the classical path for inspiration, series of rounded arches, proportions were carefully though out to achieve a sense of balance and harmony

Ptolemy's Geography

A second century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concept of longitude and latitude, reintroduced to Europeans about 1410 by area scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps

Carbonari

A secret society formed by Italian nationalists; hoped to drive out the Austrians and unify Italy; inspired by events in France and Belgium they rebelled but Metternich quickly sent Austrian troops to restore order; their failure left Mazzini Italy's foremast nationalist leader

industrial revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. 1. Began in England (resources) and invention of steam engine Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.

scientific method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. A method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses. TEST ONLY ONE VARIABLE AT A TIME. Francis Bacon

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nations international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver, to gain wealth country must sell more goods abroad than it bought, it was applied by Jean Baptiste Colbert for France under king Louis

Fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

Federalism

A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Absolutism

A system of government in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power. Absolute monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints.

Ecomienda System

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians in exchange for providing food, shelters and Christian teaching

Orientalism

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

Great Famine

A terrible famine in 1315 through 1322 that hit much of Europe during a period of climate change, poor harvest led to scarcity and starvation

Utilitarianism

A theory associated with germany Bentham that is based upon the principle f the greatest happiness for the greatest number; he argued that his principle should be applied to each nations gov and economy and judicial system

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Zionism

A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.

The Commonwealth (1649-1653)

Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, Cromwell and one House Parliament exercised political power

1648-1789

Absolutism

1776

Adam Smith; The Wealth of Nations

Tsar Alexander I

After he died the Decembrist revolt took place

Second French Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage.

Paris Commune 1871

After the Franco Prussian war the people of Paris rejected both the treaty and the new conservative gov; radicals called commerads and formed a municipal council or commune; the gov troops besieged Paris or two months and the army finally crushed them; the bloody suppression left a legacy of class hatred that poisoned France politics

Greek Revolt (1821-1832)

Against the Ottoman MEpire and began in 1831; successful from support of Greta Britain, France, russia; wanted to expand their influence int he Balkans; influenced by public support for Greece becasue of its historic importance of the birthplace of western civilization

Alexander Herzen

Against tsarist regime; write the Bell newspaper from London; influence students to create populist movement

Prince Henry the Navigator

Age of Discovery. Portugese prince who sponsered portuguese exploration of African coast

Vasco de Gama

Age of Discovery. Portuguese explorer and the first person to navigate a route to the East and India

Cortez and Pizarro

Age of Discovery. Spanish Conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Incans

William of Orange

Age of Religious wars. Led calvinist movement in the Netherlands. Helped unite Netherlands against the Spanish in hope for independence (Pacification of Ghent).

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Agreed with Cavour that Italy should be free from foreign control; united the south of Italy; in may 1860 he and a small but zealous forces of red shirts successfully invaded and liberated the kingdom of two sic lilies; agreed to step aside and let victor Emmanuel rule the area he had conquered

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) Roman geographer-astronomer, author of Guide to Geography, which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.

Kaiser Wilhelm (William)

Also known as Wilhelm II; he was the first king or kaiser of unified Germany.

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. Resulted in a Prussian victory . Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms, and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs.

Woodrow Wilson

American President during WWI - had 14 point plan - key figure in League of Nations

Holy Alliance

An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Perspective

An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

laissez faire

An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulations of or interference in commerce

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

bullionist

An economy whereby a country's wealth was measured in gold and silver hard money an advocate of a metallic medium of exchange.

Catherine the Great

An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

Paris Commune

An organization of disgruntled bourgeoisie members took over Paris

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to transform the Church of England into a Catholic Church without a pope

Johann Tetzel

Archbishop's Albert indulgence sale was run by this person who mounted an advertising blitz, promised that the purchase of indulgences would bring full forgiveness for ones own sins or release purgatory for a loved one

Thomas Malthus

Argued that human population grows geometrically, while food supply expands arithmetically; insisted that human population would inevitably outstrip food production, thus making famine and misery inevitable

Cavaliers

Aristocrats, nobles and church officials who remained loyal to the king, favored a strong monarchy and an Anglican Church governed by bishops appointed by the crown

da Vinci

Artist, mathematician, inventor; created the "Mona Lisa"

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Karl Sand

Assassinated conservative, Burshenschaften member, created reason from metternich to suppress german liberalism

Copernicus

Astronomer; Wrote "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres" (Challenged geocentric theory)

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austria Foreign Minister; host of congress of Vienna; committed to principles of conservatism; viewed liberals and nationalists as threats to Europe's stability and the survival of the multiethnic Austrian empire

Ferdinand IV

Austrian Emperor; Fought against the Hungarians who wanted independence (Hungarians succeeded)

Joseph II

Austrian Emperor; Tried too many Enlightenment theories too quickly (religious tolerance, abolishing serfdom, these would

Joseph II

Austrian Enlightened Despot; religious freedom; abolish serfdom

Metternich

Austrian Representative (Conservative); Tried to maintain power despite the clashing ethnic groups of his empire; Supported Austria as part of the Holy Alliance

Franz Joseph I

Austrian emperor during WWI; preside over dual monarchy

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna.

Marie Antoninette

Austrian royal who becomes Queen of France and killed during the Reign of Terror

Marie Antoinette

Austrian wife of Louis XVI; extravagant, set styles of French culture during reign; hated by people; executed

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austrian; assassinated by Serbian Black Hand; start WWI

Diederot

Author of Encyclopedia; desire population of educated, reasonable citizens

Machiavelli

Author of the Prince (supported the theory that Princes could use whatever means necessary to keep order), was supported by the Medici family

Lafayette

Author of the declaration of the rights of man and citizen with the help of Thomas Jefferson; revolutionary leader

conversations of the plurality of worlds

Author: Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle Purpose: To explain scientific theories so that everyone could understand them.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

B won end of & Years war. B got F Canada and land between Appalachians and Mississippi, F took back sugar islands and few trading ports, prussia still has silesia

Caravaggio

Baroque artist who painted highly emotional scenes using sharp contrasts of light and dark like the one pictured above.

Peter Paul Rubens

Baroque painter who emphasized sensuality and melodramatic contrasts. His subjects are characterized by their large size.

Bernini

Baroque sculptor who sculpted the "Ecstasy of St. Theresa"

Navigation Act of 1651

Barred Dutch ships from carrying goods between other countries and England, designed to give England greater control over its American colonies

Germany's William II

Became the new German kaiser arrogant and impulsive was determined to rule on his own forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 during the next 14 years he expanded Bismarck social reforms at the same time Germany's economic and military power continued to grow

John Calvin

Believed in absolute sovereignity and omnipotence of god and the total weakness of humanity and believed in predestination

James I

Believed that royal authority came directly from god, "The True Law of Free Monarchies", convinced that the Presbyterian system of church govt would destroy royal control of the church and threaten the monarchy

Karl Marx

Believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through The dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis; argued that 19th century society has split into two great classes directly facing each other: bourgeoise and proletariat; bourgeois were the thesis and the proletariat and workers were the antithesis; class struggle would lead to the dictatorship of the proletariat

1884-1885

Berlin Conference

1961

Berlin Wall built

Concordat of Bologna

Between Francis 1 and pope Leo xApproved popes right to receive the first years income of the newly named bishops and abides of France

Social Democratic Party (S.P.D.)

Bismarck largely repressed this party, believing socialism would undermine German politics and society.

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

Bismarck realized that a patriotic war with France would drive the south German states into his arms. This essentially worked as Prussia flattened France and forced them to accept harsh peace terms.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878

1972

Bloody Sunday in Northern Ireland

the social contract

Book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued that the right kind of political order could allow people to be truly moral and free; an individual can achieve freedom by giving up their freedom for the good of the community. Although not well understood when first published in the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book, _____, would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century.

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Book by Mary Wollstonecraft that said men and women should have equal rights

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Books of revelation that deals with visions of the end of the world- disease, famine, war, and death

Johannes Kepler

Brahe's assistant; use info to find motion of planets

Chartism

Britains disenfranchised workers demanded more sweeping reforms in 1838 working class leaders drew up a people's charter that demanded universal male suffrage, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, the abolition of property requirements for the house reps of House of Commons; despite popular support parliament refused to consider the proposals

English Reform Bill of 1867

Britains rapis growing working class continued to demand electoral reform; le by Benjamin Disraeli the conservatives supported a new reform bill; extended the suffrage to most of GB urban workers

Walpole

British First Prime Minister; Maintained peace in foreign relations; Collected taxes to support the navy

William Pitt the Elder

British Prime Minister; Helped to win victories in United States and Europe during the Seven Years' War

Churchill

British Prime Minister; In office during World War II; Relations with the United States (Roosevelt); Against the expansion of Communism ("Iron Curtain")

Castlereagh

British Rep; Opposed expansion of Russia; Ignored independence of German and Italian States; Wanted to Abolish slavery; Supported Britain in the Quadruple Alliance

Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species

British biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution.

mary wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Social Darwinism

British philosopher Spencer's idea of applying Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to societies.

Byron

British poet; Fought and died in the Greek Revolution (defending traditional teaching)

Viscount Castlereagh

British rep at congress of Vienna; want to check French, end slave trade, stay out of the Holy alliance, and get naval bases

Viscount Castlereagh

British representative at Congress of Vienna; want to check French, end slave trade, stay out of the Holy alliance, and secure naval bases

Boer War, 1899-1902

British versus Boers over southern African gold and diamonds.

Malthus

British writer; Author of "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (food supply limited population)

Ricardo

British writer; Wrote "Iron Law of Wages" (More wages - more children, his writings were used as support by factory owners for decreased salaries)

Florence Nightingale

British; Nurse during the Crimean War

Owen

British; Socialist experiment in New Lanark Failed experiment in New Harmony

Emmeline Pankhurst

British; Suffragette who pushed for the women's vote

John Stuart Mill

British; Supported suffrage of women in Parliament; Utilitarianism

Bentham

British; Utilitarianism founder (largest happiness for the largest sum of people)

Suez Canal

Built by the French & finished in 1869. It was seen as an important life-line to India.

Gustave Courbet

Burial at Ornans- defied tradition used a massive 22 ft long canvas to portray funeral and enerule France

Joint-Stock company

Business entity in which shares can be bought and sold by shareholders, each shareholder owns company stock in proportion evidenced by their shares

Council of Trent

Called to reform the Catholic Church also to secure reconciliation with the Protestants, Lutherans and Calvinist were invited to participate, Laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church, eqaukitty to the scriptures and traditions as sources of religious truths and authority,

Pascal

Cannot prove God's existence; It is better to believe in Him

Dreyfus Affair & European Anti-Semitism

Captain Alfred Dreyfus- the First Jewish official in French general stfff convicted of selling military secrets t Germans and sentenced to life imporisonemtn he is innocent but Catholics monarchists antisemites and military officials wanted to clear his name; ultimately exzonerated; created a nation wide Fervor that depended política division and revealed radical anti semtisim

Teresa of Avila

Carmelite nun and author during the counter reformation, reformer in the carmelite order

Charles IX

Catherine de Medici's son, ruler in France; start St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, order death of Coligny and Huguenot leaders

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse, also favor3 accepting Huguenots as an officially recognized group

Guise Family

Catholic family; want french throne during religious wars

Henry II

Catholic; pass Edict of Fontainebleau that subjected protestants to inquizition

Crimean War

Causes: squabble over jurisdicción of holy places within the holy places in Turkish world Jerusalem brought France and Rusia into diplomatic controversy with turkey in the middle; tsar Nick I saw an opportunity o dominate turkey and secure entrene into the Mediterranean through the Turkish straits \; Austria felt threathedn by Russian expansion into Balkans; France and Britain opposed any change in the balance of power; this marked the first great power conflict since congress of Vienna left a legacy of unresolved national tension; Napoleon III achieved his objective of breaking the alliance of R and A; Napoleon III emerged as the leading leader of European affairs and encouraged him t o play a greater role in Italy; Russia's humility and defeat led Alex II to launch ambitions programs of reforms; left Austria isolated from its allies russia Nd Prussia and exposed it to Italian an German nationalism

Franco-Piedmont Alliance

Cavour understood that Austria was the greatest obstacle to Italian unity so he formed an alliance with Napoleon III to drive Austria out fo northern Italy

Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Central sculptural group in white marble set in an elevated aedicule in the Cornaro chapel in Rome

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire through realpolitik

Utopian Socialism

Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, and RObert Owen were the most prominent Utopian socialists; advocated social and economic planning to create societies based on cooperation rather than competition; although the utopian founded a number of cooperative communities,their experiments all failed

French Revolution of 1830

Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII and vigorously opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism; reactionary policies infuriated both his liberal and working class opponents; ignored three days of rioting in July 1830; workers wanted a republic and the bourgeoise wanted a constitutional monarchy- prevailed

John Toland

Christianity not Mystery; in support of Deism; religion should be rational and natural

Harvey

Circulation of blood

Pedro Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal n 1500. He had intended to follow Da Gama but was blown off course.

Impression Sunrise

Claude Monet, harbor gave impressionism its name

encyclopedie

Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment; explained many aspects of society; compiled by Denis Diderot (1751-1772) Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.

the Arc de Triomphe

Commissioned to celebrate French victories during the Revelotuion and the Age of Napolean; Based on the triumphal arches of ancient Rome; combined a Neoclassical arch with romantic relief sculptures; reached a height of 164 feet, making it the largest arch ever built

The Crystal Palace

Commissioned to velebrate Britihs leadership in the industrial age; enclosed18 acres and almost 1 million square feet of exhibtion space; featured prefabricated glass panels and cast-iron columns; demonstrated the possibilities of mass production

Tsar Alexander II

Committed to the traditional policies of autocracy,orthodoxy ,and Russification , encouraged anti-somatic attacks called programs and use Russia was the last European state to illuminate legal discrimination against Jews prompted the mass migration of Russian Jews to western Europe and the United States

Tsar Nicholas II

Committed to the traditional policies of autocracy,orthodoxy ,and Russification , encouraged anti-somatic attacks called programs and use Russia was the last European state to illuminate legal discrimination against Jews prompted the mass migration of Russian Jews to western Europe and the United States

Tito

Communist Leader of Yugoslavia; Joined Non-Aligned Movement; Kept Yugoslavia unified (received aid from the United States and Soviet Union)

Joseph Stalin

Communist leader of Russia after Lenin; early cold war

New Monarchs

Concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments

Louis Pasteur

Conducted experiments that supported the germ theory of disease is discovered that he heat could destroy many harmful bacteria process of heating a liquid to kill the bacteria in it it is called pasteurization

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the _____________ peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

1814-1815

Congress of Vienna

1532

Conquest of Inca by Pizarro

Metternich

Conservative Austrian at conference of Vienna; want to check french power, prevent Prussia/Russia rise, reestablish conservative power

Metternich

Conservative Austrian rep/host at the conference of Vienna; Wanted to check french power, prevent Prussia/Russia from rising in power, and reestablish conservative balance of power

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative British Prime Minister; Entered Falklands War (Argentine invaded islands, she sent down Royal Navy); Tried to improve the economy through restricting trade unions

Disraeli

Conservative British Prime Minister; Favored a "Large England" (including Ireland)

Chamberlain

Conservative British Prime Minister; Tried to stop World War II (Peace with Hitler) (Munich Peace Settlement)

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative PM of GB during Reagan era; hated liberals; swift victory in Falklands

Edmund Burke

Conservative- government evolution should happen slowly and should be specific to the traditions/history of the country (Montesquieu)

Heliocentric concept of universe

Copernicus the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

1543

Copernicus; On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Bodies)

Bloody Sunday

Cossaks opened fire on a peaceful workers outside thee winter palace in St. Petersburg

1545-1563

Councils of Trent; Catholic Reformation

Lamartine

Created provisional government after Louis Philippe fled France

Johannesburg Gutenberg

Created the printing press

Charles VII

Crowned by Joan of Arc, king of France from 1422 until his death, abandoned Joan but then he held a trail for her

Alexander II

Czar of Russia; Abolished serfdom (did not provide peasants with land); Restructured the military and judicial system; Repressed revolts in Poland; Established zemstovs (local councils of nobility); Was assassinated

Nicholas II

Czar of Russia; Deposed and assassinated; Cousin to George V of England

Michael I

Czar of Russia; First of the Romanov family

Alexander III

Czar of Russia; Promoted Russification (forced acceptance of Russian traditions on other groups); Removed zemstovs

Alexander II

Czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.

