AP European History Ch. 20-24 Study Guide

Napoelon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, the emperor of the Second French Empire who tried to bring to France many liberal reforms to aid the working class and succeeded, but unfortunately lost due to the ambition of Otto von Bismarck.

This was a socialist movement in the United States that aided the less fortunate with federal help

Progresivism or the Progressive Movement

How does Realism reject Romanticism?

Realism rejects Romanticism by focussing on tangible solutions to problems rather than perfect, utopian solutions. Romanticism attempts to make everything in society perfect, whereas Realism betters society by addressing problems, not overlooking them. Something is real when it exists and is not made up, not over exaggerated.

This man wrote the "White Man's Burden"

Rudyard Kipling

Anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments, and lack of leadership within a country

"De Rerum Novarum"

A statement made by Pope Leo XIII that expressed his thought on many modern principles. Leo wrote that an individual's right to own property should be upheld as well as saying that socialism was Christian in principle, but condemned Marxist socialism for its materialistic and anti-religious foundations, as the same time criticized "naked" capitalism for the poverty and degradation in which it had left the working classes.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, often resulting violent actions

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Amoralism

Absence of morality, focus on personal interest, flawed approach to ethical decision making

Cavour

Contributing factor to uniting Italy, the president of Piedmont, who also fought with Garibaldi over ownership of the Papal states.

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

A French scandal. A Jewish member of the army, Dreyfus, was falsely accused of selling army secrets and sentenced to prison. Evidence was found that a Catholic was really the traitor and that Dreyfus was innocent. A new trial was refused for 9 years before Dreyfus was pardoned. The affair showed strength of anti-semitism.

Otto von Bismarck

A incredibly intelligent aristocratic politician who helped unite Germany and aided in taking much power from different European countries, and used Realpolitik to make political decisions

Garibaldi

A military leader from Sicily who aided in uniting Italy because he challenged Cavour in who would have ownership of the Papal States.

What is The Communist Manifesto?

A novel written by Karl Marx and Friederich Engels, explained the goals of communism, published 1848. It details the fall of the bourgeoisie, middle class, and the rise of the proletarian, working class, and the emergence of a classless society. It pushes for revolution.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

David Lloyd George

An orator from Wales who worked to improve the lives of the working class and reforms laws regarding industries in Britain, was considered a Liberal

Why was Austria-Hungary unstable?

Austria-Hungary was unstable because of the many different nationalities occupying the state. The nationalities all wanted their own government, and they were all oppressed. The large number of Hungarians were able to get their own government, but they still oppressed the other nationalities.

Who unified Germany?

Bismarck led the effort to unify Germany through his use of realpolitik. Through realpolitik, Bismarck worked to do what was best for the unification of Germany, he initiated the Danish War, and the Austro-Prussian war. The defeat of Austria allowed the German states to be united without Austria interfering. Austria lost a lot of power.

On Jan. 9, 1905, a procession of workers were murdered at St. Petersburg

Bloody Sunday

War between English and Dutch settlers in South Africa

Boer War

Who led the unification of Italy?

Camillo di Cavour led the unification from northern Italy. The unification was made possible by an alliance between France and Italy. France would aid Italy in driving the Austrians out.

This is when independent enterprises worked together to control prices

Cartel

Who was Charles Darwin?

Charles Darwin was a scientist who theorized that organisms can evolve over time and the most fit for survival survive. His theory of natural selection morphed into Social Darwinism, the idea that the upper class had better genetics and belonged there, and that the lower class had worse genetics. Social Darwinism was also tied to racism. Some races were superior to others, this justified anti-Semitism and the persecution of Jews.

This British Prime Minister expanded social programs to help the working class

David Lloyd George

An event in France that showed the depth of Anti-semitism

Dreyfus Affair

Process by which nations use economic measures to take over other nations

Economic Imperialism

This person co-founded British women's social and political union, she was also a suffragette

Emmeline Pankhurst

Rudyard Kipling

English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

Proposed by Eduard Bernstein, socialism through a democratic government

Evolutionary Socialism

What are evolutionary and revolutionary socialism?

Evolutionary socialism is a branch of socialism that has governments take an active role in society to reform it. States that followed evolutionary socialism were Great Britain, and Spain. An advocate of Evolutionary socialism was Eduard Bernstein. Revolutionary socialism was the people's attempt to make reforms using violence. A state that used revolutionary socialism was France and Russia. Georges Sorel, a frenchmen.

