AP Euro Unit 7

Isaac Newton

In the 17th and 18th century, Isaac Newton was an English physicist and was prominent leader in the Enlightenment. He concluded that all objects moved through mutual attraction, or gravity.

John Locke

In the 17th and 18th century, John Locke was an English philosopher and was prominent leader in the Enlightenment. In his "Second Treatise of Government" he argued for a type of government that is responsible for the ones governed.

Cesare Beccaria

In the 18 century, Cesare Beccaria was and Italian aristocrat and philosophe. He published "On Crimes and Punishments", where he critically analyzed the problem of making punishments both potent and just.

Laissez-faire

In the 18th century France, Smith was known as the founder of laissez-faire economic though and policy. It favored a limited role for the government within the economy.

Physiocrats

In the 18th century France, economic reformers were known as physiocrats, who believed the role of the government was to protect property and to allow the owners to use it as they wished. They believed

Adam Smith

In the 18th century, Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher, who believed economic liberty was the basis of a natural economic system. He argued that the mercantile system of England should be abolished, because it ruined the expansion of wealth and production. The best encouragement of economic growth was to allow individuals to claim their own economic interests.

Baron de Montesquieu

In the 18th century, Baron de Montesquieu was a philosophe, a noble of the robe, and a member of provincial parliament, that used Islamic culture to criticize European society. He wrote, "Spirit of the Laws", which showed the conflict of the Enlightenment and pursued an empirical method.

Baruch Spinoza

In the 18th century, Baruch Spinoza was a Jewish Dutch writer. He led a secularized version of Judaism.

Catherine the Great of Russia

In the 18th century, Catherine the Great of Russia was the ruler of Russia. She was influenced by the Enlightenment and sought to reform her empire with these ideas.

David Hume

In the 18th century, David Hume was a Scottish philosopher who argued that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles in Christianity. He claimed this idea in his "Inquiry into Human Nature".

Denis Diderot

In the 18th century, Denis Diderot was a prominent French philosopher and a writer during the Enlightenment. He was a co-founder, editor, and writer to the Encyclopedia.

Emilie Du Châtelet

In the 18th century, Emilie Du Châtelet translated Principia Mathematica of Newton into French, this drastically spread due to the common language of French. Also, she was the mistress to Voltaire, and helped him publish "Elements of the Philosopher of Newton".

Frederick the Great of Prussia

In the 18th century, Frederick the Great of Prussia was the King of Prussia who ,He won many victories, reorganized the army, was a patron of the arts, and succeeded in the Seven Year's War.

Immanuel Kant

In the 18th century, Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who defined the Enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self-impose immaturity". This meant Enlightenment was when a man moved on to sharing his own and accepting other's intellectual ideas.

Jean d'Alembert

In the 18th century, Jean d'Alembert was a French philosopher and mathematician. He was a co-editor of the Encyclopedia with Denis Diderot.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosophe that disfavored the world and society he lived in. In his "Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences", he argued that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment ruined human nature.

Joseph II of Austria

In the 18th century, Joseph II Austria was the Holy Roman Emperor, and the ruler of the Habsburg lands. He was an Enlightenment monarch, and his policies were known as Josephinism.

Madame de Pampadour

In the 18th century, Madame de Pampadour was the mistress of King Louis XV, who was prominent in the attempts to censor the Encyclopedia. She ruined the publication of works by criticizing the philosophes.

Marquis de Condorcet

In the 18th century, Marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist. He advocated for a liberal economy.

Mary Wollstonecraft

In the 18th century, Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer who argued against Rousseau to policies of the French Revolution that was unfair to women that he inspired. She accused Rousseau who believed in the traditional roles for women.

Moses Mendelssohn

In the 18th century, Moses Mendelssohn was a Jewish German writer and leading philosopher. He established the main outlines of an assimilationist position and supported the acceptance of Jews into modern European life.

Olympe de Gouges

In the 18th century, Olympe de Gouges was a French political activist. Her most prominent work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen", which challenged dominance of men and supported gender equality.

Print culture

In the 18th century, Print culture was a culture where books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets became prominent within the Enlightenment society. Although it was highly censored by 17th century governments, the number of printed material grew drastically.

Four-stage theory

In the 18th century, Scottish thinkers and Smith supported the Four-stage theory, a theory of human social and economic development within "The Wealth of Nations". They described the passage of human society through the stages as a movement away from barbarism to civilization. This theory allowed Europeans to look at themselves as the highest level of human achievement, and this led them to justify their economic and imperial domination of the world during the 19th century.

Voltaire

In the 18th century, Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer and philosopher, known for his opposition of the Catholic church. He supported freedom in religion and separation in church and state.

Deism

In the 18th century, deism was a set of ideas drawn with a belief that religious life and the life of reason could be blended. They hoped for a wide acceptance, which would revoke the fight within Christian sects and religious fanaticism.

Public opinion

In the 18th century, public opinion was a force on political and social life of views spread in print. It was discussed at homes, workplaces, and led places of leisure to be created for the purpose.

Encyclopedia

In the 18th century, the Encyclopedia was published, which was the most prominent within the Enlightenment and print culture. The publication was led by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d' Alembert, and was the work of a hundred authors. It was the greatest source of knowledge within society and economy during the time.

The Jewish Enlightenment

In the 18th century, the Jewish Enlightenment was an engagement with the secular world and a great study of Jewish religious books. Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn were the two major Jewish writers who debated over religion and where Jewish should reside in Europe.

Philosophes

In the 18th century, the philosophes were writers and critics who developed within the print culture, and who supported reform and toleration. They were literary figures, economists, or historians and they attempted to reason and criticize major institutions, economic practices, and religious policies.

First Partition of Poland

In the 18th century, was a series of three partitions that ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It removed the sovereign for around a century.