Tycho Brahe

Danish; collect astrological data

1859

Darwin; On the Origin of Species

Christine De Pizan

Daughter of Charles V; considered history's "first feminist"; Wrote "Treasure of the City of the Ladies" (said that women could promote peace)

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn, choose a middle course between catholic and Protestant, ordered church and gov officials to swear that she was supreme in matters of religion as well as politics ,required her subjects to attend services for Church of England or be fined, call3d for frequent preaching of Protestant ideas

Donatello

David (bronze)

1603

Death of Queen Elizabeth, beginning of Stuart Reign

1588

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Isaac newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe. English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power.

Long Parliament( 1640-1648)

Desperate for money to fight the Scots, Charles reluctantly recalled Parliament into session, thus precipitating a constitutional and religious crisis. Determined to undo what they saw as royal tyranny, this executed Laud and passed a number of laws limiting royal power

Queen (Bloody) Mary

Devout catholic of daughter of Catherine of Aragon restore Roman catholism, execution of several hundred Protestants, very strict catholic

Adolf Hitler

Dictator in Germany; Nazi; holocaust

Popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

separation of powers

Distribution of powers to the three branches of government Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Brunelleschi

Dome of Florence Cathedral

Savanarola

Dominican friar; Burned at the stake; preached that Renaissance ideals were self indulgent (burned books)

Florence Nightingale

During the Crimean War, this British woman organized nursing care for the wounded and set standard sanitary conditions.

Urbanization

During the nineteenth century, migrants were relocating towards cities.

William of Orange

Dutch Duke; Along with the Southern Catholic region of the Netherlands, declared independence from Spain (Union of Utrecht)

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist, two fundamental themes- one education in the Bible and the classics as te means to reform, the key to moral and intellectual improvement, Second the renewal should be based on what he termed "the philosophy of Christ", an emphasis on inner spirituality and personal morality rather than scholastic theology or outward observances such as pilgrimages or relics

british navigation acts

Dutch, 1660, restricted all imports to and from England sugar act, taxation ect The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth was the mercantile system of navigation Acts. The acts required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. Moreover, these laws gave British merchants and ship owners a virtual monopoly on trade with British monopolies. The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare. Their initial target was the Dutch, who were far ahead of the English in shipping and foreign trade in the mid-seventeenth century. The Navigation Acts, along with three Anglo-Dutch wars, did seriously damage Dutch shipping and commerce. (644-645) regulated the colonial economy by allowing goods to br sent to only England

Erasmus

Dutch/N Renaissance; humanist; attack abuses of church, push for vernacular, original intent of Catholicism; tutor/scholar

laissez-faire economics

Economic philosophy described by *Adam Smith* in Wealth of Nations; based on the principle that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. idea that the government should not interfere in the marketplace

1598

Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV

1905

Einstein publishes relativity theory; Revolution in Russia

Liberal Party-England

Eliminated House of Lords, increased taxes on the rich and passed a national health program.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Maria Theresa

Empress of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen of Prussia; Violent towards the Protestants; Her son Joseph II (failure) was more tolerant

Robert Walpole

England's first prime minister; led the Whig party in Parliament and was the government's leading minister

Concert of Europe

England, Austria, Prussia, and russia formed a quadruple alliance to preserve conservative order ; agreed to hold periodic meetings to prevent crisises from turning into war; effort to achieve to consensus on foreign policy issues is known as this; Marx's first experiment in collective unity

Henry VIII

England; First Tudor king, created the Star Chamber (first movement towards some sort of Parliament), created the Church of England, enforced the Act of Uniformity, had six wives

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

English "Defender of the Faith" Pope Leo X allowed his divorce Made himself head of the Church of England Reformation. Had many wives Act of Supremacy created Church of England.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

English Mathematician and physicist Book: Principia (1687) Laws of Motion Laws of Gravity

1642-1649

English Civil War

Wordsworth/Coleridge/Byron/Shelly/Neats

English Romatic Writers

The Act of Supremacy 1534

English act from parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England

William Shakespeare

English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language

Sir Francis drake

English explorer/pirate for Elizabeth I; defeated the Spanish armada

Emmeline Pankhurst

English feminist. Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War. established Puratin Republic

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia, perfect society,

Thomas More

English humanist; Wrote "Utopia" (early form of socialism where men and women lived in order), was advisor to and did not support divorce of Henry VIII, was executed by him

Henry VIII

English king; 6 wives; found anglicanism/church of England

Thomas hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Leviathan (1588-1679) Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances. Became King of England in 1760, and reigned during the American Revolution.

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Florence Nightingale

English nurse organized and battle field nursing service to care for British sick and wounded played important role in professionalizing nursing for women

John Locke (1632-1704)

English philosopher Tabula Rasa: the idea that people are born with no prior knowledge Thought people had the right to Life, Liberty, and Property Government's purpose was to protect these rights If the govt. wasn't working for the people then the people could overthrow it and make a new government

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies

john locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Edward Jenner

English physician who pioneered vaccination

John Stuart Mill

English reformer essayist and influential utalitarain wrote the subjection of women; opposed the oical and legal inequalities opposed on women argued that ineqaulities were a relic from the past and a hindurance to human development

Shakespeare

English writer; Wrote "Macbeth" and "Hamlet" (reflects individualism in writing in the Elizabethan era)

Wentworth (Earl of Strafford)

English; Advisor to Charles I; imposed administrative centralization and levied taxes; Executed by House of Commons

John Wycliffe

English; Church and its clergy should not own possessions; merit and morality are the basis of authority; Challenged church authority (Lollards); Translated the Bible into English

Archbishop Laud

English; Tried to impose English episcopal system and a prayer book like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scotland (Hated by English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians); Executed by House of Commons

Francis Bacon

English; Lawyer, encourage science; knowledge would help monarchs rule

Frederick the Great (II) (Holrenzollern)

Enlightenment King of Prussia; Incorporated Enlightenment theories into his country; Built up the Prussian Army ("The army possess the state...) "The Potato King"

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women, wrote vindication of the rights of women

Thomas Malthus

Essay on the Principle of Population; idea that population will regulate itself with famine, disease, and war

Republic of China

Establish in 1912 after nationalists overthrew the Manchu Dynasty.

pugachev rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. a threat to the power of Catherine the Great

Open Door Policy

European & American policy of requiring China to open itself up to trade.

Henry of Navarre (Good King Henry, Henry IV)

Eventually became the leader of France; Was Protestant Hugenot Leader who defeated the Catholic League; Converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a mass" quote)

vernacular

Everyday speech that varies from place to place, writing and printing starting to adopt their own language instead latin

The Great Exhibition

Exhibition was held to celebrate Britian's undisputed hydraulic presses, and power looms that has powered the Industrial Revelution`

Republicanism

Expanded liberal ideology-universal male suffrage and willing to endorse violent upheaval. Advocates of government action to create jobs, redistribute income, level social differences. Believed people are the ultimate source of government.

1492

Expulsion of Jews and Moors from Spain; Columbus

Franchise Act 1884

Extended voting rights to Rural male laborers and established a system of health and unemployment insurance

Karlsbad Decrees

Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation after liberal protests by university students.

1991

Fall of USSR

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Wollstonecraft

Female Feminist Writer; Women and men should be equal; There needs to be equal education for men, women and children (also visited insane asylums and hospitals - restructuring)

Mary Shelley

Female writer; Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft; Wrote "Frankenstein" (Problems with the Enlightenment and sciences)

Olympe de Gouges

Female writer; Wrote the "Declaration of Rights of Women"

international mediatior

Figure appointed or elected to position to settle issues between foreign powers catherine the great

Patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals often to produce specific works or works in specific styles

King Victor Emmanuel II

First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia.

Andres Vesalius

First accurate book on human anatomy - Flemish Scientist Flemish physician the proved Galen's assumptions wrong. Directed human corpses and published his observations. He wrote a book, On the Structure of the Human Body, that was filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle

Alexander Graham Bell

First introduced the phone and made it an essential part of modern life

Compulsory Education

First required by government fro children in the industrial revolution

Spanish Armada

Fleet sent by Phillip II of Spain to England in 1588 as a religious crusade against Protestantism, the English fleet defeated

Peter Brueghel the Elder

Flemish / Northern Renaissance artist who focused on the lives of ordinary people as seen in "The Battle Between Carnival And Lent"

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441) "Arnolfini and his wife"

Jan Van Eyck

Flimish/Northern Renaissance artist who painted mainly famous people such as seen in "Arnolfini and his Wife"

Donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)

Britain's Irish Questions

Following the act of union in 1801 Ireland was united what is Great Britain and governed by the British Parliament, lead by Charles Parnell Irish nationalist sought to achieve home ruling granting Ireland it's own Parliament, prime minister William Gladstone supported Irish home rule however a coalition of conservatives and anti-home rule liberals defeated his homeroom bills in 1886 and 1892 Gladstone support for Irish Homer all split the Liberal party enabling the conservatives to take power, Parliament finally passed an Irish home real bill in 1914 however the British government suspended the bill for the duration of World War I

Bell Epoque

Following the horrors of WW1 people remembered period between 1880 and 1914 as this aka "the beautiful period"; during the time Europeans experienced unprecedented optimism based on regional peace economic prosperity and technological progress

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Fought in Italy along the eastern and southern borders of France eventually in Germany, te treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended these wars, began when Henry II of France declared war against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French rather than Habsburg domination of European affairs

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Jesuit's, society of Jesus, whose goal was to spread the catholic faith,

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus (jesuits), resisted the spread of Protestantism, Counter Reformation

Loyola

Founder of the Jesuit Society; Soldier; Believed in education as a basis for valid thought; Founded many Jesuit schools

Franco Prussian War

France feared Prussia; Bismarck exploded minor dispute between France and Prussia over the search for a new spanish monarch; by skillfully editing the ENS dispatch he inflamed relations between them; N III dealcred war on Prussia on July 19 1870 Consequences: Bismarck imposed harsh settlement forced France to pay huge indemnity and cede Alsace and most of Lorain to the German empire; loss of coal and iron was a blow to French economy; unification of Germany created a new European balance of power as the German empire rapidly industrialized it realized that it became the strongest state of Europe and became a rival of Great Britain

Georges Clemenceau

France's premier and delegate at Versailles; dictator like

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Fred retained silesia made prussia great power/rival of austria, english restored louisburg to France and madras to brits

John Calvin (1509-1564)

French Book: The Institutes of Christian Religion Reformation Calvanism

Cardinal Richlieu

French Advisor; Served under Louis XIII; Suppressed Protestant strongholds (La Rochelle - Hugenot); Lessened the power of the nobility

Cardinal Mazarin

French Advisor; Successor to Richlieu; Ruled under Louis XIV

Henry IV (of Navarre)

French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY

Huguenots

French Calvinists who lived in major cities such as Paris, Lyon, and Rouen, Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 which granted Huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worships in 150 fortified towns

Napoleon Bonaparte

French Emperor; Conquered huge tracts of land in Europe; Failed in conquering Russia; Employed the Napoleonic Codes

Jacques Cartier

French Explorer; claim/explore Canada for France

Cardinal Richelieu

French Financial Minister; Raised money to support support the armies during the Thirty Years War (except from the nobles, clergy, and high bourgeoisie, which caused revolts)

Jacques Necker

French Financial Minister; Wanted to tax the 1st and 2nd estates (clergy and nobles); His dismissal by Louis XVI prompted the attack on the Bastille

Boulanger

French General; Hoped to be elected dictator (was not)

Coligny

French Huguenot leader; assassinated by Catherine de Medici; mutilated by French Mobs; start St Bartholomew's day massacre

Dreyfus

French Jewish Soldier; Accused of giving intelligence to Germany (did not - put on trial); Angered some in France

Francis I

French King who helped Pope Clement against charles V during sack of Rome; king during religious wars, captured by Charles V

Marie Antoinette

French Queen; Married to Louis XVI; Nicknamed "Madame Deficit" (her extreme spending and outrageous fashions)

Tallyrand

French Rep at congress of Vienna; wanted to limit French loses, have some say in fate, and restore Bourbon power

Tallyrand

French Representative; In the Congress of Vienna, vied for a unified France

Third French Republic

French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napoleon III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.

1789-1799

French Revolution

Victor Hugo

French Romantic writer. Author of Hunchback of Notre Dame. Renounced his early conservatism and later became a writer of Realism works such as Les Miserable.

lemonnier

French astronomer 1715-1799 Well known

Nicolas Poussin

French classical painter; landscapes

Algeria

French controlled colony from 1830 until the early 1960's

Simone de Beauvoir

French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) Author of Second Sex

Baptiste Colbert

French financial Prime Minister; Worked under Louis XIV to improve manufacturing and commerce (taxation)

Napoleon (1769-1821)

French general and emperor Rose through the ranks of army after the French Revolution Crowned himself emperor (1804) Lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia His final loss to Britain and Prussia:Battle of Waterloo He was exiled to the island of St. Helena

Louis XVI

French king; Detached from his subjects (wanted bread); Flees France; Executed

Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist

Bourgeoisie

French middle class

Baron de Montesquieu

French nobleman and attorney who wanted to limit the abuses of royal absolutism; wrote THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS; concluded that the ideal govt separated powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches; influenced writers of American Constitution

John Calvin

French pastor; Believed and preached predestination (a select few are already selected for heaven, but should do good works to show you are holy); Was persecuted and fled to Switzerland where he started the Geneva Academy to educate children

Denis Diderot

French philosophe who became the chief editor of the Encyclopedia; goal was to bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, mathematics, art, and govt;

Voltaire

French philosopher (Deism); Criticized religious superstition (truthfulnes of priests and morality of the Bible); Believed in monarchy

Rousseau

French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. "Social Contract"

Condorcet

French philosopher; Believed if man was guided by reason they would experience true independence

Rousseau

French philosopher; Believed that society corrupted the individual; General will; Not for women's equality

Olympic de Gouges

French playwright political activist early feminist wrote the declaration of rights of women and of the female citizen; French women should be getting the same rights as French men

Robespierre

French radical; Started the Reign of Terror; Executed any who resisted; Eventually overthrown (people tired of his violence) "Virtue without terror is fatal. terror without virtue is impotent"

John Calvin

French religious reformer; create calvinism; strict social rules/very formal

Tallyrand

French rep at congress of Vienna; not really any real say; want to not lose too much, be able to decide/have some say in own fate; restore Bourbon power

Eugene Delacroix

French romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions.

