AP Final
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was A. France. B. Portugal. C. the Netherlands. D. Spain.
A. France.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as A. dualism. B. empiricism. C. naturalism. D. materialism.
B. empiricism.
Who were the Luddites? A. Irish peasants who formed secret societies against British landowners B. Dutch agricultural workers who rebelled against their falling standard of living in comparison to the urban workers C. British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work D. Scottish Highlanders who formed community groups that worked building railroads across Great Britain
C. British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
Which of the following was not part of the Council of Trent? A. ended the sale of indulgences B. created new religious orders C. renewed monasticism D. accepted 2 sacraments instead of 7
C. renewed monasticism
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement? A. Employers must be required to provide basic education for child workers under the age of ten. B. All women must be paid equally to men. C. Britain must permit the import of grain without duties attached in order to keep food prices low. D. All men must be given the right to vote.
D. All men must be given the right to vote.
What is the name of the outlaw and free armies that roamed the Russian countryside? A. Stadholder B. Zemstvo C. Cossacks D. Junkers
D. Junkers
Who revoked the Edict of Nantes? A. Henry IV B. Louis XVI C. Henry VIII D. Loius XIV
D. Loius XIV
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a A. popular democracy. B. parliamentary government. C. constitutional monarchy. D. military dictatorship.
D. military dictatorship.
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because A. sexual activity prior to marriage was extremely rare and harshly punished by the church. B. poor nutrition dramatically diminished women's ability to become pregnant and to carry a child to term. C. unmarried pregnant women commonly aborted their fetuses D. of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
D. of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code? A. The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people B. The rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism. C.The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property D. The abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion
A. The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to A. the absence of marshes and swamps in the Netherlands. B. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country. C. the increased migration of peasants from cities to the country. D. the strong nobility of the Dutch.
B. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about A. the high cost of production in the rural countryside. B. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers. C. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production. D. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses
B. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
Mercantilist theory postulated that A. government should not interfere in the economy. B. imports and exports should be equally balanced. C. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state. D. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations.
C. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Who said that the population would always outgrow the food supply? A. David Ricardo B. Karl Marx C. Thomas Newcomen D. Thomas Malthus
D. Thomas Malthus
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people? A. It emphasized a warm and emotional religion. B. It offered a guarantee of salvation. C. It was favored by secular authorities. D. It preached a highly rational approach to religion.
A. It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.
Which of the following is not an inventor of the Industrial Revolution? A. John Wesley B. George Stephenson C. James Hargreaves D. Richard Arkwright
A. John Wesley
This Act of Parliament said that English goods had to carried on English ships. A. Navigation Act C. Combination Act B. Mercantilism Act D. Continental System
A. Navigation Act
Which of the following is not true of the Anabaptist? A. believed in separation of church and state B. infant baptism C. allowed women in the ministry state D. pacifists
A. believed in separation of church and state
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included A. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy. B. members of the clergy. C. all commoners D. members of the nobility.
A. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
What was the "Time of Troubles" in Russia? A. fighting against Mongol rule B. a dispute in the line of succession C. peasant uprisings D. trying to understand Francisco Chavez
B. a dispute in the line of succession
Who was William Cockerill? A. The inventor of the spinning jenny B. The chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England C. An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium D. The prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833
C. An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through A. inheritance of the throne from her mother. B. Frederick II of Prussia's invasion of Russia. C. a military coup. D. election by the general public.
C. a military coup.
Which of the following would not be an example of a community control? A. dating practices B. pre-marital sex C. women holding multiple jobs D. babies born out of wedlock
C. women holding multiple jobs
This is an example of Catholic piety and is the celebration beform Lent. (goodbye to meat) A. Cock Fighting B. Bull Baiting C. Easter D. Carnival
D. Carnival
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the A. Jacquerie. B. Vendée. C. Fronde. D. Levée en Masse.
D. Levée en Masse.
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640? A. Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and wanted to go to war with Spain. B. Charles I married a Presbyterian princess. C. James I frequently lectured the House of Commons about his divine authority. D. Charles I sought to impose the Scottish religion on England.
A. Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and wanted to go to war with Spain.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages? A. Cottage workers liked the paternalistic relationship they had with the merchant capitalist. B. In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo. C. Working in a factory meant getting up very early every day. D. Cottage workers wanted to remain close to their local parish church.
A. Cottage workers liked the paternalistic relationship they had with the merchant capitalist.
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration? A. Desire for material profit B. Fear of invasion from the Americas C. Fear of invasion from China D. Desire to escape from the Black Death
A. Desire for material profit
How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army? A. He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs. B. He permitted the Junkers to seize church lands as compensation. C. He threatened the Junkers with military attack. D. He offered the Junkers the exclusive right to sit in the royal councils.
A. He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature? A. Industrialization of the Continent B. Establishment of limited liability investment C. Recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy D. Influx of British investment
A. Industrialization of the Continent
Who wrote "The Prince" and said it is better to be feared than loved. A. Nicolo Machiavelli B. Charles Dickens C. Thomas Malthus D. William Wordsworth
A. Nicolo Machiavelli
This document signed by Charles VI said that the Hapsburg lands would never be divided and could pass to a single heir, even a woman. A. Pragmatic Sanction B. Peace of Augsburg C. Peace of Westphalia D. Edict of Nantes
A. Pragmatic Sanction
What law allowed Huguenots the right to worship in France? A. The Edict of Nantes B. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourgeois C. The Council of Trent D. The Congress of Vienna
A. The Edict of Nantes
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France? A. The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion B. The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries C. The preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations D. The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean
A. The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at A. a just price one that was fair to both consumers and producers. B. a price average people could pay, even if it meant producers took a loss. C. whatever price the government chose to impose. D. whatever price the church recommended.
A. a just price one that was fair to both consumers and producers.
In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued A. as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state. B. only in those regions of the nation where natural resources were easily available. C. through the laissez-faire tradition of free trade and independence from government interference. D. as a supplement to agricultural development but never as a goal in itself.
A. as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion, A. believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education. B. was the first woman admitted into the Royal Academy of Sciences. C. was the powerful mistress of Louis XV. D. inspired Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas on education and emotion.
A. believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by A. high infant mortality rates. B. church doctrine. C. Enlightenment philosophy. D. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities.
A. high infant mortality rates.
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses. B. He advocated aminal husbandy and invented a seed drill. C. He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them. D. He paved the way for peasants to own land—after he became the first non-noblemen to be England's largest landowner.
B. He advocated aminal husbandy and invented a seed drill.
What two cities did "Rocket" connect in the mid 19th century? A. Manchester and London B. Manchester and Liverpool C. Los Angeles and San Diego D. Manchester and Sheffield
B. Manchester and Liverpool
The Junkers were A. Dutch merchants who made up the oligarchy that controlled the government of the Netherlands. B. Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state. C. Members of the janissary corps who filled the posts of the Ottoman bureaucracy and military D. Russian administrators who accepted the westernization policies of Peter the Great
B. Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the
John Knox spread the Reformation to what country? A. France B. Scotland C. United States D. Germany
B. Scotland
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris? A. The peasants involved in the Great Fear B. Several thousand Parisian women C. The rioters of the Bastille D. The National Assembly
B. Several thousand Parisian women
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries? A. The Spanish, the French, and the Dutch B. The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch C. The English, the Spanish, and the French D. The Spanish, the French, and the English
B. The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century? A. Children were seen as beloved by God and not to be harshly rebuked. B. The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will. C. Children were largely undisciplined until they reached the age of education, around seven years of age. D. Both Protestant and Catholic law forbade striking a child for any cause.
B. The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
How did governments respond to the new science? A. They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge. B. They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations. C. They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research. D. They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials.
B. They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations.
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety? A. To build a coalition of provincial leaders in order to suppress rebellions in France B. To establish a secret police force in order to institute the Reign of Terror C. To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within D. To investigate the army in order to weed out disloyal officers and ensure its obedience to the Legislative Assembly
B. To establish a secret police force in order to institute the Reign of Terror
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit? A. The use of Irish laborers in English mines B. Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten C. Night work in the mines D. Work shifts longer than eight hours
B. Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment? A. The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life. B. Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith. C. Human beings are inherently corrupt. D. All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter
B. Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith.
