Ap Euro Unit 1

Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait? Answer A: Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style Answer B: Religious authorities who wished to emphasize the emotional aspects of Christian faith Answer C: Government officials who sought to be portrayed as figures from classical mythology Answer D: Protestant religious dissidents who favored art that broke with traditional Catholic motifs

A

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century? Answer A: The growing prosperity of new commercial groups Answer B: The spread of knowledge about European exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas Answer C: The attempts by new monarchs to create more centralized states Answer D: The increasing production of vernacular texts

A

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe? Answer A: The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature. Answer B: The printing press allowed for easier publication of laws and legal findings. Answer C: The printing press led to the creation of guilds and craft associations dedicated to the production of books and pamphlets. Answer D: The printing press encouraged the spread of humanist ideas from Italy to northern Europe.

A

"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following? Answer A: The diffusion of Renaissance humanist ideas to areas outside Italy Answer B: The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible Answer C: The establishment of mandatory systems of national education Answer D:The growth of representative forms of government as alternatives to absolutism

B

"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe? Answer A: The development of natural philosophy based on inductive and deductive reasoning Answer B: The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism Answer C: The continued reliance on traditional supernatural explanations of the world Answer D: The development of Baroque dramatic forms to enhance the stature of elites

B

"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." The passage above best reflects the argument of Answer A: Thomas More Answer B: Machiavelli Answer C: Louis XIV Answer D: Frederick the Great Answer E: Napoleon I

B

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in Answer A: New World cultures Answer B: classical antiquity Answer C: medieval theology Answer D: democratic reform

B

Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance? Answer A: The growing emphasis on secularism Answer B: The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism Answer C: The growing emphasis on rationality and empiricism Answer D:The growing emphasis on portraying common people

B

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their Answer A: concern over the threat posed by the expansion of the Islamic Ottoman Empire Answer B: desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church Answer C: attempts to revive belief in the ancient Greek and Roman gods Answer D: hope to create a new religion based on reason rather than tradition

B

The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on Answer A: a close alliance with the papacy Answer B: the influence and wealth of their bank Answer C: the support of the lower classes Answer D: the support of a powerful citizen militia Answer E: their tenure in various municipal offices

B

The house above, designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of Answer A: Egyptian palaces Answer B: Roman baths Answer C: classical temples Answer D: Byzantine monasteries Answer E: medieval castles

C

The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance? Answer A: The challenge to the power of universities Answer B: The continued interest in religious themes Answer C: The revival of interest in classical works Answer D: The development of Christian humanism

C

Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s? Answer A: Subsidies from new monarchs for the establishment of official government printing presses Answer B: Interest in new geographic discoveries being made by European explorers Answer C: Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper Answer D: Demand for vernacular versions of the Christian Bible

C

Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following? Answer A: Machiavelli's criticism of Italian political systems in The Prince Answer B: Galileo's science-based inquiries that threatened the authority of Catholic worldviews Answer C: Erasmus' arguments in favor of religious toleration and criticizing traditional superstitions Answer D:Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses

D

Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim Answer A: that Lutheranism was a heresy Answer B: of supremacy over the Orthodox Church Answer C: that good works were necessary for salvation Answer D: to extensive territories in Italy Answer E: to supremacy over church councils

D

The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the Answer A: renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities Answer B: capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers Answer C: antireligious movement among leading Italian intellectuals Answer D: scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome Answer E: non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature

D

They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours; they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they tum about." The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in Answer A: Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier Answer B: Shakespeare's Julius Caesar Answer C: More's Utopia Answer D: Machiavelli's The Prince Answer E: Cellini's Autobiography

D

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas? Answer A: The printing press required specialized knowledge and training to operate efficiently. Answer B: The printing press spread relatively quickly to many areas of Europe beyond the Rhineland region where it was first developed. Answer C: The Catholic Church attempted to control the production of religious texts by establishing approval procedures and lists of forbidden books. Answer D: The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

D

All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT Answer A: equestrian statues Answer B: nude figures Answer C: portraits Answer D: figures from mythology Answer E: peasant life

E

Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? Answer A: Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. Answer B: Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. Answer C: Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good. Answer D: Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters Answer E: Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

E