Louis Blanc

French socialist who maintained that social problems could be solved by government assistance. Denounced competition as the main cause of the economic problems, called for the establishment of workshops and factories owned and operated by the government.

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

Blanc

French writer; Advocated (socialist) for the working class

Denis Diderot

French writer; Published "Le Encyclopedia" with scientific advancements in it, demonstrated that women are weaker

Marat

French writer; Spent time surveying France's sewer system; Advocated for human rights; Defender of the sans-culottes

Haussmann

French; Architect who restructured Paris after the revolts

Saint Simon

French; Early socialist (wealth, property and enterprise should be under rational management)

Danton

French; Had served on the Committee of Public Safety before Robespierre; Accused and executed

D'Holbach

French; Man's unhappiness is his ignorance of nature

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

French; Overthrows Louis Philippe; Elected leader (becomes dictator); Starts the 2nd Empire

Sieyes

French; Spokesman of the Third Estate

Red Shirts

Garibaldi's army of 1000 red-shirted volunteers united southern Italy and gained two sickles back

Cavignac

General who put down revolts after National Workshops closed, ended drive for social revolution in France

Albrecht Durer

German / Northern Renaissance artist who focused on proportion, perspective, and modeling.

Han Holbein the Younger

German / Nothern Renaissance artist who painted famous people and focused on death as seen in this painting "The Ambassadors"

Wallenstein

German Catholic General; Committed war crimes against the Protestants during the Thirty Years War; Was eventually assassinated by his own men (feared he was betraying them)

Moses Mendelssohn

German Jewish philosopher; Nicknamed the "Jewish Socrates"; Called for religious toleration of Jews in society (and those who had more secular opinions within the Jewish society); Shared some theories with Spinoza

Kaiser Wilheim II

German Kaiser and King of Prussia; King during World War I (very belligerent - Bismarck was his Prime Minister); Cousins to George V

Philip Melanchthon

German Lutheran; work with luther; set up schools in Lutheran areas

Hans Holbein the Younger

German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings.

Frederick the Wise of Saxony

German Patron of the University of Wittenberg; supported and protected Martin Luther

Frederick the Wise

German Prince who protected Luther from Pope Leo X/Charles V; allow Luther to keep writing, very religious; everyone liked him

Martin Luther(1483-1546)

German Reformation Justification by faith alone Attack indulgences (paying for mortal sins). 1517, posting of 95 thesis. Diet of Worms(1521) - met with HRE Charles V, didnt go that well Did not support peasant social revolution.

Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Friedrich Engels

German born manager of a cotton business in Manchester; working conditions of factory appealed Engels; THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASS IN ENGLAND- denounced the capitalist middle class for ruthlessly exploiting the working class

Zollverein

German customs unit formed to remove tariffs and trade barriers from inside the German confederation.

Hitler

German dictator; Leader of the Nazis; Wrote "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle)

Gutenberg

German inventor; Created the printing press (1440), printed more that 50 copies of the Bible in the vernacular language of the people

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital.

John III Sovieski

German king; save Vienna from Turkish Siege;

Gottfried Leibniz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought that our universe was the best of all possible worlds Created the concept of kinetic energy, we use this notation in calculus PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS German mathematician and philosopher who invented calculus and suggested an optimistic theory that said anything bad that happens is just part of God's perfect plan and will work out for the best

Thomas Munzer

German preacher and radical theologian of the early reformation whose opposition to both Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-fu3dal authority in central Germany, became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of 1525 commonly known as the German peasants war

Jan Hus (John Huss)

German priest; Questioned teaching about the Eucharist (Hussites) Burned at the stake by Catholics

Martin Luther

German priest; Wrote the 95 theses attacking the corruption of the Catholic Church; Did not support the Peasants' Revolt (disorder, the Princes violently suppressed it)

Matthys

German religious leader; Lead the Munster Rebellion (Anabaptists - second baptism)

Frederick Engles

German social scientist, author, theorist, philosophic, Father of Marxist Theory with karl Marx Who was Marx friend who helped him economically to write his book on capitalism? The Communist Manifesto

Immanuel Kant

German writer; Believed in philosophy (Transcendentalism)

Marx and Engels

German writers; Wrote the "Communist Manifesto" (workers of the world should unite and overthrow the government violently) (history is a series of repeating - a class rules another class)

Martin Luther

German, 95 theses; create Lutheran church; Edict of Worms condemn him, Frederick the Wise protect; very religious monk

Guttenberg

German/N Renaissance; Inventor, movable type

Charlotte Corday

Girondine French; Killed Marat (believed he caused the September Massacre)

Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy.His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.

1688

Glorious Revolution

1985

Gorbachev begins reforms in USSR (perestroika, glasnost)

Signori

Government by one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan also refers to these rulers

Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros

Grand inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. A Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain. Made Complutensian Polyglot Bible, which placed Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns.

Cosimo de Medici

Grandfather of Lorenzo; Italian patron of the arts (the dome);

Isaac Newton

Gravity; importance of empirical data/observation

1929

Great Depression

1914

Great War begins

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason German Enlightenment philosopher who argues that Reason, rather than Revelation, should be the ultimate guide to truth. (1724-1804), greatest German philosopher of the age, believed in freedom of the press

Ursuline nuns

Group in Italy founded by Angela Merici for the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy

1454 (about)

Gutenberg Bible published

Charles Dickens

Hard Times- described the girding poverty endured by factory workers in coke town which is a fake city modeled after Manchester

Brahe

He believed that other planets revolved around the Sun, but that the Sun and Moon revolved around the Earth.

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. (1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon)

He was the new president of the second franchise republic; in just four years he proclaimed France for himself; a vast majority of the French people endorsed the proclamation; understood the importance of industrialization; increased railroad mileage, moderate free trade policies, doubled exports, industrial production doubled enriching the middle class; leagalzed trade unions and improved public housing;named Baron George Hasben to oversee a vast project to redesign Paris, wide avenues, impressive monuments, and expensive parks; transformed Paris into a symbol of France's prosperity and greatness and made it harder for reformers to blockade the streets; Napoleon believed that concert of Europe limited France's reform policy; determined to follow a foreign policy calculated to undermine the concert of Europe and win international glory for himself and France

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Responsible for collapse of SU. Glasnot, Economic Perestroika, Army Perestroika. Did not put down 1989 revolutions

Mazzini

Heart of Italian unification

Henry VII

Henry the 8 dad,

Regiomontanus

His name is Johann Muller. He laid the foundations for mathematical conception of the universe. He was the most influential scientist of the 15th century. or Johann Muller (his non-Latin name), Germany, 1436-1476 - set foundations for mathematical conception of the universe. Probably most influential scientific worker of the 15th. C. Mathematical conception of the univers

Louis Pasteur, germ theory

His theory was the idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled.

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.

1925

Hitler; Mein Kampf published

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during Reformation; Hapsburg; lead sack on Rome

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor; Reigned during the Thirty Years War (all four periods)

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian Nationalists, wanted hungarian independence, speeches led to Vienna revolts

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian; Called for independence of Hungary; Supported student revolts

"cogito ergo sum"

I think, therefore I am Descartes translates to 'I think therefore I am.' Rene Descartes said/wrote this in his development of a system of acquiring knowledge. In his Discourse on Method he begins by clearing the ground and doubting everything. He even doubted his own existence. Then he determined cogito ergo sum and, using systematic reasoning, DEDUCED the existence of God.

Robert Koch

Identified. The bacteria responsible.For specific . Diseases identified the tb disease

Harriet Martineau

Illustrations of Political economy; Whig; sociologist; British

Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Degas

Impressionist painters

principia mathematica 1687

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.

Zollverein

In 1834 all major German states except Austria formed this; an economic union that eliminated internal tariffs; facilitated commerce and set a precedent for greater union

Seven Weeks War

In 1866 Bismarck provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia; their revitalized army easily crushed the Prussians n brief conflict; Austria agreed to the desutlion of the German confederation with Austria excluded from German affairs Bismarck organized a north German conferdation dominated by Prussia Italy annexed Venetia

Decembrist Revolt

In russia, when tsar Alexander I died a group of army officials rebelled and called for constitutional reform; Nicholas I ruthelssly repressed this

bishop Bossuet

In time of LXIV was principal theorist of Absolutism. Advanced the old Christian teaching that all power comes form God and that all who hold power are responsible to God for the way they use it. Absol power of royalty was free from dictates of parlements. Law was the will of the sovereign (as long as conformed to will of God-not arbitrary) then should be obeyed; served Louis XIV Who supported Louis XIV's mindset? absolutist; argued for divine right; Monarch's had to obey God's laws and were responsible

Bessemer Process

Increased steel production while reducing cost

David Ricardo

Infleunced by Malthus' pessimistic appraisal of the plight of the working class, he formulated the "iron law of wages"; labor is a commodity whose price is determined by the law of supply and demand; contended that increasing working-class wages would prompt laborers to have more children; as the supply of workers increased, their wages would decline; iron law of wages left no room for a better future for working-class families; provided strong support for opposing labor unions and refusing to raise wages

salon

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas Social gathering of intellectuals and artists like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the enlightenment

David Humes

Inquiry into Human nature; no evidence to support christian miracles

Christine de Pizan

Interested in defending women and exploring the reason behind women secondary status, "social construction of gender"

Gutenberg

Invented the printing press and it was used to encourage national vernaculars and Reformations

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Hong Kong

Island off the coast of China obtained by British in 1842.

theory of motion

Issac Newton Issac Newton explained theThey describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Issued by Henry VI of France in 1598 granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to calvinists which helped restore peace in France

English Reform Bill of 1832

It created a number of new districts representing heavily urban areas; doubled the number of voters to include most middle class men; resulted int he supremacy of the House of Commons over the House of Lords

Cavour

Italian Conservative Prime Minister; Ruled in Piedmont; Combined force of arms with secret diplomacy (not Romantic); Favored unified state for economic and material growth; Fought against Mazzini and Garibaldi; Succeeded in unifying Italy as a constitutional monarchy state (allied with France against Austria)

Mussolini

Italian Dictator; In conjunction with Hitler as the "Axis Powers"

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Girolama Savonarola

Italian Renaissance; Dominican Friar; italians too materialistic, immoral; lead Bonfire of the Vanities

Francesco Petrarch

Italian Renaissance; Father of humanism; write in latin/study classics

Machiavelli

Italian Renaissance; advised Medici politically; wrote 'the prince'; ends justify the means

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian Renaissance; ideal renaissance man; scientist, inventor, artist

Catherine De Pisan

Italian Renaissance; wrote 'letter to a son'; opposing views to Machiavelli, but ideas on how to live/rule

Garibaldi

Italian Republican; Advocated for the unification of Italy; Led Guerilla warfare with Mazzini

Mazzini

Italian Republican; Advocated for the unification of Italy; Successfully brought about independence and creation of the Italian State; "Nationality is the role assigned by God...It is its mission" (wanted to drive Austria from the peninsula) Nicknamed the "The Beating Heart of Italy"

Brunelleschi

Italian architect; Built the dome of the Florence Cathedral; discovered linear perspective

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian aristocrat who wrote "The Courtier", which became a handbook for how to succeed in society, the educated man should have a broad background in many academic subjects and should train his spiritual land physical faculties as well as intellectual

Raphael

Italian artist; Painted the "School of Athens" which recalled the Classics as a way to learn

Beccaria

Italian criminologist; Believed that crime and justice system needed restructured (no death penalty)

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian foremost national leader after the Carbonari failed

Lorenzo Valla

Italian humanist philosopher and literary critic who attacked medieval traditions and anticipated views of the Protestant reformers

Bruni

Italian humanist; Coined the term "humanitas" (the humanities)

Sardinia-Piedmont

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. It was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.

Chris Columbus

Italian navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic and explored what became known as the Americas

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

Botticelli

Italian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)

Raphael

Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)

Pope Leo X

Italian pope in 1517; during 95 theses, condemn Luther; patronize arts; want to rebuild St. Peter's

Boccaccio

Italian renaissance; the decameron; wrote about plague; humanist; encyclopedia of classic mythology

Donatello

Italian sculptor; created the Bronze "David" (first freestanding bronze statue, emphasized moving forward instead of looking back to the Classics)

Christopher columbus

Italian who explored for Spain; 'discovered' Americas

Pico

Italian writer; Wrote "Oration of the Dignity of Man" (only man can choose to do whatever he wants with his life)

Dante Alighieri

Italian writer; Wrote the "Divine Comedy" (cornerstone of Italian literature) and "Vita Nuova"

Raphael

Italian, paint Madonnas

Michelangelo

Italian; Made the 'David', Sistine Chapel; humanism

Cosimo de' Medici

Italian; assert Medici rule over florence; banker/merchant

Donatello

Italian; early David statue, early renaissance

Ethiopia

Italy became the first European country to suffer a defeat by this country which remained independent.

Ivan IV

Ivan the Terrible; centralize gov, allow local rule; introduce serfdom; kill lots of people; make first standing army, expand borders; encourage sea trade; leave no heir which causes turmoil

George's-Jacques Danton

Jacobin

Jean-Paul Marat

Jacobin

Maximillien Robespierre

Jacobin

Russo Japanese War

Jalea ese modernize Econ built over fuel army and navy, became imperialist expanding to Manchuria, japan growing interest alarmed R who were eager to control the province, in 1904, japan crushed russia Manchuria part of a pan shere

1796

Jenner creates smallpox vaccine

1701

Jethro Tull's seed drill

Herzl

Jewish writer; Started political Zionism (wanted Israel as Jewish state)

planetary motion

Johannes Kepler the orbit or gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space johannes kepler discovered the three laws of ___ ___.