Political power in the Dutch Republic was A. held by the central government. B. controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen. C. held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers. D. exercised by a democratically elected States-General.
B. controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included A. freeing the Prussian serfs. B. curtailing the privileges of the nobility. C. simplifying Prussia's laws. D. censoring the publications of scholars.
B. curtailing the privileges of the nobility.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for A. discovering the a cure for polio. B. discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox. C. introducing inoculation against smallpox to western Asia. D. opening the first modern factory. E. introducing inoculation against smallpox to colonial North America.
B. discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also A. restricted English banks from making foreign loans. B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. C. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. D. prevented the American colonists from building ships.
B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company A. established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas. B. handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain. C. established bases in the Caribbean. D. took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
B. handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain.
Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were A. strictly forbidden by laws passed against abuse of animals. B. popular with the European masses. C. regarded by almost all Europeans as examples of primitive behavior that should be condemned in an Age of Enlightenment. D. principally sponsored by betting syndicates that viewed them as highly lucrative sources of income.
B. popular with the European masses.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that A. the productivity of the Industrial Revolution would result in a rise in the standard of living. B. population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence. C. government programs are necessary to prevent distress. D. capitalism will prevent distress through an increase in productivity.
B. population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
Copernicus's theory of the universe A. was endorsed by the Catholic Church. B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe. C. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. D. used epicycles to explain planetary motion.
B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
Typically, French classicism A. challenged existing concepts concerning art. B. presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity. C. had little support from the royal government. D. emphasized individualistic renderings of society.
B. presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.
hese were the laboring group of the French Revolution that refused to wear the style on pants (breeches) wore before the revolution. A. Sponge Bob B. sans-culottes C. Jacobins D. laissez-faire
B. sans-culottes
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with A. France. B. the British colonial empire. C. the European continent. D. Asia.
B. the British colonial empire.
The exchange of goods from the Americas to Europe and the reverse is called A. the Magellan Exchange. B. the Colombian Exchange. C. the Encomienda System. D. mercantilism.
B. the Colombian Exchange.
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and A. dairy products. B. vegetables. C. wild game. D. meat.
B. vegetables.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia? A. The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe. B. The Dutch government found that sustaining the colonies in Asia cost more than the profits that could be made and withdrew military protection. C. The Dutch economy was devastated by wars with Great Britain and France and lacked capital for continued colonization. D. The Dutch missionaries forcefully pressed Christianity onto local leaders, leading to successful rebellions against the colonies.
C. The Dutch economy was devastated by wars with Great Britain and France and lacked capital for continued colonization.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges. B. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side. C. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively. D. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations
C. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on A. the military. B. the royal court. C. interest payments on the debt. D. bread subsidies for the poor.
C. interest payments on the debt.
The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily A. provincial nobles. B. businessmen. C. lawyers and government officials. D. wealthy peasants.
C. lawyers and government officials.
Voltaire used satire to criticize what institution? A. absolute monarchy B. oppression of women C. the Catholic clergy D. slavery
C. the Catholic clergy
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed A. the African trade B. the Atlantic economy. C. the colonial economy. D. the East Indian trade.
C. the colonial economy.
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was A. reform of the church. B. a belief in decentralization. C. the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy. D. the sovereignty of the people.
C. the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? A. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. B. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire. C. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
What treaty ended the Thirty Years War? A. Treaty of Versailles B. Peace of Utrecht C. Peace of Augsburg D. Peace of Westphalia
D. Peace of Westphalia
Which of the following is an example of a Baroque painter? A. Michelangelo B. Rembrandt C. Jacques Louis David D. Peter Paul Rubens
D. Peter Paul Rubens
This faction of the Jacobins was led by Robespierre and Danton. A. The Mountain B. The Girondists C. sans-culottes D. Thermidors
D. Thermidors
A striking feature of the salons was that A. clerics were banned. B. philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. C. they were often sponsored by the government. D. members of the working classes often attended
D. members of the working classes often attended
Before the Estates General was called, these group failed at tax reform. A. Assembly of Notables B. National Assembly C. Girondists D. Jacobins
A. Assembly of Notables
What is the name of the Russian nobility? A. Boyars B. Czars C. Cossacks D. Russkies
A. Boyars
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia? A. Convicted prisoners B. Indentured servants C. Slaves D. Aboriginal people
A. Convicted prisoners
Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published A. the first translation of Newton's Principia into French. B. The Persian Letters. C. The Social Contract. D. The Theory of Moral Sentiments.
