AP Gov-Civil Liberties

Which of the following scenarios, related to the First Amendment, best illustrates the "right . . . to petition the Government . . ." ? A A newspaper prints an editorial supporting executive action by the president. B A student sues a public school that institutes a mandatory prayer ceremony. C A citizen calls a member of Congress to persuade her to vote yes on a bill. D A religious group practices a religious ritual that is in conflict with a local law.

A citizen calls a member of Congress to persuade her to vote yes on a bill.

Which of the following best illustrates the protection of an individual's Fifth Amendment rights? An appeals court rules that a lower court imposed excessive punishment on an individual who broke a law. A judge blocks an attempt by law enforcement to search a home without probable cause. After arrest, a suspect is informed of the right to remain silent during interrogation. During a time of war, soldiers are not quartered in a person's home without the consent of the owner.

After arrest, a suspect is informed of the right to remain silent during interrogation.

Which of the following principles protects a citizen from imprisonment without trial? Representative government Separation of powers Due process Checks and balances Popular sovereignty

Due process

Which of the following constitutional amendments is most related to the issue shown on the map? Second Amendment Eighth Amendment Sixteenth Amendment Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Eighth Amendment

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the establishment clause and the free exercise clause? this is formatted weird. it's one of those chart ones. just memorize the answer

Establishment Clause: Prohibits the federal government from promoting religion or creating a national religion Free Exercise Clause: Protects an individual's religious beliefs and reasonable religious practices

Interest groups are protected under the Constitution by the A provisions of Article I, Section 8 B First Amendment C Ninth Amendment D Tenth Amendment E Fourteenth Amendment

First Amendment

Which of the following Supreme Court cases established that those accused of felonies who cannot afford legal counsel are entitled to legal counsel provided by the state? United States v. Lopez (1995) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The facts of which of the following cases are most related to the political cartoon? A New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) B Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) C Schenck v. United States (1919) D Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Which of the following Supreme Court cases establishes that a woman has a due process right to make a decision whether or not to have an abortion? Responses United States v. Lopez (1995) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Roe v. Wade (1973) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The Supreme Court ruled in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) that a citizen's right to keep and bear arms at home for self-defense is protected from state and federal infringement. Which of the following is most relevant to that decision? Full faith and credit Selective incorporation Equal protection Eminent domain

Selective incorporation

Which of the following attributes of the political cartoon would best represent the government's use of prior restraint? The steps of the building The fallen pillars The word "democracy" written on the building The standing pillars

The fallen pillars

A writ of habeas corpus refers to A a person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment B a person's right to not be charged for an action committed before that action was a crime C a person's right to trial by jury D the protection against cruel and unusual punishment E a demand from one state to extradite a suspect from another state

a person's right to know the reasons for his or her imprisonment

In Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared that Responses illegal aliens have the same right to an education as United States citizens evidence seized during an illegal search cannot be used in court affirmative action programs cannot employ numerical quotas police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest the death penalty is constitutional so long as juries are supplied with sentencing guidelines

police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest

With respect to prayer in public schools, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that A state-sponsored prayer violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment B state-sponsored prayer is permitted by the free exercise clause of the First Amendment C since educational policy is controlled largely by state governments, the First Amendment does not affect school policy on prayer D the free exercise clause permits teachers to mandate silent prayer E in school districts in which local authorities can demonstrate that all students belong to a single religion, mandated prayer is permissible

state-sponsored prayer violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment

The Supreme Court's decision about abortion in Roe v. Wade was based on the right to privacy implied in the Bill of Rights guarantees of freedom of religion contained in the First Amendment the due process clause in the Fifth Amendment the equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment a federal statute legalizing abortion

the right to privacy implied in the Bill of Rights

The "Miranda warning" represents an attempt to protect criminal suspects against unfair police interrogation biased jury selection imprisonment without trial illegal wiretapping unjustified police surveillance

unfair police interrogation

Which of the following rulings is most likely to cite the Supreme Court's decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) as a legal precedent in support of the decision? A A ruling in favor of students to print their opinions in a school newspaper B A ruling against a public school's practice of having prayer at school assemblies C A ruling supporting the creation of gun-free zones in public schools D A ruling enforcing mandatory vaccinations for all children before attending school