1559

John Calvin; The Institutes of the Christian Religion

1690

John Locke publishes 2nd Treatise on Civil Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Catherine of Aragon

King Henry VIII first wife, reason for divorce is because she didn't produce a son

Charles II

King in Englands parliamentary monarchy; Catholic sympathies; 'merry monarch'

Francis II

King in france during religious wars; one year rule, under Catherine de Medici influence; married to Mary Queen of Scots

Charles ii

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum (1660-1685)

Charles I

King of England: Believed in the Divine Right of Kings; His army (Cavaliers) fought Parliament's army (Roundheads); failed; was put on trial; Executed by own people (was too haughty)

James I (James VI Stuart)

King of England; Believed in the Divine Right of Kings; Somewhat managed politics

James II

King of England; Disliked by many (Catholic in a predominantly Protestant nation); Flees to France

George V

King of England; Of the Saxe-Colbert (too German changed name to Windsor); King during World War I; Ireland saw an independent Parliament and Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and India saw more autonomy (not by his consent)

Charles II (Merry Monarch)

King of England; Removed Cromwell and continued throne; Removed some of the restrictions of English society (allowed frivolities to return)

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Louis Philippe

King of France, 1830-48. "Citizen king" In the February Revolution of 1848, he abdicated.

Louis XIV

King of France; "The Sun King" Brought the nobles (Fronde) to Versailles (vied for his audience); Used their money and taxes to wage wars and build palaces

Louis XIII

King of France; Father of Louis XIV; Ruled by Cardinal Richelieu (weak); Had struggles with the Hugenots and Habsburg Spain

Charles X

King of France; Hated by the middle class and working class; Was deposed and replaced by Louis Philippe

Louis Philippe

King of France; Nicknamed the "Citizen King" (not much more liberal than Charles X) (weak); Cartoons indicate him as being pear-shaped

Louis XV

King of France; great grandson of Louis XIV

Frederick I

King of Germany, HRE; reestablish roman rule of law, counterbalance papal power

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Italy; Put on throne after Italy was unified

Fredrick II (the Great)

King of Prussia, fought the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War against Maria Theresa

Charles VI

King of Prussia; Establishes the Pragmatic Sanction (throne goes to Maria Theresa)

Wilhelm I

King of Prussia; First Emperor of Germany being unified (very pro arms)

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia; Religious toleration under his reign (welcomed many groups persecuted: Protestants and Jews); Increased the size of the army

Ivan III (Ivan the Great)

King of Russia; Expanded territories against the Mongols

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

King of Russia; Had a good first half of reign; Second half of reign was tyrannical ("Time of Troubles") due to death of his wife and assassination of his son; Built St. Basil's Cathedral (Russian Orthodox)

Michael I of Russia

King of Russia; The first Romanov to be crowned

Peter the Great

King of Russia; Westernizes Russia (Travelled to Western Europe); Creates St. Petersburg (Symbol of Westernization); Creates Table of Ranks (ties Boyars to civil service); Removes traditions from society (Beard tax, Western dress); Did not emancipate the serfs

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia, became first King of Italy after unification in 1861, "Father of the Fatherland"

Philip II

King of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I

Phillip II

King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. King of Spain. Married to Queen Mary I of England; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, Africa, India, and the East Indies.iSon of Charles V and a devout Catholic, he was the Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-98. He led the Spanish Counter-Reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with his Spanish Armada.

Phillip II

King of Spain, was catholic and married to Mary of Scott's-England, sent the spainish armada

Philip V

King of Spain; Becomes emperor after the War of Spanish Sucession

Philip II of Spain

King of Spain; Married to Mary I; Tried to invade England with his Armada but failed

Piero de' Medici

Last Medici ruler of Florence; overthrown by French invasion. Son of cosimo controlled Italy behind the scene s

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization.

Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then ended the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

1720

Last appearance of bubonic plague - brown rat!

Nicholas II

Last emperor of Russia; forced to abdicate in 1917; weaken military and economy; attack/kill many political adversaries; Bloody Nicholas

Statue of Kilkenny

Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish forbidding marriage between the English and the Irish, requiring the use of the English language and denying the irish access ecclesiastical offices

Zola

Lawyer; Defended Dreyfus ("J'accuse")

Alexander Dubcek

Leader of Czechoslovakia who introduced liberal reforms and was ousted by the Soviets

Gladstone

Leader of Whigs; more liberal PM

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of roundheads defeated the cavaliers, organized an army of zealous Protestants called New Model Army, executed King Charles I

Brezhnev

Leader of the Soviet Union; After Khrushchev; Created the Brezhnev Doctrine (Soviet Union allowed to interfere in the communist countries)

Gorbachev

Leader of the Soviet Union; Blamed for its demise ("perestroika" - economic restructuring, and "glasnost" - openness of criticism) (inability to deal with revolts in satellites regions of Eastern Europe)

Lenin

Leader of the Soviet Union; Bolshevik dictator (tried to unite workers and peasants using the basis of "peace, bread, and land"

Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union; Denounced some policies of Stalin; Involved in Suez Canal Crisis, Polish Crisis, Hungarian Revolt (Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis)

Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union; Present during World War II; Tried Collectivization of Agriculture (working together); Competed with the United States in the Arms Race

Nikita Krushchev

Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis; want communism to take over the world

Emmiline Pankhurst

Leader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's suffrage in Britain.

Disraeli

Leader of tories; more conservative PM

Benjamin Disraeli

Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century. Took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867.

Charles Fourier

Leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Isabella d' Este

Leading women of Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure, patron of the arts as well as a leader of fashion

Edward Bernstein

Led "evolutionary" socialists began to revise Marxism doctrine to adjust to the new economic realities; rejected Marx's concept of class struggle instead sought to achieve socialist goals by a process of gradual reform

Francis Palacky

Led Pan-Slavic Congress

Emmeline Pankhurst

Led a more radical feminist movement

Adolphe Thiers

Led monarchists dominated National Assembly after Franco-Prussian War, negotiated peace with Prussia

Milicent Garrett Fawcett

Led the national union of women's suffrage societies and attempted to presssure males of parliament to grant female suffrage

Gladstone

Liberal British Prime Minister; Favored a "Little England" (does not include Ireland)

Alexander II

Liberal; abolish serfdom 1861; lots of liberal reforms of gov, judicial system, military; grow Russian military - rest of Europe fear

Eugene Delacroix

Liberty Leading the People" depicts working and middle class citizens untied by their common yearning for liberty

Mazarin

Louis XIV chief minister; want to centralize France at expense of nobles

1715

Louis XIV dies

Gustave Flaubert

Madame Bovary- described the story of an unfaithful wife of a French country doctor who lived beyond her means to escape boredom of provinciano

Impressionism

Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

Baron Georges Haussmann

Make New Paris; redesign street layout/building regulations to prevent barricades and organize the city

Tinteretto/El Greco

Mannerism painters

War of Austrian Succession

Maria Teresa has right to inherit habsburg throne/ territories, Fred the Great ignored it and army captured Silesia, French-> Fred (prussia) Brit--> Austria,

Philip II

Marries Mary queen of scots; Spanish king

vindication of the rights of women

Mary Wollstonecraft Book by Mary Wollstonecraft that said men and women should have equal rights 1790. Political pamphlet by British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. A response to Edmund Burke's "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790). Burke defended constitutional monarchy, the Church of England, and the aristocracy. Wollstonecraft countered with a pamphlet that advocated republicanism and attacked the monarchy. Challenged Burke's definitions of "beautiful" and "sublime".

1792

Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Legitimacy

Meant restoring ruling familie that has been deposed by the French Revelution and Napoleon

Cromwell

Member of Parliament; Puritan Leader; Defeated Charles I; Established as Lord Protector the Commonwealth (dictator); Maintains the Protectorate Parliament

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. Military social class Prussian nobles

Opium Wars

Mid 19th Century conflict between the British and the Chinese. The Qing (Manchu) dynasty wanted to limit the amount opium (heroin) that was coming into China from British merchants. GB wanted free trade in China and went to war in order to continue the drug trade. Treaty of Nanking ends the conflict

Bourgeoisie

Middle class

count of Cavour

Military leader and statesman who was in charge of uniting Italy, working with Victor Emmanuel II, died shortly after unification

Salvador Dali

Modern artist who painted using the surrealist technique as shown in the close up of "The Persistence of Memory"

Pablo Picasso

Modern artist who's main form of art was cubism shown in his masterpiece Guernica.

Marcel Duchamp

Modern painter who used dadaism which attacked all accepted standards of art shown in the Mona Lisa with a mustache.

William of Orange (III) and Mary II

Monarchs of England; Asked to be leaders in the Glorious Revolution (1688)

spirit of the laws

Montesquieu's book about separation of power, checks and balances, and forms of government Book by Charles de Montesquieu, which stated that that Islamic society was heavily subject to despotism, which is why the Ottomans fell. It also stated that there was no one form of true government

global mass migration

Movement of people from Europe in the 19th century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Thomas More

N Renaissance; English humanist, Utopia; beheaded by Henry VIII for refusing to sign Act of Supremacy which established anglican church

Rudolf Agricola

N Renaissance; Father of German Humanism

1949

NATO formed (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

The First Consul

Name for Napolean holding all power after he took control of govt

Peace of Westphalia 1648

Name of a series of treaties that concluded the thirty year's war in 1648 and marked the end of large scale religious violence in Europe

1799-1814

Napoleonic Era

Millicent fawcett

National Union of Women's suffrage societies; feminist and suffragette

Garibaldi

Nationalist general and politician that had much to do with Italian unification, fought the anti-nationalists in Italy, later agreed to work with Victor Emmanuel II

Battle of Lepanto

Naval engagement that took place in 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League of which the Venetian Empire and the Spainish Empire were the main powers inflicted a major defeat on the Ottoman Empire

Francis Joseph of Austria

New Austrian emperor after Metternich left to England accepted the offer of tsar Nicholas I to help defeat the Hungarians; a joint invasion of Russia and Austrian forces crushed Hungarian resistance

Second Industrial Revolution

New industries and new source of power, new forms of communication and transportation, new forms of industrial organization and industrial power

Agricultural Revolution

New methods of farming led to the Industrial Revolution took place in the 18th century

Leisure

Newly available to the middle class. Included new beach holidays, organized sports and theater.

1687

Newton's Principia published

Law of Gravitation

Newton's mathematical formula described all forms of celestial and terrestrial motion

Liberalism

Nineteenth century ism popular with the middle class. Based on Enlightenment philosophy

Rembrandt

Northern Renaissance Artist; Painted the Nightwatchmen

Van Eyck

Northern Renaissance. Artist. Arnolfini Wedding

Jan Huss

Northern Renaissance; Czech priest, philosopher; denounce abuses of the church; ideas influence reformation

Christian Humanism

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes towards classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religion traditions

Erasmus

Northern/Dutch Renaissance; Humanist; wanted to reform the Catholic Church, wrote "In Praise of Folly" (a satire that criticized the Catholic Church in a lighthearted way)

Florence Nightingale

Nurse in crimean war; start red cross, sanitation

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Of England, Aristocracy dominated the government and indulged in destructive violence at the local level fighting each tower seizing wealthy travelers for ransom and plundering merchant caravans

Kaiser Wilhelm I

On January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors in Louis XIV's palace at Versailles, __________, with Bismarck standing at the foot of the throne, was proclaimed emperor of the Second German Empire (the first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire).

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, only fittest survive

William Gladstone

One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s.

Botticelli

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

Louis Blanc

One of the most prominent utopian socialists

Mensheviks

One of the two Marxist parties that wanted a broad base of popular support, Favored gradual socialist reform

Charles X

Opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism; reactionary policies infuriated both his liberal and working class opponents

"Age of Mass Politics"

Ordinary people felt increasing loyalty to their governments. By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule. Governments were often led by conservatives who manipulated nationalism.

Louis Blanc

Organization of Labor; French; socialist; want guaranteed employment for working class

Baroque Art

Over the top art

Revolution of 1905

Overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Neville Chamberlain

PM of GB before WWII; appeasement; Munich agreement

Winston Churchill

PM of GB during WWII

Michelangelo

Painted the Sistine Chapel, a Florentine who spent his young adulthood at the court of Lorenzo de Medici, complained when people pushed him to do his work of art, one of the best sculptors of his time

Reconquista a

Passion and energy ignited by the conquest of the Iberian peninsula encouraged the Portuguese And Spanish to continue the Christian crusade to other nations especially New unexplored land

James Watt

Patented the first steam engine in 1769

James I

Paths to Constitutionalism succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings and by raising taxes without permission. Problems with puritans (1566-1625)

1555

Peace of Augsburg

1648

Peace of Westphalia

1750

Peak of the Enlightenment

German Peasants' War 1525

Peasants demanded that the noble not have so much power over them and used scripture as evidence, were crushed by nobility. Greatly strengthened the ability of lay rulers

George Eliot

Pen name of Mary Ann Evans. Works: - Middlemarch - Silas Marner

Flagellants

People who believed that the plague was god's punishment for sin, and sought to do penance by flagelling(whipping) themselves

1500-1525

Period of High Renaissance

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope. leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays; called it the Encyclopedia

Invisible hand

Phrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self-regulating nature of a free marketplace.

White Man's Burden

Phrase coined by Rudyard Kipling, which meant that it was the white race's obligation to civilize the less developed people's of the world.

Oration on the Dignity of Man

Pico della universe was hierarchy of being from god down through spiritual beings to material beings with humanity right in the middle as a crucial link that processed both material and spiritual nature's

The Luncheon of the Boating Party

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, depicts a carefree group of friends lunching in the terrace of the restaurante four aide overlooking the swine river

Pierro della Francesca

Pioneered perspective-the linear representation of distance and space on a flat surface which enchants the realism of paintings and diffeianti3d them from the flatter and more stylized images of mediva, art

Corn Laws

Placed high tariff on corn wheat and other grains

Black Death

Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one third of the population

Georges Seurat

Pointillism painter

Imperialism

Policy of extending ones country's rule over otherlands by conquest or economic domination

Marxist Socialism

Political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; believed that histo was the result of a class conflict that will end with the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie; new classless society would abolish private property

Pope Pius IX

Pope during unification of Italy who opposed creation of federation of Italian states

Bartolomeu Dias

Portugese explorer; route around cape of good hope in Africa

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer; first to reach india by sea

New Imperialism

Post-1880s scramble by European powers to seize control & colonize areas in Africa & Asia. Illustrates the enormous gap in technology between Europe and the rest of the world.

