AP Euro Unit 8 Terms

Prince Klemens von Metternich

(1773-1859) He was the leader of the Congress of Vienna and thought it was necessary to restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions, which are necessary to re-establish peace and stability in Europe. He believed in the principles of legitimacy and intervention. He was a German politician and statesman.

Benjamin Disraeli

(1804-1881) This British statesmen was motivated by the desire to win over the newly enfranchised groups to the conservative party. He passed the Reform Act of 1867 lowering monetary requirements for voting thus increasing the number of voters.

nationalism

(late 18th century-present) A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country and also believed in some cases that each nationality should have its own government. This threatened the existing political order because many European states were multinational.

evolutionary socialism (revisionism)

(late 19th century) A socialist doctrine espoused by Eduard Bernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution. This stressed gradual progression for reform.

Kulturkampf

(late 19th century) Bismarck's "battle for civilization," in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church. This was essentially an attack on the Catholic Church's authority, but it proved counterproductive and was abandoned.

liberalism (economic and political)

(19th century-present) The belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. It believed in the concept of laissez-faire stating that state shouldn't interfere with the free play of national economic forces, especially supply and demand. This believed the state had only three functions: defending country, police protection, and construction and maintenance of public works. This also contained the belief of protection of civil liberties and basic rights of all people.

"The Woman Question"

(late 19th century) The debate over the role of women in society.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-1882) He was the military head of Italian unification who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy. He led an army known as the Red Shirts and was largely responsible for Italians' military victories.

William Gladstone

(1809-1898) British Liberal Party leader and prime minister, a chief rival of Disraeli. Gladstone's ministry included reforms in public education, civil service exams, and secret balloting. He also attempted to get Home Rule for Ireland but failed.

Count Camillo di Cavour

(1810-1861) He was the political head of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of Northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815) This was a meeting under Prince Klemens von Metternich with the Quadratic Alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Diplomatics at this meeting attempted to create a new balance of power. This group created the Germanic Confederation.

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule. He heavily influenced King William I and was a very shady man in his military tactics changing important letters and trying to force wars to encourage nationalism in Germany.

The Great Reform Bill of 1832

(1832) This is a limited reform of the British House of Commons including: an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied classes; abolished rotten boroughs; and empowered the industrial middle class.

conservatism

(1832-present) This political ideology that believed the state should be a partnership and no generation has the right to destroy said partnership. (Maistre and Burke) This that favors tradition in the forces for change, and is critical of proposals for radical social change.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) This conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. This only amplified the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire.

Danish War

(1864) This war arose when the Danish government tried to incorporate Schleswig and Holstein into Denmark outraging nationalists because both areas were largely German. Bismarck got Austria to ally with Prussia and defeated the Danish. Austria received Holstein and Prussia took Schleswig, this meant Austria would be excluded from Germany.

Austro-Prussian War

(1866) This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

Ausgleich

(1867) The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch.

Reform Act of 1867

(1867) This act, issued by Disraeli, lowered the amount of taxes one had to pay or the amount of income one had to make if you wanted to vote. Enfranchised many male workers in the city and the number of voters increased heavily. Meant to benefit the conservatives, but instead benefitted the Liberals.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870) This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck changing a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia.

Anarchism

(19th century) A radical political theory that opposes all forms of government; the act of opposing the dominant political leadership, often including acts of violence.

mass society

(19th century) A society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties and start to develop a loyalty to the state.

Unification of Germany

(19th century) In 1815, the German states formed a loose confederation called the German confederation. Otto von Bismark helped to unify Germany.He began by starting a war against Denmark to gain Schleswig and Holstein. He then fought the Austrians, where he took control of norther Germany. He then defeated the French and completed the unification of Germany. (Included wars: Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War)

Risorgimento

(19th century) Italian nationalist movement in the 19th century to unify the Italian people under one ruler and not be under the control of Austria's dominating power.

Marxism

(19th century) The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by reforms and strikes.

Unification of Italy

(19th century) This movement began with the nationalist leader, Giuseppe Mazzini who founded Young Italy with goal to constitute Italy as one free independent, republican nation. In 1860, ally of Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Successors of Count Camillo Cavour acquired Venetia and soon Rome was won back when France had to withdraw its troops during the Franco-Prussian War. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire.

realism

(late 18th century) An artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be. The goal was to not idealize the world, but show its realities whether they beautiful or horrible.

principle of intervention

(mid-late 19th century) This principle of the Concert of Europe stated that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where revolutions were to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones. Great Britain was the only major who refused to agree to this policy.