Georges Sorel

French political theorists that combined Bergson and Nietzsche's ideas on the limits of rational thinking with his own passionate interest in revolutionary socialism. Understood the political potential of the nonrational and advocated violent action as the only means to achieve the aims of socialism. He envisioned the end of the capitalist society with a general strike that took violent and heroic action. Small elite should rule before masses ruled themselves.

Louis Pasteur

French scientist who made revolutionary discoveries in vaccinology and medicine

This French Philosopher advocated for revolutionary socialism

Georges Sorel

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed, father of modern quantum physics, created the equation E = mc^2

This man is credited with inventing the radio

Guglielmo Marconi

Frederick Engels

He coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), after which they continued to write about the need for and work toward socialist changes. He was born in Germany in 1820 but lived most of his life in England.

This economic philosopher used Darwin to defend Capitalism

Herbert Spencer

In Great Britain, this form of Imperialism, by separate government but not complete freedom

Home rule

According to Freud, these were the different elements that controlled the human mind

Id, Ego, and Superego

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

This person's open door policy, made impacts on Asia be peaceful

John Haye

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means

This person wrote War and Peace

Leo Tolstoy

This person won awards for her work in the field of radiation

Marie Curie

What political shifts did Napoleon III implement?

Napoleon added universal male suffrage and reconstructed the city of Paris, building up infrastructure. He was very liberal. He allowed people greater freedom to campaign for the Legislative Corps.

What is mass society?

Mass society is a large number of people that make up a society. Mass education for children was prominent and the literate percentage of people went up. Culture also spread. The increased literacy allowed for newspapers and media. Mass migration occurred as many people could afford to move and traveled to places with more opportunities. Less working hours allowed for more leisure time for workers to do what they wanted. Better transportation and greater income let people start taking vacations. They began to tour other states. More money to spare helped people buy more things that the wanted, this allowed for mass consumption. With more male suffrage than before, more people could participate in politics. And by 1919, all women could vote too.

Artistic Revolution that was against realism

Modernism

According to the textbook, this was the most powerful social force, blamed for starting WWI

Nationalism

What is new imperialism?

New imperialism was the countries of Europe and the United States seeking to expand their markets in any way they could. They thought it would be easiest to take over new territories and demonstrate cultural superiority and find resources in less developed nations. They would then dominate the economy of the state they took over, not letting the people in that state have any wealth.

This person claimed that God is dead

Nietzsche

Who was Nietzsche, and what idea did he create?

Nietzsche was a German philosopher who was highly irrational. He believed that Christianity was dead and that by accepting that it was not real, one could become a superior human, an Ubermensch. His theory of the superior man was later taken and spun out of proportion by the Hitler and his Nazi followers.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity with her husband Pierre

Queen Victoria

One of the longest reigning queens in British history, who saw a major peak in society and in the economy during her reign because of the reforms made for the working class. She had many children whom she married off to different monarchs in other parts of Europe.

Who practiced Realpolitik?

Otto von Bismarck practiced realpolitik. By using realpolitik, Bismarck was able to engage in war against Austria-Hungary and France to further the German state. Great Britain did not practice realpolitik.

Because of the decline of this nation's states, that Balkans were unstable before WWI

Ottoman Empire

This modernist used geometric shapes to make his art, and created cubism

Pablo Picasso

These were systematic legal action of anti-semitism in Russia

Pogroms

Who was Sigmund Freud and what did he create?

Sigmund Freud was a doctor and psychologist. He believed that all mental illnesses and stress stemmed from childhood trauma and that by revisiting them the person would be healed. He theorized that forces called the id, ego, and superego made up a person's inner self. Id was the feeling that drew people towards what they wanted, or desired. The superego countered the id and was the logic. A third force balanced the two, it was called ego.

How are Imperialism and Social Darwinism connected?

Social Darwinism was the thought that some races were genetically inferior to others. This was used to justify Imperialism, or taking over a weaker state. Europeans justified the scramble for Africa and Asia by saying that they were liberating the inhabitants of savagery. They would do this by teaching them how to be civilized.

What role did socialism play in improving workers' rights?

Socialism is a move for economic equality. Socialism quickly spread through the working classes as they wanted reforms for their life. As suffrage was increased to allow more men to vote, the need to satisfy the voters grew, and government leaders began to push for reforms to satisfy their constituents.