A. the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
What adviser to Louis XIV advocated mercantilism? A. Jean-Baptiste Colbert B. Duke of Sully C. Cardinal Richelieu D. Jacques Necker
A. Jean-Baptiste Colbert
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that A. wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace. B. workers only get paid enough to keep them from starving. C. wages of the working class always rise as a percentage of the wages of the upper classes. D. population growth creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits
A. wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace.
What was the function of the Crystal Palace? A. It was Tsar Alexander I's answer to Versailles. B. It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London. C. It was the nickname for the Archbishop of Canterbury's new cathedral. D. It was an architectural masterpiece constructed entirely of marble.
B. It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement? A. Olympe de Gouges B. Mary Wollstonecraft C. Abigail Adams D. Émilie du Châtelet
B. Mary Wollstonecraft
What is the term given for the mix of Spanish and Indian blood? A. Creole B. Mestizo C. Peninsulare D. Mulotto
B. Mestizo
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called A. Narva. B. Moscow. C. Leningrad. D. St. Petersburg.
B. Moscow.
Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade? A. Princely kingdoms in India B. Muslim-controlled port cities C. Chinese merchants D. The Hindu priestly class
B. Muslim-controlled port cities
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers were hallmarks of what style of art? A. Baroque B. Rococo C. Romanticism D. Realism
B. Rococo
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it A. allowed children ten and older to work only if they worked with their family. B. banned children under nine years of age from employment. C. banned children under fourteen years of age from employment D. allowed children aged fourteen to eighteen to work a maximum of eight hours a day.
B. banned children under nine years of age from employment.
Who started the Methodist movement? A. John Calvin B. Ignatius Loyola C. Ulrich Zwingli D. John Wesley
D. John Wesley
What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science? A. Control of venereal disease B. Elimination of the bubonic plague C. Conquest of smallpox D. Invention of anesthesia for surgery
C. Conquest of smallpox
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing? A. He favored overthrowing abusive governments. B. He advocated tender loving care for children. C. He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it. D. He allowed alcohol consumption, which other sects did not.
C. He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was A. Paris. B. Berlin. C. London. D. Vienna.
C. London.
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France? A. The sans-culottes committed the September Massacres B. Napoleon was driven from Russia. C. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly. D. The Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people.
C. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
What war led to the British winning the colonial battle over North America? A. American Independence B. Thirty Years' War C. Seven Years' War D. Opium Wars
C. Seven Years' War
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire? A. An enlarged France and several satellite kingdoms, on the thrones of which Napoleon placed members of his family. B. An enlarged France and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. C. An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. D. An enlarged France, parts of northern Italy, and German territories on the east bank of the Rhine.
D. An enlarged France, parts of northern Italy, and German territories on the east bank of the Rhine.
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the A. Commercial Revolution. B. Scientific Revolution. C. Protestant Reformation. D. Catholic Reformation.
D. Catholic Reformation.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain? A. Factory Act of 1833 B. Mines Act of 1842 C. Coercive Acts of 1766 D. Combination Acts of 1799
D. Combination Acts of 1799
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe? A. The prevalence of the extended family structure B. The fear of overpopulation C. The availability of premarital sex D. It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.
D. It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.
Who invented the spinning jenny? A. Richard Arkwright B. Samuel Crompton C. Andrew Ure D. James Hargreaves
D. James Hargreaves
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution? A. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B. The development of the internal combustion engine. C. The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D. James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
D. James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of A. the Duke of Saint-Simon. B. Cardinal Mazarin. C. Count-Duke of Olivares. D. Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
D. Jean-Baptiste Colbert.