AP European Chapter 14: Age of Exploration

Ming Dynasty

What: The imperial dynasty of China When: 1368 to 1644 Where: China Why:The Chinese dynasty that ended the Mongol empire in 1368. During this time, China experienced a period of agricultural and commercial expansion, population growth, and urbanization.

Qing Dynasty

What: The last Imperial dynasty which was overthrown by revolutionaries When: 1644 to 1912 Where: China Why: Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty, the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese minorities within the empire were Sinicized, and an integrated national economy was established.

Cartography

What: The production of maps or charts that were made showing a specific geographic area When: The 14th century up because of the age of exploration Where: the European countries that were traveling to the New World Why: The creation of charts and maps that showed the superimposition of political, cultural, or other non-geographical divisions of an area of land.

Conquistadores

Who: Explorers that originated from Spain and were sent to explore the New World When: 15th and 16th Centuries Where: Spain and where ever they travel on their voyages to the New World Why: They were explorers from Spain and Portugal that went to the New World, mostly the mesoamerica portion and claimed the land for Spain. The four most common of the explorers was Cortes, Pizzaro, Vaca, and Orellana.

Qianlong

Who:monarch that ruled china along with kangxi When: 17th and 18th century Where: China Why: responsible for much of manchu china's greatness, had no interest in british products

Portolani

What: A device that was used in the middle age in order to have direction while sailing When: the 14th century Where: The oceans of the world, most likely that of the Atlantic Ocean Why: It was an atlas that allowed the user to have direction for sailing and be provided with charts that showing rhumb lines and the location of ports and various coastal features.

Spanish Inquisitions

What: A movement that was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. When: 1 November 1478 - 15 July 1834 Where: Spain Why: established under Ferdinand & Isabella in 1480 to root out Moslems and Jews. Was a religious tribunal. Used very brutal methods. Aim to achieve religious conformity. Ferdinand used it for political purposes also. Helped ensure reconquista & expulsion of Jews. Those who converted and stayed were still often subjected to it. Later used in countries ruled by Spain to fight Protestantism. Ex. Netherlands where Calvinism active.

Bank of Amsterdam

What: It was an early bank, vouched for by the city of Amsterdam, established in 1609, the precursor to, if not the first, modern central bank. When: It was founded in 1609 and closed in 1819 Where: Amsterdam Why: Modern banking institutions developed to meet the needs of the vastly expanding trade and unlike the bank of England it neither managed the national currency nor acted as a lending.

Champlain

Who: A French Navigator that was "The Father of New France" When: August 13, 1574 - December 25, 1635 Where: He was from France, but founded New France in Canada Why: He was the founder of Quebec and was a French explorer in Nova Scotia.

Slave Trade

What: A Part of the Triangular trade, specifically the deal between Europe and Africa. This trade dealt with the transfer of slaves to the Americas When: The first slave ship was launched out to sea with slaves aboard on the way to work in the newly founded area in the 16th century and last until the 19th century. Where: Africa and the parts of the Americas in which the slaves were being shipped to Why: Slaves from Africa were loaded onto shipped and sail to the America to work. This is part of the triangular trade that displays that manufactured goods were given to Africa in return for them send over there own people to work under European control in the colonization that have been established in the New World.

Battle of Plassey

What: A battle between India and Britain When: 23 June 1757 Where: Palashi, Bengal Subah Why:England joins forces with one of the native generals who was unworthy to the nawab so they won and gained control of India

Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and steel

What: A book written by Jared diamond that showed the greatest forces in the colonization of the New World When: published on 1997 Where: America Why: First published in the United States by W.W.Norton and Company, on March 1 1997, Guns, Germs and Steel was initially subtitled 'The Fates of Human Societies.' Within a few months, this subtitle had evolved into 'A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years. It shows that forces that has the greatest impact of human history