A ruling in favor of students to print their opinions in a school newspaper

Which of the following is most likely to be considered speech that is protected by the First Amendment? A A newspaper publishes a factually untrue article that defames the reputation of a public individual. B A group of people who are upset with a judge's decision stage a protest on the judge's private property. C An individual posts something on social media that is highly critical of the president. D A person threatens to commit an act of violence in an online video.

An individual posts something on social media that is highly critical of the president.

Which of the following could be used as evidence to support the author's claim? A At the time the Constitution was written, laws in the states required able-bodied individuals to serve in militias. B The Constitution clearly states that the Second Amendment applies only to the federal government's ability to make gun laws. C The United States today uses militias such as police forces to maintain domestic peace. D The Constitution guarantees that all rights, including the Second Amendment, are incorporated to the states.

At the time the Constitution was written, laws in the states required able-bodied individuals to serve in militias.

Which of the following constitutional clauses was most relevant in the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973) ? Commerce clause Free exercise clause Due process clause Equal protection clause

Due process clause

Most of the individual protections of the Bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's Preamble necessary and proper clause supremacy clause Tenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment

Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following cases examined a state law that required all children to attend school through the twelfth grade in order to promote the general welfare of its citizens? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B Marbury v. Madison (1803) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969) D Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

The federal Constitution guarantees all of the following rights to a person arrested and charged with a serious crime EXCEPT the right to remain silent be represented by a lawyer negotiate a plea bargain demand a writ of habeas corpus receive a speedy and public trial

negotiate a plea bargain

Which of the following illustrates a situation that would not be protected by the First Amendment due to time, place, and manner restrictions? A A student is expelled from school for wearing a black T-shirt expressing opposition to a law recently passed by the state legislature. B An organization regarded as a hate group is not able to obtain a permit to march through a major city because of its message. C Antibusiness protestors are arrested and prosecuted for shutting down major intersections in New York City's Times Square during rush hour. D An independent political advocacy organization is prevented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from running political advertisements on television.

Antibusiness protestors are arrested and prosecuted for shutting down major intersections in New York City's Times Square during rush hour.

A classified Department of Defense study on the effectiveness of the United States involvement in the Afghanistan War is obtained by a newspaper. The president seeks to block the publication of the document. The court rules in favor of the newspaper, citing as precedent the Supreme Court's decision in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971). Based on the ruling in the Supreme Court's decision, which of the following lines of reasoning does the court most likely use? A Freedom of the press cannot be abridged except for restrictions on time, place, and manner of the communication. B Freedom of the press requires that the government show a significant danger to national security in order to stop publication. C Freedom of the press permits the press to print any story, but if the story embarrasses public officials, they can sue under defamation laws. D Freedom of the press cannot be abridged by the actions of the president without a law passed by Congress.

Freedom of the press requires that the government show a significant danger to national security in order to stop publication.

A group unhappy with local law enforcement distributes a memo to members encouraging physical confrontations with police officers. The leaders of the group are promptly arrested. Which of the following Supreme Court cases best justifies the actions taken by law enforcement in this scenario? A Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) B Engel v. Vitale (1962) C New York Times v. United States (1971) D Schenck v. United States (1919)

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Which of the following is a principle underlying the Bill of Rights? A The people should control all aspects of governance. B Some rights are fundamental and should not be subject to majoritarian control. C The legislature should be the most powerful branch of government. D All people should be guaranteed the same rights, whether they are citizens or not. E It is groups rather than individuals that have fundamental rights and immunities.

Some rights are fundamental and should not be subject to majoritarian control.

