AP European History Review (God be with you all)

Marsilio Ficino (c. 1433-1499)

Lecturer of the Florentine elite. His lectures became known as the Platonic Academy in which a large group of influential Florentines gathered known as Neoplatonists.

Corregidor (Spain)

"Mayor" usually a hidalgo, became chief executive and judicial officer in his designated region.

Louis XI de Valois (r. 1461-1483)

"Spider King" one of the three notable New Monarchies. Created the first permanent free-standing army in all of Europe and challenged Provincialism by requiring all nations to recognize French Sovereignty, not afraid to suppress the dissenters

Grandi

"The old rich" nobleman and merchants who ruled the city (Florence, birth of Renaissance)

Renaissance Man

A "Universal man" who excels in many fields; juxtaposed to the medieval view of being a master in only one area

Common Law (England)

A System of justice based on precedent and tradition that was common throughout England. Grew and advanced based on the decisions of judges and juries.

Secularism

A change in which the ELITE's preoccupation with gaining salvation became less intense and was somewhat replaced by a growing concern with the material world.

Humanism

A cultural, literary, and educational movement based upon the study of the Classics. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.

Council of Trent (c. 1545-1563)

A group of cardinals, bishops, and theologians who met intermittently between 1545-1563 to resolve religious differences between Catholicism and Lutheranism. The Council upheld the following: Both faith and good works are necessary for salvation, The seven sacraments are vehicles of grace, both popes and scriptures were equal authorities in religious matters, declared the Vulgate (Latin Bible) as the only acceptable text, belief in purgatory and indulgences were justified, and use of images, relics, and pilgrimages were approves as spiritually useful and pious actions.

Justices of the Peace (England)

A magistrate appointed to hear minor cases, perform marriages, grant licenses, etc., in a town, county, or other local district.

Mannerism

A new style of art which was a backlash to the simplicity and symmetry of High Renaissance art. Allowed for artists to have free reign over their interpretations of art rather than just depicting a situation how it is or was.

Schmalkaldic League

An alliance system between the Protestant-German kingdoms within the empire, vowing to protect the other if attacked over religion.

Book of the Courtier (c. 1528)

An etiquette book written for the newly wealthy merchants which expressed the ideals of a noble or aristocrat (Gentleman)

"Treasury of Merit"

An infinite reservoir of good works built up by Jesus and the Saints in the Church's possession. These could be sold as "Letters of indulgence", which would remit people from their punishment in purgatory.

Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-7-1536)

Another Wife of Henry VIII, she is the mother of the Famous monarch of England, Queen Elizabeth

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

Approved the pope's right to receive the first year's income of the newly named bishops and abbots in France. In return, French ruler's had the right to to select French Bishops and Abbots.

Cosimo de' Medici (c. 1389-1463)

Ascended to power following the Ciompi revolt (1378), (r. 1434-1463) He was the wealthiest Florentine and controlled the city of Florence. Patron of the arts.

Inquisition

Attack on/Removal of ethnic/religious minorities within a state, usually to feed religious passion that indirectly enhanced the authority of the Monarchy.

Castiglione (c. 1478-1529)

Author of The Book of the Courtier (1528)

Albrecht Durer (c. 1471-1528)

Best known for his wood cutouts and engravings, his most popular work was The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1496).

John Knox (c. 1513-1572)

Brought Calvinism to Scotland, where it became known as Presbyterianism. Became the dominant religion in the region and crossed the Atlantic to the British Colonies in America.

Predestination

Calvin's idea that, since God knows all that was, is, and will be, he also knows who will receive salvation prior to one's birth. Calvin himself believed that salvation was reserved for very few.

Institutions of the Christian Religion (1536)

Calvin's outline of how the church should be laid out in 4 general parts. Pastors, consisting of 5 men. Teachers, who would instruct the populace/defend the true doctrine. Elders, 12 laypeople chosen by the council to oversee the life of everyone. Deacons, who dispense church goods to the poor. Calvin implemented this on his return to Geneva in 1540.

Popolo Grosso

Capitalists and bankers who "Challenged the old rich for power". (Florence, birth of Renaissance)

Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549)

Catholic who ordered a reform commission in 1535 to study the condition of the Church. Said commission blamed the problems of the Church on corrupt policies of popes and cardinals.

Raphael (c. 1483-1520)

Considered to be one of the best artists of any era, his well known pieces include The School of Athens and Betrothal of the Virgin

Diet of Augsburg (1530)

Charles V Gathered Protestant and Catholic representatives from across Germany and sought to discuss the growing religious division across the region. Instead, he demanded that all Lutherans revert to Catholicism by April 15th, 1531.

Lorenzo Valla

Civic Humanist who helped create a new field of study (Philogy) which studied the ancient languages.