Viceroys

What: A representative from the Monarch in the New World. When: 15th Century Where: The Spanish territory in the New World Why: A direct representative of a monarch. Rules over a viceroyalty, and answers directly to the king. The Spanish had viceroys to rule their massive viceroyalties in the New World.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1492)

What: A treaty between Spain and Portugal the new land that was discover from the exploration of Christopher Columbus. The treaty was created by Pope Alexander VI. When: June 7, 1494 Where: Spain, Portugal, Africa, and parts of the newly discovered land of the New World. Why: The treaty was the solution between the disagreement over land between Spain and Portugal. The result were that Portugal received the coast of Brazil and parts of the interior of South Africa. Spain got the western region of the boundary line giving them the newly discovered or undiscovered land of the New World.

Astrolabe

What: An instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars When: It was invented in 200 BC in Greece by astronomer Hipparchus, but was also used in the time of the discovery of the New World Where: It was invented in Greece, but was also used by the explorers in the time of the age exploration Why: An astrolabe is a instrument used to work out the time of day using the sun or the stars. It was also be used for astrological horoscopes and mathematical calculations. Astrolabes were first made around 150 BC in Greece. The astrolabe finally came into Western Europe via Spain, which was conquered by Islamic forces in AD 711.

Joint-stock Companies

What: Companies that came together to fund a charter to the Americas and shared the cost and benefits that came from it When: 15th and 16th Centuries Where: Europe and the areas explored in the New World Why: one of the new forms of commercial organization; helped make the commercial expansion easier in the 16th and 17th century; individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made the important business decisions

British East India Company

What: Company that was in control of the trade with India. When: it was founded on December 31, 1600 and closed on June 1, 1874 Where: Why: in charge of trade in India - was able to receive from Mughal court in India the authority to collect taxes from lands in the surrounding areas of Calcutta; set stage for British colonizing India in 1858

Smallpox

What: It is a disease that the Europeans took over to the new land When: 1400's thought 1800's Where: The New world and originating in Europe Why: European diseases had deadly effects on the natives and helped the conquistadors gain territory. The natives were not immune to the disease like the Europeans were so that results in much of the native population becoming ill and in the end resulting in death

Compass

What: It is a instrument that was used for navigation that contains the mark North, South, East, and West for giving directions When: it was invented in the 11th century and by the 13th century was making its way into Europe Where: The origins of the device go back to China in the Han Dynasty, but was first used as a navigational tool by the Song Dynasty. Later it was used by the Europe countries Why: It allowed people to be given direction by a device that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions, or "points". Usually, a diagram called a compass rose is used in the device. The first compass was created for divination, but was later noticed as a navigational tool.

Ptolemy's Geography (trans. 1477)

What: It is a piece of work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. When: it was first shown in the 2nd century, but later showed up around 1410 Where: Starting in the roman Empire and later in Europe Why: It is a piece of writing written by Ptolemy in ancient Greece at Alexander that founded the idea of longitude and latitude lines. Later in the age of exploration it allowed map maker to better draw maps.

Spice Monopoly

What: It is a trade route between trade between historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. It trade items like cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric. When: 1400-1500's Where: Europe, Africa and Asia Why: It was the trade of spice from different parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. It was a route that started in 3000 B.C. and was later reopening in 1453. European explorer looked for a route by sea to continue the trade at a fast rate, this required them to go around tip of Africa.

Dutch East India Company

What: It was a joint-stock company that contained full control over the trade in the east indies and the Netherlands. Most of the time the trade involved spices When: It was founded in 1602 Where:East indies, the New world, Netherlands, and other countries in Europe Why: It was considered the first multinational corporation and obtained government over much of Asia. It acted as it own individual independent government in the reasons in which it laid its claim.