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated, "that the [Constitution] protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense" and that the Second Amendment applied to the states through which of the following constitutional clauses? The due process clause of the Fifth Amendment The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment The equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendm

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The free-exercise clause protects A the president from forcibly revealing private conversations with staff B individuals who, for religious reasons, refuse to pay Social Security taxes C voluntary prayer by student groups before school D a person's right to burn the American flag E a person's right to practice polygamy

voluntary prayer by student groups before school

"...If we resort to violence then one of two things will happen: either the violence will be escalated and there will be many injuries and perhaps deaths on both sides, or there will be total demoralization of the workers. Nonviolence has exactly the opposite effect. If, for every violent act committed against us, we respond with nonviolence, we attract people's support. We can gather the support of millions who have a conscience and would rather see a nonviolent resolution to problems. We are convinced that when people are faced with a direct appeal from the poor struggling nonviolently against great odds, they will react positively. The American people and people everywhere still yearn for justice. It is to that yearning that we appeal. ...When victory comes through violence, it is a victory with strings attached. If we beat the growers at the expense of violence, victory would come at the expense of injury and perhaps death. Such a thing would have a tremendous impact on us. We would lose regard for human beings. Then the struggle would become a mechanical thing. When you lose your sense of life and justice, you lose your strength...." César Chávez, "He Showed Us the Way," 1978 Which of the following provisions of the Bill of Rights could support the actions that César Chávez is encouraging the farmworkers to take? The right to fair trial The right to assemble The right to bear arms The right to an attorney

The right to assemble

To which level of government did the Bill of Rights originally apply? State governments only Federal government only State and federal governments only Local and federal governments only Local, state, and federal governments

Federal government only

"Just as the Fourth Amendment's right to privacy has been declared enforceable against the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth, it is enforceable by the same sanction . . . as is used against the federal government. Were it otherwise, . . . the assurance against unreasonable searches and seizures would be 'a form of words,' valueless . . . 'in the concept of ordered liberty." Justice Tom Clark, Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Which two principles are addressed in the excerptabove? The incorporation doctrine The concept of eminent domain The exclusionary rule The "wall of separation" doctrine I and II I and III I and IV II and III II and IV

I and III

The card shown above was issued as a consequence of which of the following Supreme Court decisions? Gitlow, v. New York Munn, v. , Illinois Regents of University of California, v. , Bakke Gideon, v. , Wainwright Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda v. Arizona

The Supreme Court has ruled which of the following concerning the death penalty? A state may not impose the death penalty on a noncitizen. Lethal injection is the only constitutionally acceptable method of execution. Females may not be executed. The death penalty is not necessarily cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty violates the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.

The death penalty is not necessarily cruel and unusual punishment.

Which of the following would be considered an instance in which time, place, and manner restrictions would be applied to the First Amendment? A A city enforces its laws restricting noise to limit the scale of an outdoor concert event intended to raise public awareness of climate change. B A group with offensive signs is denied a permit to march through the streets because local residents and businesses oppose the group's message. C A person is arrested after making a threat to police officers who are investigating a crime scene. D A newspaper publishes an article that publicly defames the reputation of a private individual.

A city enforces its laws restricting noise to limit the scale of an outdoor concert event intended to raise public awareness of climate change.

The author's main argument is that the Second Amendment A did not extend privacy rights B was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms C should not be applied to states that do not have a militia D protects an individual's right to own a gun for personal protection

was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms

According to the clear and present danger test, speech may be restricted A when it incites violent action B when it lacks a political purpose C whenever the United States is at war D if it is deemed offensive to religious organizations E if the writer or speaker is not a citizen of the United States

when it incites violent action

Which of the following statements best describes how United States citizens regard the rights of free speech and assembly? A A majority agrees in principle with these rights, but in practice many people are often intolerant of views they do not support. B A majority actively supports these rights without any reservations. C A majority opposes these rights in principle. D The average citizen is more supportive of these rights than are members of the elite. E Conservatives have traditionally been more supportive of these rights than have liberals.