War of the Roses (c. 1455-1485)

Civil war that proceed the Hundred Years war. It was fought between 2 factions: The house of York and the House of Lancaster. After the conflict, the house of Tudor rose to the throne in England, from Edward VII to Elizabeth I, the house ruled from 1485-1603.

Renaissance (Start of 2.1)

Classical Revival of Greco-Roman Civilization. Lasted from c. 1400 - 1527, ended when Rome was sacked during the Habsburg-Valois wars.

Conversos and Moriscos (Spain)

Converted Jews and Muslims who were suspected of practicing their old belief in secret.

Johann Gutenberg (c. 1400-1468)

Created the first modern printing press in Germany, allowed for ideas to be disseminated more fluidly.

Brunelleschi (c. 1377-1446)

Designed the first Dome overhang to be built since antiquity in Florence (Il Duomo, 1436)

Popolo Minute

Disenfranchised and heavily taxed, bitterly resented their exclusion from power. (Florence, birth of Renaissance)

Johann Tetzel (c. 1465-1519)

Dominican Friar who preached the "benefits" of the indulgences, causing many, including Martin Luther, to challenge this action.

Girolamo Savonarola (c. 1452-1498)

Dominican Friar who's sermons ousted the Medici family from Florence. In turn, he ruled Florence as as a Theocracy ( Like a Holy Dictatorship ) with strict moral codes. Excommunicated and was burned at the stake.

Charles V von Habsburg (r. 1519-1556)

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE, parts of Germany, Austria, Poland, France, Benelux, Switzerland) Spain, and parts of Italy during the time of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. Addressed the Edict of Worms in response to the spread of Lutheranism.

Henry VIII Tudor (r. 1509-1547)

English Monarch who couldn't get a male heir to save his life... or that of his 5 wives. Earned the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the pope for defending the sacraments against Luther. In response to the pope denying his appeal for a divorce to Catherine of Aragon he himself cut all ties with Rome and established the Anglican church.

Leonardo Da Vinci (c. 1452-1519)

Exhibited what it meant to be a renaissance man. Studied anatomy of animals. Notable works of art include The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man, and the Mona Lisa

Giotto (c. 1276-1336)

Father of Renaissance painting

Ferdinand And Isabella (Spain)

First monarchs over all Spanish-Speaking regions of Iberia. United the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon through their marriage in 1474. Initiated the Reconquista against the Moors (1492) and expelled the Jews and non-catholics from their newly formed kingdom. (r. 1474-1504)

Jan van Eyck (c. 1390-1441)

Flemish Northern Renaissance painter, one of the first to use oil-based paints to create multiple colors (created more realistic paintings). Greatest works include The Ghent Altarpiece (1432) and The Arnolfini Wedding (1434).

Katherina von Bora (c. 1499-1532)

Former nun that Martin Luther Married, being the model marriage and ideal for family life for the new protestant minister.

John Calvin (c. 1509-1564) (Start of 3.2)

French Catholic-Turned-Protestant, Fled across France to Paris because of persecution against protestantism, eventually ended up in the City of Geneva, Switzerland. During this time, he wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. He ruled over the city of Geneva as a theocracy and a model for a calvinist city. What sets apart his religion, Calvinism, from Lutheranism is the idea of Predestination, believed in intertwining secular and religious authorities, enforced the action that the followers of his religion should be able to rebel if the government becomes too secular, and Justification by faith alone, Luther's belief, was contrasted by the idea of Predestination.

Northern Renaissance

German Renaissance that took place during the late 15th-mid 16th century. Differed from the Italian Renaissance through incorporating religion as a major part of the rebirth. Contributed to the Protestant Reformation; set the climate favorable for educational and religious reforms.

Parliament of Paris (France)

Greatest court of law in the land; was a judicial body whose members were appointed by the crown. These parliaments lasted until the French Revolution and were a staple of the Old Regime in side of France.

Titian (c. 1490-1576)

Helped turn Venice into an artistic center, most sought after portraitist in all of Europe

Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

Immediate Successor of Henry VIII, Archbishop Cranmer acted as his regent, moving the Church into a more Protestant direction. Revised a new Liturgy in the Book of Common Prayer.

The Prince (c. 1513)

In Machiavelli's book, it outlines how to gain and maintain power as a monarch. Rejected the notion that a ruler should be Christian and that "The ends Justified the means". Behave like a lion and also like a fox. "Better to be feared than loved... but he ought to avoid making himself hated"

Pico della Mirandola (c. 1463 -1494)

In his book, Oration on the Dignity of Man, the idea that one should be well-rounded ( A "Renaissance Man" ) rather than an expert in all fields was conceived.