Czar Alexander II

Successor of Czar Nicholas I, reformed Russia liberally by creating a form of representation called Zemstvos, and abolished slavery. He was part of the reason the Crimean war ended by suing for peace in 1856, and giving up Bessarabia.

King Wilhelm (William) I

Successor to King Frederick William IV, elected Otto von Bismarck as the prime minister, during his reign, Germany was united and they dominated many parts of Europe including France.

According to the textbook, this was the first professional job for women

Teaching

What is Social Darwinism?

The belief that those who are successful got there because they were the "fittest," and that those in poverty were there based on their own failings. Social Darwinism was also applied to racism. People believed that there were genetically superior and inferior races. The phrase 'survival of the fittest' was coined by Herbert Spencer, famous for creating the doctrine of Social Darwinism. Hitler later used Social Darwinism to justify the persecution of Jews.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The competition between European powers to gain control of parts of Africa. Great Britain received South Africa to modern day Zambia, as well as Egypt, both Sudans, Uganda, and Kenya, and the Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. Germany got modern day Tanzania, Namibia, and Cameroon. Italy received Libya, Somalia, and Eritrea. France got most of Western Africa. Portugal got Angola and Mozambique. And Belgium got the DRC.

Mass Education

The extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population, schools run by the government to provide for all citizens of the country the opportunity to be educated.

What was the political atmosphere in the Balkans in the early 20th Century? Who was the Triple Entente?

The political atmosphere in the Balkans was extremely tense at the end of the 19th century. The Balkan territories were free for whichever state wanted them since the Ottoman Empire could no longer control the land. Both Austria-Hungary and Serbia wanted this land. Serbia was supported by Russia and Russia was supported by Great Britain and France, both of whom feared Germany's growing power. The alliance between Britain, France, and Russia was the Triple Entente. Austria-Hungary was backed by Germany and Italy. Their alliance was known as the Triple Alliance.

What is the role of women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? How does their role change?

The role of women during this time period, gradually changed during this time period. Some changes included letting women have jobs either industrial or domestic. Women were still encouraged to get married, but not because of family pressures anymore, because it was better financially and more affordable to be married. The role of the nurturing mother was created during this time period, which then put women in a position of either having an unpaid job, or being an idle housewife to aid her husband's reputation. Women still did not have as many rights as men, but because of women's suffrage, there would soon be an uprise.

What reforms happened under the rule of Queen Victoria?

The rule of Queen Victoria allowed the working class to have more rights. There was a cap on the amount of hours workers could work a day, and rules about sanitation were put in place. Workers' safety and comfort were put first. Disraeli, a member of the Whigs in Great Britain's parliament, mainly brought about the reforms. He thought it would help the Whig party gain followers.

What are the causes and effects of the Crimean War?

The war began when tensions between Russia and the Ottoman Empire became too great. Russia wanted the privilege of protecting Christians, and the Ottomans refused since the French already had that. Russia took over Moldavia and Wallachia. Britain and France fought against Russia in this war. The war broke up the Concert of Europe.

This person's post-impressionist work "Starry Night", is considered one of the most magnificent artistic works of all time

Vincent Van Gogh

How were Eastern/Central and Western European governments different?

Western Europe moved towards democracy while Central and Eastern Europe persisted with the old way of a king. Great Britain allowed all men who paid taxes the right to vote. France created a bicameral legislature to satisfy the people who wanted reforms. Spain created a constitutional monarchy and established a legislature to make laws. Italian suffrage was increased, but not enough to really matter. Meanwhile, on the other side of Europe, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taking away rights of citizens and keeping them uninformed. Monarchies still persisted without a strong legislature to keep them in check. Western Europe did what the people needed, and Eastern Europe was more focused on what was best for the state.

This person created the Salvation Army

William Booth

What is Zionism and what are the problems with it?

Zionism was the Jewish movement to return to their homeland in Palestine. Theodor Herzl led the movement, he himself was a Jew. Zionism started because Jews were being persecuted and had nowhere to go, no homeland to call their own. So they turned to the roots of Judaism, Jerusalem, in Palestine. The problem was Palestine itself. It was already inhabited and the Jews could not just kick the Palestinians out.

A movement of Jewish people, who decided to move back to their homeland because of the prosecution in Europe.

Zionist Movement

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Anti-semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

William Gladstone

leader of the Liberal Party; worked to extend suffrage to farm workers and most other men

Pogroms

organized violence against Jews in Russia

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Suffrage

the right to vote

Transformism

the theory that societies evolve gradually