A majority agrees in principle with these rights, but in practice many people are often intolerant of views they do not support.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates an action that would be protected by the free exercise clause in the First Amendment? A A student wears a T-shirt to public school portraying an illegal substance. B A person legally purchases a firearm for the purpose of self-defense. C A person wears a necklace bearing a Christian cross to work. D A state mandates the reading of a prayer at the beginning of the school day.

A person wears a necklace bearing a Christian cross to work.

The Washington Post receives a top secret report that details how the executive branch mishandled a deal made with a foreign nation regarding nuclear weapons. The executive branch attempts to stop the publishing of the report, but the publishers cite the precedent in New York Times Company v. United States (1971) establishing which of the following legal rules? A The application of strict scrutiny B The exclusionary rule for evidence C The heavy presumption against prior restraint D Time, place, and manner restrictions

The heavy presumption against prior restraint

Which of the following best explains how poll respondents regard the relationship between the right to own guns and personal freedom? A The poll shows there is an ongoing debate over whether gun control laws promote or interfere with individual rights. B The poll shows that gun owners and non-gun owners have widely different views over a range of civil liberties issues. C The poll shows that party polarization has a sizable impact on elections and policy making at each level of government. D The poll shows that even the courts have mixed opinions as to whether the second amendment involves individual liberty.

The poll shows there is an ongoing debate over whether gun control laws promote or interfere with individual rights.

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions allows public school students to wear T-shirts protesting a school board decision that eliminates funding for high school arts programs? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) D New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

In Roe v. Wade, the majority of Supreme Court justices determined that a constitutional right to privacy necessitated making contraceptives legal abortions could be performed only during the first twelve weeks of a pregnancy homosexuality is unconstitutional the United States Constitution implies a right to privacy and thus made abortions legal a husband is allowed to veto his wife's decision to have an abortion

the United States Constitution implies a right to privacy and thus made abortions legal

Which of the following scenarios would be considered a violation of the rights of someone accused of a crime, according to the Supreme Court? A witness is called to testify against a suspect accused of plotting a terrorist attack. A police officer acts to stop a crime while it is being committed but does so without a warrant. A person who is unable to afford an attorney is tried and convicted of a crime without legal representation. A suspect is informed of the right to an attorney but confesses to a crime prior to receiving legal advice.

A person who is unable to afford an attorney is tried and convicted of a crime without legal representation.

Which of the following best describes a purpose of the Establishment Clause? A It gives Congress the power to protect civil rights and civil liberties. B It prohibits Congress from establishing a state religion. C It empowers Congress to create a national bank. D It prevents Congress from prohibiting the possession of guns on school grounds. E It grants Congress the power to establish post roads and post offices.

It prohibits Congress from establishing a state religion.

In the case of McDonald v. Chicago (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense was applicable to the states. This ruling is an example of the application of the doctrine of Strict scrutiny Selective incorporation Stare decisis Literalism

Selective incorporation

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Bible could be distributed at public schools under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment exclusionary rule prevented the introduction of evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being introduced in court eminent domain clause of the Fifth Amendment prevents government from taking religious property for public purposes Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws Eighth Amendment cruel-and-unusual-punishment provision cannot be applied in a discriminatory manner

Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws

The United States Supreme Court has used which of the following to incorporate the Bill of Rights into state law? The necessary and proper clause The Fourteenth Amendment The Judiciary Act of 1789 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Fourteenth Amendment

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated that, "[s]elf-defense is a basic right, recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day" and that an individual's right to bear arms was "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition." The quote points to which of the following amendments to the United States Constitution as a basis to limit state action? The First Amendment The Second Amendment The Third Amendment The Fourth Amendment

The Second Amendment

Which of the following explains the constitutional reasoning in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ? The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires Congress to protect an individual's ability to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment is a collective right and not one intended for individual application. The full faith and credit clause requires the state of Illinois to respect the laws of neighboring states concerning the right to keep and bear arms. The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