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants (1524-1525)

In response to a peasant uprising that attacked the legally established secular powers, Luther's pamphlet called on the nobility to cut down the peasants in order to restore peace. Originally siding with the peasants, Luther soon realized that his religion could not spread without the support of the upper classes.

Patrons of the Arts

In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

Queen Mary (r. 1553-1558)

Intended to restore Catholicism to England. Married the Catholic Phillip II, her cousin, who was strongly disliked in England. She burned more than 300 Protestants at the stake, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary". By the time of her death, which signaled the end of the catholic restoration in England, the country was more Protestant than Catholic.

Edict of Worms (May 26, 1521)

Issued by Charles V von Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, that declared Luther an Outlaw and Heretic. Ordered his arrest and that no one should give Luther food or shelter, and that his books be burned.

Ciompi Revolt

Social tensions inside of the City-State of Florence erupted into an uprising of the poor that occurred in 1378

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c.1525-1569)

Known for his lively paintings of ordinary people. His greatest works include Peasant Wedding (1565), The Peasant Dance (1568) and The Triumph of Death (1562)

Moravian Brethren

Largest group of Anabaptists in the eastern part of Bohemia (Modern day Czechia)

Elizabethan Settlement

Laws requiring everyone to attend Church of England Services.

Martin Luther (c. 1483-1546)

Lawyer-Turned Priest, This man challenged the Catholic Church on the idea that salvation was done through good works and sacraments and that indulgences were bogus. He believed that faith was received by faith alone. (Sola fida, sola scriptura, and sola gratia). Believed in a "Priesthood of all believers". After breaking from the catholic church through not recanting his propositions, he went into hiding and translated the bible from Latin to German, making the message of the bible up to interpretation to the layperson.

Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)

Leader of the Ottoman Empire, extended the influence of the Muslim Empire into the Balkans and up into Austria, where they were repulsed at Vienna in 1529.

Ulrich Zwingli (c.1484-1531)

Leader of the reformation in Switzerland, views differed from Luther's slightly. He wanted to simplify religion, stating that all of the sacraments were symbolic and none bestowed grace. Country fell into civil war and he was killed in the infighting, keeping Switzerland catholic (For now)

Leipzig Debate (July, 1519)

Luther was ordered to appear in a formal scholarly debate with a representative of the church. Luther challenged the infallibility of the pope and claimed, for the first time, that Scripture alone. Burned his bridges with the church by defending Jan Huss (A predocesor to Luther who was deemed heretical for his teachings).

Provincialism (France)

Loyalty toward local customs which had worked against the unity of France for centuries

Mendicant Order

Mendicant means living a life of poverty and begging. They lived as Christ did, renouncing property and traveling the world to preach. Their survival was dependent upon the good will of their listeners.

Condottieri

Mercenary Armies

Henry VII Tudor (r. 1485-1509)

Monarch of England after the War of the Roses, he created a efficient and centralized form of taxation for the English crown, passed laws against "livery and maintenance" and created the Star Chamber

Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1466-1536)

Most influential of all the Christian Humanists. Revised the errors in the bible. Wrote The Praise of Folly, in which he satirized corrupt practices, notably by the clergy. Similar to Martin Luther in which he emphasized inner piety over good works/sacraments. Disagreed with the Protestant Reformers, such as Luther, who broke the unity of western christianity. (He believed in reform from within the church rather than external change).

Ninety-Five Thesis

On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted this on the Door of the castle church in Wittenburg. This document denounced indulgences, stated that the church made claims far beyond their reach, making salvation attainable through buying and selling. Also claimed that people won salvation by faith in God's forgiveness, not good works.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Passed by parliament, completed the break with the Roman Catholic Church and established the English Monarch the official head of the Church of England.

Anabaptists

Radical form of reformed religions, emphasizing the importance of Adult Baptism, defending the action because Jesus was baptised as an Adult. However, as infant baptism was a core belief in Lutheranism, Calvinism, and even Catholicism, leaders of each religion attacked the practice, thus leading to its extinction.

Star Chamber (England)

Regarded as one of the most just and efficient courts of the Tudor era, the court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against the English upper class. The court was also used to impose punishment for actions which were deemed to be morally reprehensible, but not in violation of the law. This gave the chamber great flexibility on punishment.

Giovanni Boccaccio (c. 1313-1375)

Renaissance Humanist who lived in Florence and wrote the Decameron. Set during the time of the Bubonic Plague, depicts people how they really are by means of Satire.

Charles VII de Valois (r. 1422-1461)

Restored the monarchy in France, expelled the English from French lands (except Calais). Set up new taxes in 1453 that lasted until the French Revolution in 1792

Prince Frederick the Wise (r. 1486-1525)

Ruler of Saxony (South of Berlin) disobeyed the emperor and shelterd Luther in his castle for almost a year, from 1521-1522. There, Luther translated the bible from Greek (Originally revised by Decideas Erasmus) and Latin texts into German.