Lateen Sail

What: It was a triangular sail that was important for navigation in the medieval era.This was the first fore-and-aft sail. When: 1700's Where:Europe Why: It is a sail that is is set completely aft of a mast or stay, parallel to the ship's keel, and takes the wind on either side. It was first used in the Mediterranean it was a major advance in sailing technology during the medieval times,

Merchantilism

What: It was the idea that a country need to export mare then it imports in order to gain a profit and have a balance trade When: 17th and 18th centuries Where: Europe and the New World Why: the belief that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; prosperity of a nation depends on a plentiful supply of buillon (gold and silver); desirable to achieve a favorable balance of trade in which goods exported were of greater value than those imported

Triangular Trade

What: It was the route in which material were transferred between Europe, Americas, and Africa. When: 1450 - 1750 Where: It occurred in most of Europe, and parts of Africa and the Americas. Why: Raw material was shipped from the Americas to Europe were it was then turned into manufactured goods and parts of that were sent to Africa. In Africa some of the people were gathering those of their own kind, selling them to the Americas and shipping them across that Atlantic Ocean to be treated as nothing but property for the remainder of their life. This allow all the countries to gain a profit and receive the need materials that come from one of the other countries.

Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)

What: It was trading of stock instead of the bartering for goods When:1609 - 1819 Where: Amsterdam Why: the trading of stocks replaced the exchange of goods; emerged as the hub of the European business world;

Mughal Empire

What: The dynasty that rules over majority of Norther India. When: founded 1526 and dissolved 1857 Where: It is parts of India Why: When Calicut was unified the ruling dynasty was the Mughal. Foreigners to India. Babur: founder of dynasty.His grandson put most of India

'Gold, Glory and God"

What: The main reason that people funded voyages across the Atlantic to the the New World. When: The fifteenth and sixtieth centuries Where: The European countries that funded the journey to the newly discovered land and the land that has been discovered in the New World that they were seeking these things from. Why: The people of Europe payed for voyages to be sent across the Atlantic Ocean the newly discovered land of the America, the main purpose of the trip was either for one of these three thing. Gold is referring to the gold that they believe resided in the new territory or the materials that were found here that could be shipped back to Europe and sold for a profit. Glory was the attention and recognition that they received for being of those that made the dangerous journey over there and discovering the new land. God was referring to those who travel over in attempt to bring the religion of the Europe countries to those that reside in the Americas, they thought that by doing this deed they would be reward by God.

Spanish Inquisition in the New World

What: The people try to convert the natives of the New World to Christianity When: 16th century Where: New World Why: They took the beliefs and practices of the old world and took it to the natives of the New world. It was their attempt to covert the natives and do what they believe God wants them to.

Middle Passage

What: The trade route in which millions upon millions of slaves were traded for raw and manufactured material and shipped across the Ocean to the America to become nothing more then property of the European colonist When:1600's - 1800's Where: Africa and the Americas Why: The journey that was completed by the African slaves to the New World, which was probably the most dangerous part of the entire situation. Out of the approximate 20 million Africans that were striped of their lives and family, sold into slavery and stuck onto a cramped boat to be shipped of to the new world only around half of them were able to complete the journey across that Atlantic.

Travel literature/ fantasy literature

What: The type of literature that the people of the time were drawn to. When: 14th Century Where: Europe Why: The people of the 14th century were interested in this type of literature which contributed to the exploration and discoveries of the time. The travel could be due to the voyages that were taking place at this time. The Fantasy was the possibilities of what could be found in this unknown world.

Mercator Projection

What: cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator When: 1569 Where: Europe Why: It became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course.

Price Revolution

What: it was a drastic rise in process in Europe that lead to the collapse of Spain. When: 15th - 17th century Where: Europe Why: high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe. Prices rose on average roughly sixfold over 150 years. This level of inflation amounts to 1-1.5% per year, a relatively low inflation rate.

Henry Hudson

Who: A English explorer that made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay via a route above the Arctic Circle When: 1565 - 1611 Where: From England and attempted to make it around the Arctic circle Why: n the service of Holland calimed the area around the Hudson River valley for the Dutch. Settlers arrived from Holland to colonize the area. However, in 1664, the English captured the Dutch holdings there, during the Navigation Wars, and that included taking over the Dutch city of New Amsterdam which subsequently became New York.