A public school district implemented a policy that allowed students to vote on whether they wanted a student-led prayer to be read at football games. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate? A The interstate commerce clause B The free exercise clause C The supremacy clause D The establishment clause

The establishment clause

Which of the following is one of the central concerns of the First Amendment? A The supremacy of the national over the state governments B The right of citizens to bear arms C The division of powers among the three branches of government D The right of citizens to petition the government for redress of grievances E The protection of the rights of those accused of committing a crime

The right of citizens to petition the government for redress of grievances

Which of the following cases decided whether a state could compel children to attend school beyond eighth grade even if it violated the students' sincerely held religious beliefs? A United States v. Lopez (1995) B Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) D Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Which of the following is true about the right of free speech, as currently interpreted by the Supreme Court? A It protects the right to express opinions even without the actual use of words. B It protects the use of language deemed obscene by the courts. C It allows citizens to disobey laws that they believe to be unjust. D It is protected from infringement by the federal government but not from infringement by state governments. E It cannot be limited in any manner.

It protects the right to express opinions even without the actual use of words.

Which of the following reflects the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) ? It ruled that the state had an overarching right to prohibit women of all ages from having abortions anytime during their pregnancies. It ruled that the state had a justifiable interest to legalize abortion. It ruled that a woman's right to an abortion was a privacy right incorporated to all of the states. It ruled that the case was moot, as Roe's pregnancy had ended by the time the case came up for review.

It ruled that a woman's right to an abortion was a privacy right incorporated to all of the states.

In the majority opinion of a United States Supreme Court case, Justice Alito wrote, "we now turn directly to the question whether the...right to keep and bear arms is incorporated in the concept of due process. In answering that question, . . . we must decide whether the right to keep and bear arms is fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty." Which Supreme Court case is most aligned with Justice Alito's reasoning to treat gun ownership for self-defense as a fundamental liberty? United States v. Lopez (1995) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Baker v. Carr (1962) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Which of the following statements best describes the information in the map? Most states in the Northeast and West do not allow capital punishment. Most states in the South and West allow capital punishment. Capital punishment is not allowed in Oklahoma (OK) and New Mexico (NM). Only three states do not allow capital punishment.

Most states in the South and West allow capital punishment.

Which of the following best defines civil liberties? A The freedom to refuse to obey laws an individual considers to be immoral violations of civil rights B Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government C Precedents pertaining to criminal procedure that are set by the Supreme Court that are upheld in the lower courts D Those features of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution that pertain to the actions of individuals and groups E Laws passed by Congress to define the powers and privileges of individuals

Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government

After hours of interrogation by police a suspect confesses to multiple felony offenses. His attorney objected to the admission of the confession because he was not advised of his right to have an attorney present nor his protection from self-incrimination. Which amendments are most relevant to this scenario? The Fourth and Fifth Amendments The Fifth and Sixth Amendments The Sixth and Eighth Amendments The Fourth and Eighth Amendments

The Fifth and Sixth Amendments

A woman is arrested for possessing illegal substances that were obtained after a warrantless search of her home by local police. Which of the following best explains whether the evidence could be used in a criminal trial? The due process rights of the Fifth Amendment require that the evidence be reviewed by the prosecution before being admitted as evidence in court. The exclusionary rule, derived from the Fourth Amendment, prevents the evidence from being used against the suspect. Since the evidence obtained suggests illegal activity, the evidence may be used against the defendant in a criminal trial. If the case is in the state court system, the evidence can be used against the defendant.

The exclusionary rule, derived from the Fourth Amendment, prevents the evidence from being used against the suspect.