1968

Prague Spring

Harry Turman

Pres of US at end of WWII; bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki; implement Marshall Plan; start Cold war

Savonarola

Priest; Favored (Italian) invasion by French King Charles VIII; Executed by Florentines

Tetzel

Priest; In charge of indulgences in the German region of the Holy Roman Empire (appointed by Pope Leo X); Conflicts with Martin Luther

David Lloyd George

Prime Minister of Great Britain, present at the Treaty of Versailles, make Germany pay

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of Piedmont; realist guided by the dictates of political power;belied that shrew diplomacy and well chosen alliances were more useful than grand proclamations and romantic rebellions;successful combination of power politics and secret diplomacias is called real repepublic

Voltaire

Prince of the Philosophes; best known and most influential philosophe; prolific write who popularized Newton's scientific discoveries, criticized France's rigid govt, and denounced religious bigotry; championed religious tolerance; continue the battle against the enemies of reason

David Ricardo

Principles of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation. wages should not be raised

David Ricardo

Principles of Political Economy; British; capitalism

Industrial Revolution

Process by which economic porduction shifted from the use of hand tools to the use of power machinery, first fueled by coal and steam; began in great Britian in th 1750s; casued a process of moderizaiton that domminated life in the nineteenth century; concentrated facotires and workers in industrail centers; promoted a proecess of urbanization that led to the grotwht of urban centers across Europe; led to the formation of a new self-conscious soical class, the working class, or proletariat; led to the formation of a new and icnreasingly middle class or bourgeoisie; dramatic affect upon families, inclusing the role of women and childhood experiences; improved the standard of living by porviding more consumer products, better medical care, and new leisure activities

John Stuart Mill

Prominent advocate of liberalism and author of On Liberty, a classic statement of liberty of the individual. Supporter of women's rights.

Joseph Lister

Promoted sterile surgery and introduced carbolic aacid to sterilize surgical instruments and wounds

Montgomery-Chatillon Family

Protestant family; competing for throne during French religious wars

Frederick the Elector

Prussia house of Hohenzollern; restore Hohenzollern rule after devastation of 30 years war

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility; supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs

Frederick The Great (II)

Prussian Enlightened Despot; military leader

Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister; Fought to keep Germany separate from Austria (kleindeutsch - small Germany) (conservative); Provoked the Austrian Prussian War Provoked the Franco Prussian War (altered telegram)

Frederick William III

Prussian Rep; Wanted Poland; Supported Prussia in the Holy Alliance

King Frederick William III

Prussian rep at congress of Vienna; expand boundaries, check French aggression; mediated Russia/GB deal over Poland

King Frederick William III

Prussian representative at Congress of Vienna; expand boundaries, check France aggression; mediate deal between Russia and Britain over poland

Frederick the Great

Prussian ruler; invade Silesia, start Prussian/Austrian rivalry; enlightened despot; expand edu and abolish torture

Freud

Psychologist who developed psychoanalysis, a method of probing the unconscious mind, frequently by analyzing dreams. He believed that humans were driven by unconscious pleasure-seeking forces.

Roundheads

Puritans, townspeople, middle class businessmen, and people from Presbyterian-dominated London, favored a Parliamentary monarchy and a Presbyterian church governed by the elected "presbyters" or elders

Putting out system vs factory system

Puttingout system—Preindustrial manufacturing system in whch an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes, for examplewatch manufactors in swiss towns employed villagers to make parts for their products; the syem enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild regulations Factory system— factory was a palce where large numbers of workers used machines to manufacture goods; as the factory system spread the putting out system disappeared; createdd two self-conscoius social classes, the working class or proletariat and the middle class or bourgeoise

Anne of England

Queen of England, Scotland and Wales; Through the Act of Union (Scotland and England were united); Followed William III and Mary II (Glorious Revolution); Through the Act of Settlement, the throne would pass to George I Hanover

Mary I Tudor

Queen of England; Strong Catholic who slaughtered Protestants (Father was Henry VIII), was termed "Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I

Queen of England; Worked to maintain the Act of Supremacy as head of the Church of England (moderate protestant nation); Worked well with Parliament; Stopped the Spanish Armada (Protestant Wind)

Catherine the Great

Queen of Russia; Put down Pugachev's Revolt

Mary Stuart

Queen of Scots; She was the cousin of Mary I and Elizabeth I, tried to displace Elizabeth during her reign with the aid of Philip II; Execution order was signed by Elizabeth

Anne of Austria

Queen regent; Mother of Louis XIV; Ruled with Cardinal Mazarin

Syndicalism

Radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and gov under the control of federations of labor unions they endorsed direct action such as strikes and sabatge

Chartist Movement

Radical reformers in Britain who pressed for universal male suffrage.

Renes Descartes

Rational deduction; scientific method; publish in French not latin so common people could read

Charles Dickens

Realist author of "A Christmas Carol"

Joseph Lister

Reasoned that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would "destroy the life of the floating particles."

Anabaptists

Rebaptizers allowed the baptism of adult believers, many people thought it was wrong because they were repeating the ritual

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Recognized Lutherism in the Holy Roman Empire ended religious war in Germany for many decades also added Calvinism as legally permissible creeds

Sphere of Influence

Region dominated by but not directly ruled by a foreign nation

1762-1796

Reign of Catherine the Great in Russia

Realism

Rejected romantic works as overidalized and artificial; insisted on precise decreiptions of the real world; focused on common people, everyday activities and experiences; portrayed peasants and urban workers, criticized cruelty of industrial life and the greed and insensitivity of the wealthy

1520s-1648

Religious Wars

Rembrandt

Religious Wars. Influential Dutch artist (1606-1669)

Mary I

Religious wars. Undid alot of her brothers pro-protestent acts. Was extremly violent against protestents

1350-1550

Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist who painted "Mona Lisa" and the "Last Supper"

Sandro Botticelli

Renaissance artist who painted the "Birth of Venus" and "La Primavera"

Raphael

Renaissance artist who painted the "School of Athens" and numerous Madonna and Child paintings.

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist who sculpted David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Ghiberti

Renaissance sculptor who sculpted the "Gates of Paradise"

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Erasmus

Renaissance. Most famous of Northern Humanists. Religious reformer. Prince of Humanists

Thomas More

Renaissance. Most famouus English Humanists. Wrote Utopia critizing contemporary society.

Cervantes

Renaissance. Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' (1547-1616)

Francis I

Renaissance; French king; imported artwork and commissioned artists; close to Henry VIII

Michelangelo

Renaissance; Italian artist, sculpted the David (revolutionary because of how realistic it was) and the Sistine Chapel ceiling (made a move to mannerism towards the end)

Castiglione

Renaissance; Italian author of the Courtier (he was a diplomat, he described how to be a good court attendant)

Petrarch

Renaissance; Writer who called the Common Man to humanities, Father of Humanism, wrote "Africa" and "Laura poems"

Father of rationalism

René Descartes 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures

Alexander III

Repeal a lot of Alexander II's reforms; conservative because of backlash to liberalism

Sir Robert Peel

Repeal corn laws; open british ports to foreign grain to feed starving Irish; modernize british agriculture, Catholic Emancipation Act

Leonid Brezhnev

Replaced Khrushchev and adopted repressive domestic policies

Charles II

Reset status quo. Had catholic sympathies. Tried to work with parliement

1660

Restoration of English monarch

1685

Revocation of Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV

English Peasants' Revolt

Revolt by English peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions

1848

Revolutions in Europe; Marx and Engels publish Communist Manifesto

water frame

Richard Arkwright 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms 61. The ____ was responsible for shifting the location of many textile mills

1765

Richard Arkwright invents the water frame

Friedrich Wilhelm IV

Riots broke out in Berlin in 1848 he responded by issuing a series of reforms including calling a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution

Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing

Rococo- commissioned by a baron to depict his mistress on a swing with himself as an amorous observer

Nicolae Ceausescu

Romanian dictator; hated by people and eventually executed

Rasputin

Romanoff tutor; advise family

Lord Byron

Romantic Hero; poet, very popular across Europe; died in Greek independence fight

Eugene Delacroix

Romantic artist who painted "Liberty Leading the People" and "Massacre at Chios"

Theodore Gericault

Romantic artist who painted "Raft of the Medusa"

Caspar David Friedrich

Romantic artist who painted "Wander above the Mist"

Lord Byron

Romantic hero; very popular poet across Europe; died in greek independence fight

John Constable

Romantic painter who painted rural English landscapes.

William Wordsworth

Romantic poet, used one of the most important aspects of Romanticism: love of nature.(1770-1850) *evidence of Romantic literature

General Will

Rousseau's concept that sovereign power resides in the community as a whole; defined as any action that is right and good for all

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Lorenzo de Medici

Ruler of the Florentine Republic; great patron of the arts

Catherine II (the great)

Russian Enlightened Despot; focus on pleasing Nobles; enlightenment ideas, but very few implemented

Duma

Russian Parliament

Czar Alexander I

Russian Rep; Wanted Poland; Supported Russia in the Holy Alliance

Alexander III

Russian czar who strengthened secret police and influenced the regulation of the press.

Russian Revelution of 1905

Russian defeat exposed weakened of autocratic regime and led to increased unrest, jan 22,1905, Bloody Sunday, provoked a wave of strikes and demands fo change nich 2 approved an election of Russian par aka Duma he refused to work with them changed it to advisory

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR,

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Leo Tolstoy

Russian realist who wrote War and Peace: monumental novel set against the historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812.

Alexandra Kollontai

Russian revolutionary and diplomat, commissar for social welfare in 1918 and head of the women's section of the Communist Party

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Alexander 1

Russian tsar at the time of Napoleon; Decided it was best to make peace and signed the treaty of Tilsit ;Attend congress of Vienna; Lead Holy Alliance movement; Want more land, from Duchy of Warsaw, Poland

Alexander I

Russian tsar at time of Napoleon's rule; attend congress of Vienna, lead Holy Alliance movement; sign Treaty of Tilsit because didn't want to fight Napoleon

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

Savage catholic attack on Calvinism in Paris, led to a civil war that dragged on for fifteen years

Bacterial revolution

Saved millions o of lives thus causing decline of euro deaths lived 15 years longer and urban residents benefited most

Copernicus (and Galileo)

Scientific Revolution. 1473-1543 Heliocentric Universe. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. (1564-1642, Telescope, Math)

Brahe

Scientific Revolution; Danish Mathematician/Astronomer; Naked eye astronomy; Collect tons of astronomical research

Descartes

Scientific Revolution; Deductive thinking

Newton

Scientific Revolution; Discovered Gravity; Objects with a higher mass attract those with a lower mass (invented calculus and physics)

Kepler

Scientific Revolution; German Mathematician; Created the laws of planetary motion

Bacon

Scientific Revolution; Inductive thinking

John Locke

Scientific Revolution; Liberty and religious toleration; Calls for some Education; Government and people enter into a social contract (can be overthrown)

Galileo

Scientific Revolution; Mathematician; Discovered proof the Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory (Moons revolving around Jupiter); Was summoned before the Church (had to renounce all his knowledge or be executed)

Spencer

Scientist; Following the work of Darwin, started Eugenics (people as natural selection)

Darwin

Scientist; Published "On the Origin of Species" (natural selection)

Adam Smith

Scottish Economist; Believed in economic liberty; Wrote "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (father of laissez faire)

John Knox

Scottish Presbyterian; Disliked Mary I (fled UK when she gained power); Started the Scottish Reformation

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

Milosevic

Serbian Leader; Responsible for atrocities and genocides in Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina

Hebert Spencer

Social Darwinism, believed that if society was left alone it could correct it's own problems; it tends naturally toward health and ability

Revisionism

Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Lech Walenska

Solidarity leader; Poland; want rights/freedom from Soviets

Charles I

Son of James, firmer believer in the divine right of Kong's, always in need of money, opposed the Puritans and supported the Anglican Church

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Hernando Cortez

Spanish explorer; conquer Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer; conquer Incas

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer; first to circumnavigate the globe; died before reaching spice islands

Ferdinand of Aragon (V) and Isabella of Castile (I)

Spanish monarchs, enforced Catholicism in Spain under the Inquisition, used hermandades (civil militias) to control

Joanna the Mad

Spanish queen; Suffered severe depression; locked up, but remained on throne because she needed to provide legitimacy to Philip the Handsome's (I) reign

Catherine de Medici

Spanish regent; Persecuted the Protestants (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre); Maintained power by ruling through her sons and daughter

El Greco

Spanish renaissance artist who painted with a manneristic style using unnatural colors and shapes such as seen in El Despolio.

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish, founder of Jesuits; believe in strong edu for everyone, but esp priests

Charles V

Spanish/Burgundian; First King of both the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires; Wanted Martin Luther to put to trial

Francisco Petrarch

Spent hours searching for Classical Latin manuscripts wandering around many libraries and ruins of the Roman Empire remaining in Italy, became obsessed with the past classical ancient Rome and believed they had reached a level of perfection in ancient work, he believed that the recovery of classical text would bring a new golden age of intellectual achievement, father of humanism

Spinning Jenny

Spinning machine that made it possible for a single weaver to work six to eight threads at a time

1939

Start of WWII; invasion of Poland

Charles X of France

Started to return France to a more absolutist state by imposing rigid censorship and abandoning the civil Code of Napoleon. Led to Revolution of 1830. He abdicated and fled to England.

Thomas newcomen

Steam engine developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines 1705 invented steam engine that used coal, very inefficient.

Railroad- beginnings and effects

Steam power enabled inventors to build railroad locomotives; english wanted railroad line to connect the port of liverpool with the inland city of Manchester, the heart of the spinning and weavin industry; Liverpool-Manchester Railway opened in 1830; by 1850 britain has over 6000 miled of railroad track- each mile required 300 tons of iron; effects: 1 stimulated further industrial growth 2 created regional and national markets for agricultural and industrial goods 3 reduced the cost of shipping freight 4 promoted leisure travel

Albrecht Durer

Studied with artists in italy and produced woodcuts, engravings and etchings, fascinated with perspectives and solved them using mechanical devices, amazed with Aztecs art

Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)

Sun King Divine Right Versailles used to manipulate nobles. Mercantilism Politique Revoked Edict of Nantes War of Spanish Succession. Absolutism.

Tsar Nicholas I

Suppressed the Decemberist; turned russia into a police state; Ruthless autocrat; forbade representative assemblies; monitored universities;censored all descending views

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Commander; Was killed during Swedish period of the Thirty Years War ("Lion of the North" and said "God is my Armor")

Jacque Necker

Swiss finance minister; advisor to King Louis XVI; want to tax nobility

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, create Zwinglism; disagree with Luther on Eucharist; thought Eucharist was symbolic

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian; Disagreed with Martin Luther over the transubstantiation of the Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy; Started Zwinglism

Communes

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought policial and economic independence from local nobles

Baron Paul d'Holbach

System of Nature"Atheism and materialism, humans are machines, God is imaginary and unnecessary, the universe is composed of matter in motion

Scramble for Africa

Term for rapid colonization of Africa by Europe at turn-of-the-century. Motivations include economic and nationalistic goals.

