AP European History Chapter 13 Study Guide (Short Answer)

Discuss the Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV in France in 1598 grantin liberty of conscience and public worship to Calvinist, which helped restore peace in France

What did the Calvinists believe about work or labor?

Although one's fate could not be changed, hard work, thrift, and proper moral conduct could sertve as signs that one was among the "elect".

Discuss Luther's claim that the papcy was exploiting Germany.

Appealed to the netional sentiment of German princes.

Why was Martin Luther successful when earlier reform efforts failed?

He understood the new power of the printing press and authorize the publication of his works

Why did Henry VIII want to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon?

Catherine failed to produce him a male heir.

How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?

Effectively destroyed the heresy within the papal states but had little influence elsewhere

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German feelings

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance

Why did France support the Protestant princes of Germany?

To prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

What was the overriding goal of the Catholic religious order established in the sixteenth century?

To uplift the moral condition of both clergy and clarity

Explain/Summarize Luther's beliefs about the church.

1. Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace 2. The Bible is the central source of religious authority 3. Church is the spiritual priesthood of all believers 4. Every person should serve God in his or her individual calling

What was an indulgence, and how did Luther's theology of salvation reject indulgences?

A document from the Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. Salvation came through faith not human action, so no one could not buy their salvation

How did Martin Luther and Urich Zwingli understand the ritual of the Eucharist?

Luther believed that Christ is really present in the bread and wine, while Zwingli believed that Christ is present in spirit among the faithful, not in the bread and wine

How did the closing of monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became the only occupation for upper-class women

How was the choice to embrace to reject the Protestant reform movement made in each territory or region of the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leaders of territories or regions determine whether to introduce reforms

Why did Luther's ideas appeal to many German rulers?

The princes had more control over more parts of their own terriories and because of the idea that Catholicism was preaching many wrong beliefs to the people

How did the Council of Trent deal with the problem of clerical ignorance?

by establiching seminaries (academies)

Discuss the Ursuline orfer of nuns

1. Founded by Angela Merici 2. Focused on the education of women 3. Rapidly spread to France and the New World after receiving papal approval in 1565

Discuss the dissolution of the English monasteries

Conflict between Henry VIII and the Catholic Church led to the seizure of church property. Anglican churches resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

Describe the process that led Denmark-Norway to become a Lutheran kingdom

Danish scholars studied at the University of Wittenberg, and Lutheran ideas spread into Denmark very quickly. The king broke with the Catholic Church, and most clergy followed. There were violent reactions in northern Norway and Iceland.

Discuss the impact of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination

Geneva was transformed into a community based on Calvin's principles.

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of free will?

Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God

Describne the Pilgrimage of Grace.

It was a widespread of revolts against the rule of Henry VIII, their leaders were arrested, tried, and executed.

Discuss Lutheranism in Hungary

Lutheranism was spread by students who studied at Wittengerg. The Hungary Diet in 1523 said that all Lutherans and those favoring them should have their properties confiscated and punished with death.

Explain Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for the authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed.

Mary became implicated in a plot to assasinate Elizabeth

Discuss Luther's view on celibacy.

Opposed to human nature and God's commandments

Who were the politiques, and what role did they play in France?

Politiques were Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. Henry of Navarre was a politique who was willing to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity and saved France.

How did Martin Luther's position as a university professor affect the spread of the Reformation?

Professorship as justification for his reforming work

How did the Council of Trent reform the priesthood?

Required seminaries in each diocese; seminary professors had to decide if a candidate had the vocation; bishops had to reside in their diocese; ended simony and pluralism; imposed clerical celibacy

Describe Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

Explain how Elizabeth I handled religious affairs.

She made a balance between Catholic and Protestans views but England would still remain Protestants

Discuss the Colloquy of Marburg.

Summoned in 1529 to unite Protestants but failed to resolve the differences

Discuss the Reformation in England

The Church of England broke away from the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage.

Discuss the goals on the Council of Trent

The goal was not only to reform the Catholic Church but also to secure recouncilation with the Protestants

Discuss the results of the Peace of Augsburg.

The people of Germany became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince

According to Martin Luther, how did one achieve salvation?

He believed that salvation came through faith alone

Discuss Martin Luther's response to the Peasants' War.

He first response was to side with the peasants but he ends up opposing the the rebellion. He tauight that peasants had a responsibility to farm the land and the rulers thave to keep the peace.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church teachings and practices.