Bartolome de las Casas

Who: A Spainsh Historian that became the Bishop of Chiapas When: 16th century Where: Spain Why: Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".

Pizarro

Who: A Spanish Conquistador that took over the Inca empire in Mexico. When: March 16, 1478 - June 26, 1541 Where: He was from Spain, but travel on a expedition to Mexico or Mesoamerica Why: Conquistador that led a group of soldiers to the Andes to capture Incas. Held Inca emperor for ransom then killed him.

Inca

Who: A civilization in Mesoamerica/ Mexico that was the largest of the colonies that was set up before the arrival of the European explorer specifically the Spanish Conquistadors When: It was thought to begin in the 13th century and was taken over by Conquistadors in 1533. Where:Mesoamerica/ Mexico Why: The largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. It was overrun by Europeans in the 1500's.

Maya

Who: A civilization in mesoamerica that homed that Maya people and during the age of exploration were invaded by Europeans When: it was invaded by spanish colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries, but the civilization arose around 750 BC, Where: Mesoamerica Why: They were a civilization that was the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of the last Maya city in 1697

Manchus

Who: A imperial dynasty of China When: 1644 to 1912 Where: China Why:The last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries. China thought of itself to be superior to other countries. Christian missionaries brought western style medicine, science, and schools

Cartier

Who: A navigator who was hired by King Francis I. It was to claim land and seek out the riches in the New World. When: December 31, 1491 - September 1,1557 Where: France and the areas in which that he landed and claimed in the New world (Canada) Why: He was sent to find gold and other riches in which were in the New World to bring back to France along with that of claim on land and possibly a new route to Asia. He lead three expeditions and along the St. Lawrence river. Before these expeditions he had other explorations including those to Brazil and Newfoundland.

Cabot

Who: He was a British explorer that laid claim on Canada when he mistaken the land as Asia during his voyage in 1497. When:Born in 1450 and died in1499 Where: Britain and Canada Why: He may have been the one to create the idea of sailing westward in order to reach Asia. By the end of the 1400's he was commissioned by King Henry VII to make the journey across the Atlantic. In May of 1497 he set sail from Bristol and land later that year near the end of June. There is no definite location for the land of John Cabot although it is thought that it was around Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island or southern Labrador. The first voyage of Cabot was a success and in 1498 he set off on his second expedition were he disappeared and was never located again. Thoughts are that there was a shipwreck.

Columbus

Who: He was a Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer that is recognized by history as the first to discover the New World When: 1451 - May 20, 1506 Where: He was born in Italy, but later resided in Spain. During his life he was also one of the first Europeans of his time to reach the coast of the America Why: He was the one of the first Europeans across the Atlantic Ocean reaching the shores of the Americas. He was originally looking for a route from Europe to Asia, but in the process ran into the land of the New World. He then created four trips to the Americas in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He wasn't the first to come to the new land, but he was the one that started the trans-Atlantic conquest and colonization.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Who: He was a Portuguese prince that sent many sailing expedition to Africa, but never was got the chance to go himself. The trips that he sent out help create much needed maps of the African west coast. When: March 4, 1394 - November 13, 1460 Where: Portugal Why: He was a prince that was fasinated with sailing and teaching those to sail but never got to sail himself. He sent many ships to travel along that west coast of Africa to help with the creation of map, which later allowed to defeat the Muslims, to spread Christianity, and to establish trade routes. The trips he sent were Madeira Islands (Joao Goncalves Zarco, 1420), rounded Cape Bojador (Eannes, 1434), sailed to Cape Blanc (Nuno Tristao, 1441), sailed around Cap Vert (1455), and went as far as the Gambia River (Cadamosto, 1456) and Cape Palmas (Gomes, 1459-1460).