1870-1914

The "New" Imperialism

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down The Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east

1750-1850

The 1st Industrial Revolution

1850-1914

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

1700s

The Age of Enlightenment

1450-1600

The Age of Exploration & the ''Old" Imperialism

1776-1848

The Age of Liberal Revolutions

1848-1871

The Age of Nationalism and Nation- building

Anglicanism

The Church of England, moderately Protestant, created so Henry VIII could divorced his wife

1945-1991

The Cold War

Friedrich engels

The Condition of the Working Class in England; German; worked with marx to make Communist Manifesto

Querelle des Femmes

The French phrase meaning "the woman question" refers to a literary debate about the nature and status of women, began around 1500 and continued behind the end of the Renaissance

Jean Francois Millet

The Gleaners- contrasted the hard phycal labor of three peasant women with the confortable lifestyle of wealthy landowners living in the background

Belgium Revolution of 1830

The July revolution in France helped spark discontent here; the COngress of Vienna united the Austria Netherlands with Holland to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands ; catholic Belgium and Protestant Holland had little in common so in 1830 riots in Belgium quickly demanded independence ; Great Britain and France opposed intervention and in 1830 the great powers recognized Belgium as a neutral state

King Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Piedmont that appointed Cavour his Prime Minister and worked to unite Italy.

Erasmus

The Praise of Folly

Bismark

The Prussian minister-president who came from a Junker family. He was the architect of the unification of Germany. He wanted to loosen Hapsburg grip on German affairs and establish Prussia as a respectable and dominant power.

1991-Present

The Quest for Unity

1500s

The Reformation

1919-1939

The Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

Duma

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.

1540s-1700

The Scientific Revolution

Honore Daumier

The Third Class Carriage- portrayed working class passengers as dignified despite the dehumanizing experience of being packed together in a small railroad car

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Second Industrial Revolution

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century. Characterized by steel, electricity and scientific advancements.

Great schism

The division or split in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes, Urban VI and Clementine VII

Copernican revolution

The dramatic change, initiated by copernicus, that occurred when we learned that Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun rather than the center of the universe 29. What was the scientific movement called in which there was a movement from a geocentric to a heliocentric universe?

Louis Phillipe

The duke of Orleans became "king of the French" after the revolution; prided himself on being a citizen king who supported Frances business interests

Putting-Out System

The eighteenth century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

Columbia Exchange

The exchange of disease, crops, animals, and humans between Europe and the Americas, European immigrants wanted a familiar diet so they searched for climatic zones favorable to to those crops

Columbian exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Urbanization consequence of industrial revolution

The factory system transformed many small towns into crowded cities; in 1785, only four cities in england and scotland had a population of 50,000 or more; seventy years later, there were thirty-two cities of this size; workers lived in crowded slums that lacked sanitation; entire families often lived in a single dark room

Frankfurt Assembly

The first freely elected parliament in Germany. Ultimately disintegrates because it can't muster the power to lead itself.

Zionism

The idea that Jews must have a state of their own in Palestine.

Nationalism

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself in a common language, history and culture. Threatened large multi-ethnic empires.

Divine Right of Kings

The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, a French bishop and court preacher to Louis XIV, provided the theological justification for the divine right of kings by declaring that "the state of monarchy is the supremest thing on earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the scriptures kings are called God's, and their power is compared to the divine powers

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

textiles

The introduction of the spinning wheel increased the production of _____ and encouraged the opening of factories in New England. The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Balance of Power

The leaders at Vienna wanted to weaken France so that they could not wage wars of aggression and threaten this; the victorious powers did not want to oppose the treaty that would humiliate or antagonize France; France forced to return to the 1790 orders pay 700 million francs but they were still allowed to have an army, overseas possessions, and independent gov; to keep them from driving up power the congress of Vienna encircled France with stronger powers -Austria Netherlands was united with Dutch republic to form Netherlands -39 German states joined to form the German confederation with Austria dominating - Switzerland was recognized as an independent and mutual nation -Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of piedmont and savoy

Robespierre

The main leader of The committee of public safety and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution; leader of Reign of Terror; Guillotined; jacobin; want republic

Otto von Bismarck 1864 controversy over Schleswig and Holstein

The master of real politik; prime minister of William the I in Germany set out to strengthen Prussia; enlarged and reequipped the Prussian armyso he could take advantage of opportunities ffor territorial expansion

"Sick Man of Europe"

The name for the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, Granada, and la plata

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia

Babylonian Captivity

The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the 70 years where Hebrews were held captive in Babylon

urbanization

The physical growth of cities.

Emancipation Edict

The plan created by Alexander II in 1861 that freed the serfs but eventually had negative effects.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Romanticism

The primacy of emotions; people who believed in this rejected reason; stressed emotion and intuition and subjective feelings; looked to the medical period for models of hero miraculous events, and unsolved mysteries; preferred to see the beauty of nature; viewed nature as a spiritual inspiration that evoked feeling of awe and wonder

Camillo Cavour

The prime minister of Italy appointed by Victor Emmanuel who pushed for Italian unification. This man orchestrated the unification of Italy around the constitutional monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia employing method of realpolitik.

enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

germanization

The process of making the lands of eastern Europe the province of Aryan Germans alone; also the process of assimilating genetically valuable non-Germans into the Master Race. Spread of the German language, people and culture or policies which may have introduced these changes

Virtu

The quality of being able to shape the world according to ones own will

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Meiji Restoration

The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan.

Revolutions of 1848

The revelations failed becasue of internal divisions, a lack of popular support outside the cities and continued strength of conservative forces; although temporarily frustrated the basic liberal principle of gov by consent continued to gain influence as the middle class grew in size, wealth, and influence; peaceful reforms enabled England to avoid violent revolts; repressive I policies shifted reforms in russia; the ideas of nationalism and national unification continued to grow and agin support; the eras idealistic romantic spirit now yielded to a new age of politic realism

French revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. 1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

Suffrage

The right to vote

Fontenelle

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was Who was a writer that tried to make things understandable to the non-scientist? French Enlightenment philosopher ________ wrote the book Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) in order to exposit and make known various discoveries of the Scientific Revolution, such as the astronomical findings of Copernicus and physics of Descartes.

Revisionism

The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war

"blood and iron"

The speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success.

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation or individuals based on his will and purpose not on their merit or works, under Calvinism created by John Calvin

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

agricultural revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

gunboat diplomacy

The use or threat of military force by Western countries to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Ptolemaic concept of universe

The view that was accepted in Europe until the 16th century that the sun and planets revolved around the earth was known as the

Adam Smith

The wealth of nations; develop idea of capitalism; British

the Factory

The workplace shifted from the cottage industry to this. Run by the assembly line.

Railroads

These allowed people and goods to travel long distances, their need for coal and iron led to the growth of these industries

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

They wrote "Lyrical Ballads" which were a collection of peoms that marked the beginning of the english romantic movement and poetry

Adolf Hitler

This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.

Captain Dreyfuss

This french Jewish captain was falsely accused for spying for the Germans

Irish Home Rule

This is Act is passed in 1914 ...but it is suspended because the Irish Protestants in Northern Ireland/Ulster don't want it and World War I breaks out in 1914.

spinning jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) James Hargreaves A machine that could spin several threads at once Invention created by James Hargreave that made it possible for more yarn to be produced at a time

treaty of paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River 1783 Februrary 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England

Congress of Vienna

This was a meeting to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars. From 1815-1848 this "Congress System" dominated.

Second French Empire

This was created when Louis Napoleon assumed the title of Emperor Napoleon III

Prince Henry the Navigator

This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

Frederick the Great

This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler (1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

pragmatic sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler. Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne. Allowed lands of HABSBURG EMPIRE to pass to Empress MARIA THERESA, who was not a MALE HEIR

German Empire

This was the empire that was unified by Bismarck of Prussia.

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

maria theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian territories (1740-1780)

joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom (r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom

pumping machine

Thomas Newcommen invented steam engine to help pump water out of mines

King William I

Tried to enlarge Prussian army, then appointed Otto von Bismarck as P.M.

Petition of Right 1628

Two key provisions: 1. no one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without common consent by act of Parliament 2. No one should be imprisoned w/o due process of law

the tatler

Two periodicals written by Addison and Steele Addison and Steele a news and personal reflections that were interested in female readership, mostly written by Steele -The title of one of the periodicals founded or boosted by Joseph Addison and Richard Steel at the beginning of the 18th centur

Platonic Academy of Philosophy

Under cosimo de Medici patronage, a scholar Marisllo Facino lectured an informal group of Florence's cultural elite, his lectures were known as this although it is not an actual school,, translated Plato's dialogues into Latin and wrote commentaries attempting to synthesize Christian and platonic ideas

1871

Unification of Germany

Otto Von Bismark

United Germany using realpolitik, was manipulating Kaiser Wilhelm I, conservative "By Iron and Blood"

Garibaldi

United southern italy. Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

Sans Culottes

Urban poor and self-described patriots during french revolution

Edwin Chadwick

Urban reformer who advocated for sanitary reforms in cities

Napoleon III

Used Napoleonic legend to win elections in 1848 to become France's first president under universal suffrage for men. Seized power in 1851 via coup d' état and became dictator of second French empire.

Jeremy Bentham

Utilitarianism; Fragment on Government/The Principles of Morals and Legislation; first to codify idea

Owensim

Utopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer ______ ________ and his followers and successors. Aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialists hoped to create self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.

1759

Voltaire writes Candide

Russo-Japanese War

War between Japan and Russia, marking the first time an Asian nation defeated a European nation.

Hundred Years' War

War between enabled and France 1337 to 1453 with political and economic causes and consequences, causes: disagreements over rights to land, a disputes over a succession to the French throne and economic conflicts

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

War split into four phases, Bohemian phase-civil war in bohemia between catholic league and Protestant league(catholic win), danish phase- more catholic victories over the king of Denmark, Swedish phase- , French phase, Richaleu declared war on slain and sent military as well as financial assistance

Medici Family

Wealthiest Florentine Family. Financed much of the Renaissance. Powerful Italinan family. Most famous member: Catherine de Medici

gravity and motion

What two factors combine to keep Earth in orbit around the Sun? What were two examples of natural laws discovered through reason? Acceleration, air resistance, orbiting free fall, projectile motion Isaac Newton

nitrogen use

What: Alternate grain with nitrogen-storing crops (rather than just fallow); actually putting nitrogen back in the soil. Nitrogen storing crops include peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers, grasses. Animals could graze on the nitrogen-storing crops if not used for human consumption.

Ireland

When a disease infected this crop, millions of Irish peasants died from starvation. "The Great Famine"

Colony

When a powerful nation formally takes over and governs an undeveloped area

Sphere of Influence

When a powerful nation secured exclusive economic privileges in an underdeveloped region.

Protectorate

When the native ruler remains in power outwardly, but the imperialist nation actually controls affairs behind the scenes.

Reform Bill of 1832

Whig party bill which redistributed the seats in the House of Commons to reflect the shift in population to the northern manufacturing counties and the gradual emergence of an urban society. Gave representation to industrial towns. Number of voters increased by 50%, giving the vote to middle class urbanites and wealthier farmers.

Catherine de Medici

Wife of King Henri II (France); sons were kings; st. Bartholomew's day massacre

Francis I

With pope Leo x reached a mutual agreement about church and state powers, tried to raise revenue in two ways: 1. Sale of public offices 2. Treaty with the papacy had to raise revenue bc Habsburg viola wars

Michel de Montaigne

Work revolves around Skepticism , a school of thought founded on the doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge is ever attainable, and cultural relativism, that one culture is not nessarily superior to another. Invented essays

Proletariat

Working class

1914-1919

World War 1

1931-1945

World War 2

Boccaccio

Writer of the Decameron, witness to the Black Death and its toll on people

Benign e Bossuet

Writer; Promoted the "divine right of kings"

Montesquieu

Writer; Wrote "In Spirit of Laws" (advocated for what kind of government he saw best - a government chosen by the people - "separation of powers")

David Hume

Writer; Wrote "Inquiry into Human Nature" (criticize miracles' validity)

Gotthold Lessing

Writer; Wrote "Nathan the Wise" (called for religious toleration other than of Christianity)

Rosseau

Writer; Wrote "Social Contract" (people and their masters should enter into a social contract - best way for economy - argued against divine right) ("the general will")

Hobbes

Writer; Wrote the "Leviathan" (called for a strong leader for an absolutist monarchy)

philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason and critical analysis

second treatise of the government

Written by John Locke-places sovereignty into the hands of the people. Locke's fundamental argument is that people are equal and invested with natural rights in a state of nature in which they live free from outside rule

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

Wrote "Grimm's fairy tales"which is a collection of over 200 German folk stories, illustrate the fusion of nationalism and romanticism

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes

Friedrich von Schiller

Wrote "ode to joy" which celebrates the unity of all human kind

Caspar David Friedrich

Wrote "the wander above the mists" lonely traveler standing on a mountain peak contemplataing a mysterious and awesome vista that can be dimly seem through a vest

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Wrote the Nineth symphony; which includes Ode to Joy which creates a soaring repsenaiton of human emotion

1989

Year of Miracles in Eastern Europe (collapse of communism)

Louis XVIII

Younger brother of Louis XVI became XVIII. Power returned to him after French Revolution and Napoleon as the legitimate Bourbon ruler of France established by the congress of Vienna

Joseph Tito

Yugoslavian leader who set up a communist government independent of the Soviet Union; make Yugoslavia leader in anti-Soviet communist movement; make player on world stage

Fabianism

a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India.

James Watt

a Scottish engineer who created a more efficient engine

Ninety-Five Theses

a critique of the Catholic doctrine of indulgences and papal authority produced by Martin Luther

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Nazism

a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.

Storming of the Bastille

a mob stormed the Bastille which is a royal fortress and prison; freed a handful of prisoners; and seized the supply of gunpowder and weapons

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Militarism

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests

Radicalism

a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned

Corporatism

a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups

Socialism

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

Anarchism

a political theory favoring the abolition of governments

English Civil War(1642-1649)

a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundheads and Cavaliers over, principally, the manner of England's government; main cause was religion; stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection. The first war was settled with Oliver Cromwell's victory for Parliamentary forces at the 1645 Battle of Naseby

proletariat

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages,

Enlightened Despotism

a system of govt supported by leading philosophies in which an absolute ruler used his or her power for the good of the people. enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academics. Joseph II, Fred the Great and Catherine the Great are the best known

Tariffs

a tax on imported goods that governments in Europe used to encourage their own industries

Communism

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Tsar Alexander II

abolished serfdom

National Convention

abolished the monarchy and declared France as a republic

Ivan the Terrible

acquired vast amonts of land trohugh ruthless means; his death was followed with a period of weakness and disorder known as Time of Troubles

Charles II

after Cromwell's death, parliament invited him, Charles I son, to return from exile where he restored the monarchy, the Church of England, and Parliament. central issues over the relationships of the king and parliament and the conflict over religion remained unresolved. had no children leaving his brother Catholic brother James, the Duke of York, next to the throne

Peoples Will

agrarian socialism and reforms group, a revolutionary group opposing Alexander II

James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny

allowed spinners to use multiple threads to produce yarn in larger quantities.