New Monarchies (Start of 2.2)

Rulers who emerged in Western Europe that consolidated power to themselves. Features include Subordination of the clergy and local nobles, Standing armies, taxes, and efficient Bureaucracies. Examples include Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (Castile-Aragon)

Michelangelo (c. 1475-1564)

Sculpted the Pieta (1498-1499) and David (Straight one, 1501-1504). Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which also included the famous Creation of Man fresco (1508-1512)

Donatello (c. 1386-1466)

Sculptor of Bronze Gay David

Hasburg-Valois Wars (1494-1559)(Dates conflict)

Series of wars between the French and the HRE were fought intermittently between 1521-1544, preventing Charles from concentrating on the spread of Lutheranism inside the German parts of his empire

Hidalgo (Spain)

Similar to Gentry class in England, became increasingly important in Spanish politics in regards to the centralization of power in the domestic regions and the New World.

Michael Servetus

Spanish Physician and ametuer theologin who was captured by Calvin and burned at the stake in 1553 for rejecting the divinity/holy trinity of Christ. Showed the hypocrisy of the Calvinists: after seeking refuge in Geneva for their beliefs, they execute someone for not conforming to their beliefs.

Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation

Started by Pope Paul III, this movement was a resurgence of catholicism against the surge of the new reformed religions, starting with the Council of Trent (c. 1545-1563) to around the end of the Thirty Years War (c. 1648)

Queen Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

Successor of Bloody Mary, This English queen pushed the church in a moderately Protestant Direction, walking a tightrope between the even split Catholics and Anglicans in her country. Took the title of Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head of the Church. Able to undo the religious compromise that threatened her country by going for religious toleration over unity. Passed Act of Uniformity, making church services more acceptable to Catholics. Her Thirty-Nine Articles defined theological issues midway between Lutheranism and Calvinism. Commited Regicide against her Catholic Cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who plotted an overthrow of her reign.

Communes

Sworn associations of free men who sought political and economic independence from local nobles

Francesco Petrarch (c. 1304-1374)

The "Father of Humanism", He is considered to be the first modern Writer and is responsible for the revival of the classics.

New World

The American Continents

Gentry Class (England)

The class of people next below the nobility in position and birth. Usually had large estates and were dominant figures at the parish, county and even national levels.

Parliament (England)

The consultative assembly that began to take on a general importance as the chief representative of the countries wishes. Increasingly considered the only body that could give a ruler's actions a broad stamp of approval.

Sack of Rome (1527)

The destruction of the Holy city of Rome by Spanish Mercenaries during the Habsburg-Valois Wars (1494-1559). Resulted in the end of the Italian Renaissance and prevented the unification of italy until the mid 19th century.

Signoria

The governing authority in many of the Italian city states during the medieval and renaissance periods. Power usually resided in the hands of few men, example is the Medici family in Florence.

Anticlericalism (Start of 3.1)

The opposition of the clergy in the early 16th century as a result of clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism.

"Livery and Maintenance" (England)

The practice by which great lords maintained private armies wearing their own livery or insignia

(Clerical) Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one church office at a time.

Cortes (Spain)

The representative body of each province which kept with the traditions of governing by consent and preserving the subjects' rights.

Transubstantiation

The sacrament where a priest performs the miracle of transforming a wafer and wine into the true body and blood of christ. Luther contradicted this, saying that no miracle happens.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty signed by Charles V and Lutheran German princes; allowed German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects (But not the right of the subject to choose their religion). Gave Protestantism equal standing alongside Catholicism. Charles V abdicated his throne a year later, dividing up the empire into a German half and a Spanish half, which included the low countries (Will be notable later)

Mehemed II (r. 1451-1481)

Turkish/Ottoman Prince who conquered the final remnants of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople/Greece in 1453.

Masaccio (c. 1401-1428)

Used inspiration of the ancients to put a new emphasis on nature , 3D human bodies, and on perspective. Painted The Expulsion of Adam and Eve; first nudes since antiquity.

Catherine of Aragon (c. 1485-1536)

Wife of Henry VIII and Henry's brother Arthur, in which she produced a female heir who came to be known as Bloody Mary.

Machiavelli (c. 1469-1527)

Wrote The Prince (1513), considered to be the "Father of Modern Politics"

Thomas More (c. 1478-1535)

Wrote the book Utopia (1516) in which it reflects his own concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day. A devout Catholic, he served as an advisor to King Henry VIII. However, he was executed for not agreeing with the Kings split from the Catholic Church.