Francis Xavier

Who: He was a Roman Catholic Missionary that was one of the cofounders of the Society of Jesus. When:April 7, 1506 - December 3, 1552 Where: Original from Spain, but travel over Europe and Asia reaching the end of his life near the coast of China Why: He was sent to the University of Paris in 1525, securing himself with a licentiate in 1528, and while there he meet Ignatius Loyola, becoming on of the seven who it 1534 founded the Society of Jesus at Montmartre. Through this founding he then travel all over Europe and Asia as missionaries preaching to the native in hopes of converting them.

Da Gama

Who: He was a explorer that sailed from Portugal to India by sea route to the east by rounding the cape horn in Africa. When: 1460 - December 24, 1524 Where: He was from Portugal, he sail around Africa and landing in India Why: He sailed the corse around the southern end of Africa to reach trading post in India. Along the way he made many stops in Africa. He made it to his destination in May of 1498. When he returned to Portugal he received a hero's welcome and later was sent of another voyage in which was meet and clashed with Muslims. He died 2 decades in India.

Vespucci

Who: He was a explorer who took part in early voyages to the New World on behalf of Spain. He had the privilege of the New World being named after him. When:March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512 Where: He reached the Americas and was from Italy Why: Vespucci made his voyages falls between 1497 and 1504. Even though he wasn't the first to reach the Americas he is the one that the map maker went off of and name the New Land after.

Jacob Fugger

Who: He was a major merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker of Europe. Also he contributed to the first and only trade expedition to India that German merchants cooperated in, a Portuguese fleet to the Indian west coast When: March 6, 1459 - December 30, 1525 Where: Germany Why: He was apart of a wealthy German family and when it reached the period of exploration he was a contributor to the only voyage that was funded and sent by german. It was a trip to reach India for trade.

Balboa

Who: He was a spanish conquistador and explorer that helped establish the first stable settlement on the South American continent at Darién, on the coast of the Isthmus of Panama. When: 1475 - January 15, 1519 Where: Spain and South America Why: He was the conquistador that founded the first settlement in South America. In 1513 he was leading a expedition in search of gold he found the Pacific Ocean and claimed the shores for Spain allowing spanish exploration on the west coast of South America. Balboa's achievement and ambition posed a threat to Pedro Arias Dávila, the Spanish governor of Darién, who falsely accused him of treason and had him executed in early 1519.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Who: He was the controller general of finance (from 1665) and secretary of state for the navy (from 1668) under King Louis XIV of France. When: August 29, 1619 - September 6, 1683 Where: France Why: He was a secetary of state to the King of France Louis XIV and carried out the program of economic reconstruction that helped make France the dominant power in Europe.

Dias

Who: He was the first European mariner to sail around the tip of African opening up trade route via water between Europe and Asia When:1450 - May 29, 1500 Where: Was originally from Portugal, but sailed around the cape of Africa and ending up in Africa. Why: He was a Portuguese man that founded the route from Europe, around the southern tip of Africa, to the Indian Ocean, to open trade between Europe and Asia.

Magellan

Who: His full name was Ferdinand Magellan and he was a Spanish captain that was funded by Spain. When:1519 Where: He was original from Spain, but he travel the complete distance around the world Why: He was a Spanish captain that became the first to circumnavigate the global although he fail to attend the full voyage due to his death part of the way through it.

Sor Juana Ines de la

Who: Nun, Women's Rights Activist, Writer When: 1651-1695 Where: Mexico Why:one of the seventeenth-century Latin America's best-known literary figures; she wrote poetry and prose an promoted the education of women

Aztecs

Who: Originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, soon became on of the most powerful tribes in Mexico When: 13th - 15th centuries Where: Mexico Why: The Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century. They were later invaded by Spanish Conquistadors lead by Cortes that overthrew the Aztecs by force and captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringing an end to Mesoamerica's last great native civilization.