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Royal Society

an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science formed by Robert Boyle and eleven others in 1660, acted as a more permanent and systematic organization of scientific activity, granted a charter by Charles II, served as a headquarters and clearing center for research, began publishing Philosophical Transactions

Humanism

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Henry Cort

an inventor who created a process called puddling which produced malleable iron

Louis XIII

appointed the second Bourbon monarch at age nine. appointed Cardinal Richelieu to be his chief minister

charles I

assassinated, strict, catholic leanings; english leader

Johannes Kepler

assistant to Tycho Brahe who recorded the movements of known planets and when died he continued his work; formulated three laws of planetary motion: 1 the planets revolve around the run in elliptical orbit 2 planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach the sun 3 the time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies proportionately with its distance from the sun

Trades Unions

association and groups of skilled workers in the same profession who formed together to gain benefits from employers

Tabula Rasa

at birth the mind is a blank slate; argued by Locke

Baron d'Holbach

atheism and materialism

Catherine the Great

attempted to help russia by streamlining the state buruacracies, reforming local govts, promoting economic growth, met w/ philosophies but not ready for rad reform, ban liberties b/c of french revolution, voltaire and Diderot, private printing press, education for noble daughters, restricted torture, limited jewish tolerance, new enlightened law code but failed cuz of nobles

Lafayette

author of declaration of the rights of man/citizen; bring American revolution ideas; work with Thomas Jefferson

Class Consciousness

awareness of one's place in a system of social classes, especially (in Marxist terms) as it relates to the class struggle.

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713

balance of power threatened when childless Charles II of Spain died- his will bequeathed the throne to Louis's 17 year old grandson, Philip of Anjou; fearing a universal monarchy the nations of Europe led by England formed a Grand Alliance including Holland, Austria, Brandenburg, and the Italian duchy of Savoy; proved to be a costly struggle that left France weak; war's huge debt played a key role in worsening financial and social tensions

Modern Art

be inventions such as the camera and the cinema posed a new challenge to how artists traditionally portrayed people and places, newly enriched bourgeois provide much of the patronage for modern artists

Deductive Method

began by doubling all notions based on authority or custom; started with a self-evident axiom known to be true; then used logical reasoning to deduce various inferences

Fredrick William, The Great Elector

began the process of forging the Hohenzollern territories into a strong power; recognized that a well equipped army would protect his territories and enable him to play a role in European Balance-of -power politics; demanded and received the loyalty of the Junkers and in exchange they would receive full power over the serfs who labored on their estates

Inductive Method

begins with direct observation of phenomena. this produces data that is systematically recorded and organized. the data leads to a tentative hypothesis that is retested in additional experiments

Anarchists

belief in the abolition of all government

Deism

belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature; believed that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason

Scientific Method

beliefs in the existence of regular patterns in nature; use of controlled experiments to systematically record facts and verify hypotheses; search for mathematical formulas to describe natural phenomena

Frederick William I

built up Prussian army; show off Prussian power, military first

Seven Years' War

canada; brit took quebec from france west indies: brit control french sugar island india: b took f trading ports prussia almost lost but survived bc russia left war

Impressionism

captured a moment in time: slice of life interested in the fleeting effects of light in color depicted leisure activities if the parisian bourgieosise

Gare St. Lazare

captures the great clouds of steam and smoke as a train arrives at a paris railway station

Ronald Reagan

conservative Pres during height of cold war; saw tearing down of Berlin Wall, end cold war with Gorbachev

Rene Descartes

contributed to scientific developments by advocating a deductive method for the search for truth

Sir Francis Bacon

contributed to scientific developments by advocating an inductive method for scientific experimentation; argued that this process of controlled experimentation would lead to the formulation of universal principles

Pugchev's Rebllion

cossack solider Emillian Pugchev lead uprising of serfs along river, ended when he was captured and killed, marked end of Cath reforms, cath gave power to nobles to prevent future rebellion

Pope Paul III

counter reformation pope; created Jesuit order

Treaty of Utrecht

created a new balance of power that preserved peace for thirty years after the War of Spanish Succession

Act of Union 1801

created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Picasso, Braque, Dali

cubism painters

Louis XIV The Sun King

deaths of Richelieu and Louis XIII left the monarchy of France in this five year old's hands and his chief minister Cardinal Mazarin. the Fronde forced him to flee Paris and vowed to control the nobility. most powerful french monarch- did not share power with parliament: "i am the state". increased powers of the intendants, refused to appoint a chief minister, and regularly attended meetings of his four great councils, continued Richelieu's policy of reducing political power of the French nobility, excluded nobles from key positions and instead appointed men from bourgeoisie and recently ennobled families. determined foriegn policy, commanded the army, and supported the arts, revoked the edict of nantes. wanted two things- expand france's natural frontiers and to make france a global power by inheriting spanish Habsburg possessions in the New World and in Europe however balances of power thwarted him

Declaration of Pillnitz

declaring that the restoration of absolutism in France was of "common interest to all sovereigns of Europe"

Religion of the enlightenment

deism A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Boris Yelstin

democratically elected Russian leader that brought the Cold War to an end

Centralism

denotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader

Le Bal aun Moulin de la Galette

depicts friends dancing and dining at a popular outdoor cafe

Picasso, Guernica

depicts the confusion and horror caused by germany's unprovoked attack on a previously peaceful spanish village

Versailles

designed of be a visible symbol of Louis XIV's absolute power and greatness. underscored France's cultural dominance, french art, philosophy, architecture, and fashions were envied and copied throuhgout the continent

James II

despite opposition from the Whigs, he inherited the throne. promptly adopted policies that antagonized both Whigs and Tories. determined to return England to catholicism and appointed catholics to influential positions of power. second wife gave birth to the next heir

Fredrick William I

determined to build a poweful army; during reign Prussian military doubld to over 80,000 men;

Charles VI

did not have a male heir; determined to insure a safe succession for his daughter maria theresa and drew up a document called the Pragmatic Sanction that stated that the territories of the Habsburg empire were indivisible and that she would inherit the throne and all Habsburg lands

Women's March to Versailles

difficulty of buying bread; invaded palace and demanded that the King returned to Paris with them

Racism

discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race

Jean-Antoine Houston- Voltaire Seated

dressed the revered writer in classical robes to emphasize his wisdom and republican virtures

Tennis Court Oath, June 1789

each estate had one vote; let 1 and 2 impose their will over 3; rejected the method of voting and demanded that all three estates meet together led by Abbe Sieyes; when king refused 3 declared itself the National Assembly of France

Coal Mines Act of 1843

eliminated the employment of men under ten in the mines and women as well

Jean baptiste Colbert

encourage development of guilds/organization of businesses; heavily tax poor and nobles; had to pay for versailles/all of Louis XIV stuff; mercantilist policy; economy based on agriculture; financial minister

Mikhail Gorbachev

end cold war, tear down Berlin wall, last president of USSR; reforms and attempt diplomacy

Greenwich observatory

english astronomer frank watson dyson director of what observatory Where is it the Prime Meridian?The Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation, and is best known as the location of the prime meridian. It is situated on a hill in Greenwich Park, overlooking the River Thames. The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August. Allowed the King to have a strong oversight over the work done by scientific communities in England.

Enclosure Movement

english land owners fenced in land, allowed them to implement agriculture innovations; poor rural people had to move to cities and work in factories

Berlin Conference

established the "rules" for conquest of Africa.

The Directory (1795-1799)

executive body of five men; proved to be corrupt and unpopular; failed to deal with infaltion, food shortages, and corruption

Michealangelo

famous painter and sculptor who painted the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel in the Vatican and statue of David

Benito Mussolini

fascist dictator of Italy

Giotto

father of Renaissance painting

Margaret Cavendish

female scientist; natural philosopher

Wollstonecraft

feminism; women are equal to men

Michael Romanov

first Romanov; increase stability and military power in Russia

George Stephenson's Rocket

first locomotive used on public railway lines it went 16 miles per hour

Wright brothers

first successful flight/airplane

Cardinal Richelieu

focused on breaking power of French nobility; set up system that took noble power and gave it to government officials; rule through Louis XIII (young king)

Fourierism

founded by Charles Fourier. he believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures of human being naturally seek. He advocated phalanxes in which agrarian labor dominated and people could rotate tasks throughout the day

Royal Society in England

founded in 1660 they enjoyed international prestige; sponsored by govts and monarchs scientist society in England to promote research and spread scientific knowledge

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Emmeline Pankhurst

founded the Women's Social and Political Union becasue she was infuriated by parliaments refusal to allow females the right to vote

Jacobins

french revolutions wanted to overthrow monarchy and create republic; radical

Intendants

french royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. played a key role in establishing french absolutism

William of Orange

from Netherlands, rule England with wife Mary; start/run Glorious Revolution

Charlotte Corday

girondin sympathizer, kill Marat because thought his writings were causing too much killing/pain

Oligarchy

government in which ruling power belongs to a few people

Ivan I

grand duke of Moscow; attributed with rise of Moscow; first ruler of independent Russia

Ivan III

grand prince of Moscow and Russia; triple territory; push Golden Horde out of Russia

Concordante of 1801

granted the CC special status as the religion "majority of the Frenchmen"; pop regained the right to confirm Church dignitaries; deposed bishops and reopened religious seminaries; pope recognized french govt except loss of church properties

Physiocrats

group of eighteenth century French economists led by francois Quesnay; criticized mercantilist regulations and called for free trade

Philosophes

group of thinkers and writers who espoused enlightened ideas; formed a grand "republic of letters"; dedicated to exposing social problem and proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws; mainly french but could be found in the American colonies; humans should rely on reason to improve society, natural laws can by discovered by human reason, believed happiness was an inalienable human right, first europeans to believe in social progress; intellectual freedom was a natural right, advocated full religious tolerance

Charlotte Corday

guillotined; kill Marat in his bathtub because thought his death would stop all the killing/radicalism

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

heir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated .; sparked WWI

Christine de Pizan

highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against men's objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women

Louis XVI

his wife is marie antinette; unpopular and frivolous and everyone hated them because they had better lives

Romanov Dynasty

hoping to restore order, assembly of nobles elected Micheal Romanov to be next czar which ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917

Anti- Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Johann Tetzel

huge indulgence seller; fire/brimstone preaching; raise money for basilica; German

Pico della Mirandola

humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness

Woodcuts

illustrations made by carving a picture in a block of wood, inking it, and pressing it onto paper, originated in China and Korea earlier

Clause Monet

impression sunrise; the view of the harbor at le habré have impressionism its name gare st lazare; captures the great clouds of steam and smoke as a train arrives at a paris railway station

tulip inflation

inflation of the tulip bulb then quick decline in prices caused many to loose their homes and business similar to housing market crashA time during the Dutch Golden Age when the price of Tulip bulbs became exhorbitantly high and then crashed Tulips were introduced into Europe around 1550. People went crazy over them and began buying up the new fad. The supply of tulips could not meet the demand, and prices began to rise. People were spending all their savings on bulbs and once the mania reached its peach, tulip prices began to decline. Many Dutch families lost property and were left with now worthless bulbs.

Gottlieb Daimler

invent internal combustion engine, first automobile

Thomas Edison

invent lightbulb

James Watt

invent steam engine

Alexander Grahm bell

invent telephone

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny in the mid-1760s

Galileo Galilei

italian scientist who used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in mathematical formulas; first people to use a telescope; discoveries provided irrefutable support for the heliocentric view; under threat of torture from Pope Urban VII retracted his support for the copernican theory

Vittorio Emanuele

king of united Italy; part of crimean war

Pierre Auguste Renoir

le bal au Moulin de la Galette

Ghandi

leader in Indian independence; peaceful protest

Leon Trotsky

leader of red army, supposed to succeed lenin; jewish; killed by stalin

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety who intiated the Reign of Terror

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Danton

leader of the mountain; part of committee of public safety; guillotined by Robespierre; people loved him

Danton

leader of the mountain; part of committee of public safety; guillotined during reign of terror; excellent speaker

Benjamin Disraeli

leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867;

Charles Parnell

led Irish nationalists seeking a debate on home rule, or self-government, in parliament

Reign of Terror

led by Robspierre; created the community of public safety to defend france and safeguard the revolution; executed the queen, his chief rivals, and thousands of "dangerous" class enemies

Committee of Public Safety

led by Robspierre; exercised dictoral powers as it carried out a Reign of terror

Ottoman Empire

led by Suleiman the Magnificent; a series of ambitious rulers revitalized the Ottoman Empire; when Austrian forces reinforced by the Poles and Germans successfully repelled the Turks; marked the beginning of a steady decline in the Ottoman power

Suleiman the Magnificent

led the Ottoman Empire and threatened Vienna

Abbe Sieyes

led the Tennis Court Oath

The Napoleonic Code

legal experts consolidated hundred of locals law code to create one uniformed code; women and children were repressed

Nationalism

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

Saint Simon

management of wealth, socialist

Jacquerie

massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation

Geocentric Universe

medieval philosophers accepted view that held that the earth was a motionless body located at the center of the universe; the sun, moon, and planets all moved around the earth in perfectly circular paths; accepted by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Church

microscope

microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. Allowed the study of microscopic life by Robert Hooke in his Microphagia, as well as other scientific discoveries during the scientific revolution from the 16th to 18th century.

Working Class

mixture of several groups agricultural laborers, industrial workers, domestic servants

Chartism

movement demanded universal male suffrage

Georges Braque, Violin and Candlestick

much of the painting is a jumble of fragmented cubes and other solid geometric shapes, painted in little cubes

Greek War for Independence

n, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

Thermidorian Reaction

name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the french revolution; associated with the end of the reign of terror; reassertion of the bourgeoisie in the Directotry

Luddites

named after ned loud, frustarted english workers known as this broke into early textile factories and smashed machiery, did not stop IR, parliament quickly reasponde​d by passing a law making the destruction of machines a capital pffesnse, realized it wouldnt ​improve their lives, had to form kabor unions to fught for higher wages and better working coditions​

Jean Baptiste Colbert

named controller general of finances. worked tirelessly to strengthen frances economy by implementing strict mercantilist policies. expanded manufacturing by abolishing domestic tariffs that inhibited trade. protected french products by placing high tariffs on goods coming into the country. recognized the importance of colonies as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods, encouraged people to emigrate to canada where lucrative fur trade promoted french commerce. able to raise royal revenues and promote economic growth. was unable to make the tax system more equitable and nobles continued to enjoy the exceptions while peasants continued to bear a disproportionate tax burden

Continental system

napolean closed all european ports to british ships and goods; hoped it would create a depression in great britian while creatign prosperity in france; led to fight between russia and france

Milos Obrenovic

negotiated admin autonomy for Serbia, got more land for Serbia

Neoclassical art

neoclassical style supplanted rococo during the 1780s; key figures were depcited as classical heros; works portrayed the classical vitures of self-sacrifice and devotion to the state

separation of the powers

no one branch is given all the power, powers are split among the branches What did Montesquieu say legislative, executive,judicial

Marquis de Lafayette

not a Jacobin

Dialectical process

of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis; thesis is the dominant state of affairs-inevitably gives rise to a conflicting or contradictory force called the antithesis; resulting clash between the thesis and the antithesis produces a new state f affairs called the synthesis

Pertrach

one of the earliest and most influential humanists. "father of Renaissance humanism" great poet

Jan van Eyck

one of the first in Europe to use oil paints successfully which enabled a wide variety of colors, religious scenes and portraits all show realism and remarkable attention to human personality

Habsburgs

one of the oldest dynasties in Europe; most of the Holy Roman Emperors were this; power suffered a series of setbacks following the devastation of the Thirty Year War and the extinction of the line in Spain; their empire embraced a large number of ethnic groups who were unified only by their catholic faith and their loyalty to the dynasty

Labor Unions

organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Baron Georges Haussmann

oversee a vast project to redesign Paris, wide avenues, impressive monuments, and expens

Napoleon Bonaparte

part of soldiers under the levy of masses that fought the first coalition that was patriotic and talented

Factory Acts

passed between 1802 and 1819 these acts limited labor for kids 9-16 to twelve hours a day and forbid any work for children under nine

Boxer Rebellion

patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western domination defeated by a multi-national force of imperial powers

Rococo Art

peak during reign of Louis XV; depicted lighthearted and often frivolous scenes of "nobles at play"; light colored pastels; highly decorated interior ceilings

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war

Little Ice Age

period from 1350-1850 in which European temperatures dropped dramatically,cooler and wetter

Albert Einstein

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity

Anti-Semitism

policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews

Imperialism

policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Socialism

political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Adam Smith

political economist; father of capitalism; theory of invisible hand (free market balance itself)

John Locke

political philosopher; ideas basis for American political system; humans naturally good, rulers should meet their needs; religious toleration

Thomas Hobbes

political philosopher; people are inherently bad, rulers should be absolute and people should submit

Nicolasa Copernicus

polsih clergyman and astronomer; wrote ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES; directly challenged the geocentric view of the universe and presented a heliocentric view

Pope Clement

pope during sacking of Rome; side with Francis 1 (French) against Charles V to push him out of Rome

Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin

post impressionistic painters

Modernism

practices typical of contemporary life or thought

nativism

preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.

Heliocentric Universe

presented by Copernicus a view in which the earth revolved around the sun, which was the center of the universe

Cubism

presented multiple views of the same object fragmented forms into flat jagged shapes portrayed flat, two dimensional space without traditional linear perspectives

Franklin D Roosevelt

president of US during WWII; New Deal after depression; put US in war after pearl harbor

Cult of Domesticity

prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and the United Kingdom that places women and men in separate spheres

Count Cavor

prime minister of sardinia-piedmont, provoked austria into a war which led to the reunification of the northern italian states. United Italy

British Combinations Acts

probhitbied brt workers from organizing to improve their conditions, par repealed bc of labor and middle class reformers,

Bishop Bossuet

prominent french churchman, renowned orator, and principal theorist of the seventeenth century doctrine of absolutism. argued that all power comes from God and that the king inherited his position and authority from God. Royal power was absolute and subjects must obey them as direct representatives of god on earth. monarchs also had to obey God's laws and were responsible to God for their conduct

Bourbon Family

protestant family; want throne during French religious wars

Thomas Hobbes

published "Leviathan", horrors of the english civil war left a deep impression on him. beliefs on human nature- human beings are naturally self-centered and prone to violence, are motivated to increase pleasure and minimize pain, engage in perpetual and restless desire for power; beliefs on the state of nature- people know neither peace nor security, life is a solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short; strong government- without govt, life would be intolerable and civilization impossible, govt is the result of human necessity rather than divine ordination, people give up their personal liberty to attain security and order, and fearing anarchy more than tyranny, Hobbes argued that rulers should have absolute and unlimited political authority

Sir Issac Newton

published Principia; mechanism concept of the universe dominated western thought until the discoveries of Einstein; challenged relationship between humanity and the universe

Principia

published by Sir Issac Newton; work combined Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's laws of inertia and falling bodies, and Newton's own conception of gravitation into a single mathematical law of universal gravitation

Marat

radical Jounalist; hero of sans culotte; wrote friend of the people newspaper; assassinated by Charlotte corday

Marat

radical journalist during french revolution; killed in bathtub by Charlotte Corday

Peter the Great

recognized that Russia had fallen behind the west vowed to transform Russia into a great power; created a standing army trained by foreign officers and built a russian navy; introduced potato, imported skilled workers, allowed women to appear in public without veils, forced nobles to shave; started the Great Northern war between Sweden and Russia; built St.Petersburg; required every noble to serve in the army or in the civil administration and construct costly town houses; economy rested on exploitation of the serfs

Nicolaus Copernicus

reject earth centered universe; polish priest/astronomer; heliocentric model

Witch Hunts

religious reformers stressed the great powers of the Devil that reinforced the widespread belief in witchcraft; women were believed to be weak and susceptible to the Devil's Temptations;older- widowed women usally lacked woer and became scapgoats for soiccal and economic stress

Voltaire

religious tolerance, separation of church and state

Zemstovs

representative bodies in Russia that brought about local rule

The English Bill of Rights of 1689

required by Parliament to be accepted by William of Orange and Mary. contained the following key provisions -the members of parliament enjoyed the right to free debate -taxation required parliamentary consent -laws could be made only with the consent of Parliament -the monarch could not be Roman Catholic - Parliament would hold frequent sessions -Parliament could be dissolved only by its own consent -no subject could be arrested and detained without legal consent

Congress of Vienna

restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon's reigns; involves Metternich, Pinciple of legitimacy, and balance of powers -russia got more polish land -Sweden retained Norway -Prusia got 2/5 of saxony and territory in the Rhineland across France -Austria got north Italy provinces of Lombardy and Ventia for their loss of Belgium -Britain gained territory for overseas empires Established a settlement acceptable to both victors and to France ; Created balance of powers until unification of Germany in 1871 ; represented a temporary triumph for conservatives; leaders could not contain forced of liberalism and nationalism unleashed by the French Revolution

Francois Boucher-Cupid a Captive

rococo- depicts a "captive Cupid bound with flowers enjoying the company of a group of charming captors

Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera

rococo- depicts a group of amorous couples who have spent a day at a magical island dedicated to Venus

enlightened absolutism

rulers tried to overn enlightened rulers who obey the laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects and only strong enlightened monarchs can reform society European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers

William Robertson

scottish presbyterian and humanist; popularize ideas of Newton

Montesquieu

separation of church and state; separation of powers

Fronde

series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652. played a key role in Louis XIV decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace

rousseaeu

set forth his ideas about government and society in "the social contract"A French philosopher who believed that human beings are naturally good and should rely on their instincts; government should be democratic and exist only to protect common good.

Joint-Stock Investment Banks

several small investors would buy stock in rising new companies in order to make a profit

Industrial Revolution

shifted Europe from a traditional economy focused on farming to a economy focused on industry and production of goods

Henry IV

signed the Edict of Nantes giving religious toleration to the French Huguenots establishing him as politque who placed political expediency above religious principles. appointed Duke of Sully as his chief minister who made the french tax system more efficient; with Sully began the process of raising revenue by selling govt offices that conferred nobility; assassinated leaving his nine year old son Louis XIII as the second Bourbon monarch

Luddites

skilled craftspeople who attacked machines and the industrial revolution since it was causing them to lose their jobs

Rosseau

social contract theory; republic, individual freedoms; born good but corrupted by society

Battle of Austerlitz

solidifed napoleans reputation as military genius Battle on December 2nd, 1805. Napoleon crushed Austrian and Russian Armies. spread nationalism and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire

William and Mary

son in law and daughter of James II raised protestant and son in law was a powerful Dutch leader. Whigs and Tories invited them to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism leading James II to flee to France

James I

son of Mary queen of scots; believe in divine right of kings; lots of scandal and corruption

Charles Fourier

sought planned economy and socialist communities, described socialist utopia

Richard Arkwright's Water Frame

spinning machine that used water or a horse to power the loom.

The Encyclopedia

spread enlightened thinking across Europe and North America; undermined and established authority by including articles about controversial political and religious subjects

circulatory system

structure of the Human Body (Newton used sketches from Da Vinci to outline the circulatory system) Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body. Dissected human bodies to better understand them. He disproved Galen's theory of the Liver being the center of the circulatory system.

Robot

system of forced labor used in Eastern Europe. peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. the system was abolished in 1848

putting-out system

system of merchant-capitalists delivering raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment A system developed in the eighteenth century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. A preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. For example, watch manufacturers in Swiss towns employed villagers to make parts for their products. The system enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild regulations.

Galileo Galilei

telescope; mathematician/tutor for Medici; church had issues with him

Wilhelm

the German kaiser (king) during World War I; influenced by Bismark

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Theory of Evolution

the best scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of life; proposed by Charles Darwin

Marxism

the economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Petrarch

the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

Positivism

the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)

Agricultural Revolution

the innovations in farm production that began in eighteenth century Holland and spread to England; these advances replaced the open-field agriculture system with a more scientific and mechanized system of agriculture

Bourgeoisie

the middle class

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of James II by daughter, Mary, and husband, William of Orange that placed clear limits on the power of the English monarchy. England became a constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy

Chartism

the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people

the spectator

the spectator First periodical in England; imitated by Benjamin Franklin in America with "Poor Richard's Almanac".Publication by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, which urged for polite conversation and reading 1711-1712, published daily, frontrunner in the growing of public and private spheres, 60,000-80,000 people read (out of 3,000), people could express their opinions without the fear of punishment, promoted Enlightenment ideas, published daily (people could have access to updated information)ki written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, fostered the value of polite conversation and the reading of books

Louis XIV

the sun king; french ruler for 76 years; Catholic; absolutist - consolidate power; build Versailles

nihilism

the total rejection of religious or moral beliefs

Empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Cosimo de Medici

the wealthiest European of his time; virtual dictator of Florence for 30 years

Cholera

this disease was rampant in overcrowded cities and causes severe vomiting and diarrhea that lead to dehydration and death

the Poor Law of 1834

this law forced poor people to enter work houses where they worked long hard hours

the Cottage System

this system died out with the Industrial Revolution and inventions of new machines like power looms

Estates General

three estates- 1 clergy: CC held 20% of land; paid no direct taxes; gave govt 2% of income;; 2 nobility: comprised 2-4% of population and owned 25% of land;; 3 everyone else: 95% of population; diverse group of farmers, urban workers, middle class shop keepers, wealthy merchants, and successful lawyers; resented aristocratic privileges

James II

took throne in England after Charles II; tries to dismiss parliament; William and Mary replace him

cossaks

undertook their own campaigns of expansion and vastly extended the range of Russian influence.

Newtonian Universe

universe is governed by universal laws that can be expressed in mathematical formulas; vast machine, created by Good but working according to universal laws that could be discovered, mastered, and utilized to improve human life; supernatural and miraculous forces played no role here

Canals

used to link rivers and major cities together, it was a cheap easy way to transport products on boats

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello

uses a dome and symmetrical portico to create a new republican architecture

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii

uses an event from roman history to extol the republican virtues of honor and self sacrifice

Robert Owens

utopian who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland, built satisfactory housing for his workers and established schools for their children

September Massacres

violence exploded in paris; mobs of sans-culottes executed over a thousands of priests, bourgeoise, and aristocrats; marks second french revolution dominated by radicals

Girondists

wanted to involve france in a war that would discredit monarchy and extend france's revolutionary ideals across europe; moderate republican

Henry VIII

was the English King who declared himself head of the Church of England, had many wives did that to be able to divorce

Cardinal Richelieu

was the real ruler of France from appointment as chief minister to his death. worked tirelessly and successfully to enhance royal power and was a politique who placed public order above religious zeal. determined to weaken the nobility and replaced nobles with royal officials called intendants who implemented royal orders. intendants were typically middle class or minor nobles drawn from the nobility of the robe- strengthened royal power curbed noble political power but did not lessen their economic or social privileges. supported the Protestants powers during the Thirty-Year War. his skillful diplomacy and well timed interventions helped defat the Habsburgs and make France the leading European power

King Louis XV

weak French leader who was dominated by his royal mistresses and court favorites; nobles regained much of the power and privileges lost during the reign of Louis XIV; govt debts continued to mount

the Workhouse

were the poor were forced to live due to the Poor Law

Peter the Great

westernize russia; military reform; build St Petersburg as capital to centralize power; expand borders; increase education

National Assembly of France

when locked out they met in tennis court to take oath to not disband until they wrote a constitution; marks beginning of french revolution

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

Marie Antoinette

wife of Louis XVI; extravagant; hated by French people; executed

Mary Wortly Montagu

wife to British ambassador to Turkey; wrote positively about Islam, women, life in the ottoman empire

Sans - Culottes

working people of Paris characterized by their long working pants; support for radical politics

Karl Marx

write communist manifesto

Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith; landmark book that gave birth to classical economic thought; ideas in the role of govt, free markets, and self interest and " invisible hand"

Spirit of Laws

written by Baron de Montesquieu that represented an attempt to create a "social science" by applying the methods of the natural sciences to the study of govt; separate powers into powers; divided authority to protect the rights of individuals by preventing one branch of govt from gaining unrestricted control over the entire society

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

written by John Locke; argued that at birth the human mind is a blank slate; all knowledge is derived from experience; human development is shaped by educational and social institutions

Social Contract

written by Rousseau; a treatise on politics and govt ; one of the most influential books on political theory in European history; argued that individuals entered into a social contract with one another

Emile

written by Rousseau; ideas on education- "natural education" should replace the rigid schooling typical of his time: 1 children entitled to an education that emphasizes freedom and happiness 2 education must be individualized since every mind has its own form 3 children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions from experience

Thomas Hobbes

wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

Abbe Sieyes

wrote 'What is the third estate'; rally french behind 3rd estate; instrumental in napoleon's coup

Abbe Sieyes

wrote 'what is the third estate'; clergy man; invited/asked Napoleon to overthrow gov/help in gov; instrumental in his coup etat

Dante

wrote Divine Comedy, an epic poem of 100 verses three parts that describe hell purgatory and paradise it portrays contemporary and historical figures, secular and ecclesiastical affairs, and draws on the scholastic philosophy of uniting faith and reason

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

wrote EMILE and THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; committed to defending individual freedom and changing the existing social order; distrusted reason and science; trusted emotions and spontaneous feeling more than cold logic

John Locke

wrote ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING; undermined the traditional Christian assertion that humankind was inherently sinful; education is essential since we have unlimited potential; optimistic view of human potential influenced the philosophies' emphasis on the important role of education on shaping social progress

Gotthold Lessing

wrote Nathan the Wise; plea for religious tolerance

Adam Smith

wrote THE WEALTH OF NATIONS ;most influential advocate of laissez-faire economy; combined thought of his predecessors into a single system based upon the study and application of natural laws

Castiglione

wrote The Courtier; how to be the ultimate renaissance man

Domestic Servants

young peasant women often left home to work for the bourgeois by taking care of their house doing cooking and cleaning as well as laundry