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Who: People who broke away from the Church of England and went to the New World in order to practice their religion freely When: 15th century Where:Europe and Pennsylvania Why:English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Atahualpa

Who: The brother of the Emperor of the Inca empire that desired to become the leader of the Empire When: he died on July 25, 1533 and his date of birth is unknown Where: Mesoamerica/Mexico Why: Beat his brother to be emperor of Incas- captured and filled rooms with gold as ransom- killed anyway by Pizarro.

Pachakuti

Who: The leader of the Inca empire in mesoamerica that was taken over by Spanish Conquistadors When: his reign was from 1438-1471/1472 Where: mesoamerica/ Mexico Why: Led the Inca and they began conquests to control the entire region, created a highly centralized state, changed Capital Cuzco from a city of mud into city of stone, extended boundaries as far as ecuador, central chile, and edge of amazon basin, divided his realm into 4 quarters ruled by a governor

Columbian Exchange

Who: The transfer of cultures of the Old and New World. When: Where: Europe and the Americas Why: It was a period in which animals, plants, and diseases where transferred between the Europe and the new territories in the Americas.

Polo Family exploration

Who: They were a family of wealth merchants from Venice that travel to the east into Asia. When: the 13th and 14th century Where: Asia and Europe Why: Niccoló and Maffeo along with Niccoló's son Marco, went on a long exploration to the court of great Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan.There was a book written by the son Marco about his travels that is the most detailed account know of the areas of Asia of that time. The family also made trips to the Ottoman Turks and broke up the Mongol Empire reducing western trade. By this cut off of trade people became curious of the possibility of reaching Asia by sea.

Encomienda/Mita

Who: a system that allowed the explorers to make the natives work as slaves When: 15th century Where: New World Territories Why: Forced labor system that gave encomenderos the right to force natives to work in their mines or fields.

Mesitzos

Who: people that have both European and Central or South American heritage When: 16th century Where: Mesoamerica or south American Why: People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Who: rulers of Japan, restored centralized authority, the first was Tokugawa Ieyasu When: January 31, 1543 - June 1, 1616 Where: Japan Why: He began military training with the Imagawa family and later allied himself with powerful forces of Oda Nobunaga and then Toyotomi Hideyoshi, expanding his land holdings via a successful attack on the Hojo family to the east

Lord Macartney

Who:British trade official; refused to "kowtow" to the emperor of China and as a result, he lost the trade opportunity When:May 14, 1737 - May 31, 1806 Where: England and other parts of Europe Why: He went to Beijing to ask for more trade rights because the English were only allowed to reside on a small island out of the city between October and March. Quianlong rejected him. In response, Macartney insulted him and his dynasty.

Cabral

Who:Portuguese navigator who is generally credited as the first European to reach Brazil. When:1467-1520 Where: Portugal and Brazil Why: He was the first European to reach Brazil and his expedition was also the second from Europe to reach India via the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope.

Cortes

Who:Spanish Conquistador who conquered and completely destroyed Tenochtitlan/ Aztec Empire. Caused huge influx of wealth for Spain. When: 1485 - December 2, 1547 Where: From Europe and lead a expedition to Mexico Why: He was on a expedition to Cuba led by Diego Velázquez, but he ignored orders and traveled to Mexico with about 500 men and 11 ships in 1519, setting his sights on overthrowing ruler Montezuma II in the Aztec capital of Tenochitilán.

Montezuma

Who:The ninth Aztec emperor famous for his dramatic confrontation with the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. When: 1466 - June 29, 1520 Where: Tenochtitlan Why: Ruler of Tenochtitlan at the time of Cortes's arrival. Eventually executed by Spaniards after he and his people rebelled against Alvarado

Erikson/Viking/Exploration

Who:The son of Erik the Red who was believed to actually be the first European to arrive on the shores of the Americas When: Around 1000 A.D. Where: He sailed from Norway on his way to Greenland when he sailed off course and landed on the banks on North America. Why: He arrived here approximately four centuries before Christopher Columbus, who is given recognition for discovering the Americas, set sail. He called the land that he had found Vindland and after spend a winter there decided to sail back to Greenland. Erikson never returned to the Americas.