In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation? When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state When there is a conflict among the branches of the national government When a federal policy shifting oversight authority from a national agency to a state agency is challenged When a former employee files a wrongful termination claim against a company headquartered in another state

When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state

The "wall of separation" doctrine refers to the A division between levels of government B unique powers possessed by each branch of government C division of church and state D barrier between legislative chambers E differentiation of municipal powers from county powers

division of church and state

The process of extending the protections of the Bill of Rights by means of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to the actions of state governments is known as judicial review incorporation broad construction federalism stare decisis

incorporation

The clear-and-present danger test devised by the Supreme Court was designed to define the conditions under which public authorities could A ban obscene materials B suspend habeas corpus protections C mobilize the National Guard D limit free speech E commit troops to situations of potential foreign combat

limit free speech

The president privately discusses with his staff a decision to increase economic sanctions on Iran. Before a final decision is made, a draft of the proposal is leaked to a reporter. The president orders the reporter and her newspaper to suspend publication of the plan, citing issues of national and economic security. Which of the following best indicates how a court would rule in this case if the Supreme Court's ruling in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) was used as a precedent? A The president has the authority to stop the publication of the story because the administration has asserted that the information in the story threatens national security. B Although the documents have already been obtained by the press, a court must review the documents prior to publication to ensure that no information that threatens national security is made public. C Freedom of the press includes a heavy presumption against government censorship, and the documents can be published by the press. D Because the president's staff leaked the documents and the newspaper obtained them in a legal manner, they may be published without prior restraint.

Freedom of the press includes a heavy presumption against government censorship, and the documents can be published by the press.

During an investigation, police officers find illegal drugs while searching a home for which they did not acquire a warrant. Which of the following would prevent the drugs from being used as evidence at trial? The writ of habeas corpus The exclusionary rule The Miranda warning The protection against ex post facto

The exclusionary rule

Which of the following would most likely be protected by the First Amendment? A A reporter knowingly publishes a false story that injures the subject's reputation. B A student wears a black armband at school to protest government involvement in a war. C An individual issues a threat against another individual on social media. D An individual spray paints graffiti on a public building to protest a government action.

A student wears a black armband at school to protest government involvement in a war.

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), which of the following provides the legal reasoning behind the Supreme Court's ruling? A It ruled that the state had an overarching right to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding such action permissible under the Tenth Amendment. B It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation. C It balanced the school's interest in providing for an open and peaceful frame of mind for the school day with the interest of the students in not being subjected to the prayer, ultimately ruling for the state. D It rejected the student complaint, as public school students have no free exercise rights in school.

It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the inclusion of Title IX as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 ? Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women. Paid lobbyists added the amendment on behalf of teachers unions in order to increase pay and tenure for public school teachers. President Lyndon Johnson used the power of the bully pulpit to pressure members of Congress to pass a bill that would legally desegregate schools. The Department of Justice added the amendment in order to provide legal guidance to states to enforce the Equal Rights Amendment.

Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women.

At a public high school, several students raised a banner and wore clothing in support of a candidate running in the upcoming presidential election during lunch period. The principal asked the students to put away the banner, citing safety concerns. Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to this scenario? A Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) B Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) D Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

According to the data, both gun owners and non-gun owners A answered similarly regarding the importance of the right to own guns B believed that the right to vote was less critical than freedom of religion C chose freedom of speech as most crucial to their own liberty D demonstrated deep division between one another in most categories

chose freedom of speech as most crucial to their own liberty

The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government interpreted the Ninth Amendment as requiring national health and worker-safety standards to protect the individual's implied right of personal safety stripped the armed forces of their discretionary powers regarding military service for gay men, lesbians, and married people strengthened local police forces by granting them the power to investigate and prosecute federal offenses granted the federal government the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to expand presidential power restrict the application of judicial review make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government limit the use of the legislative veto

make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that upheld a woman's right to secure an abortion was based on the right to privacy implied in the Bill of Rights equality guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments due process of law enumerated in the Fifth and Sixth amendments adequate medical care implied in the Preamble to the Constitution life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness enumerated in the Declaration of Independence

privacy implied in the Bill of Rights

Which of the following pairs of cases used the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause to expand individual liberties? Schenck v. United States (1919) Engel v. Vitale (1962) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) New York Times Company v. United States (1971) Marbury v. Madison (1803) McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Roe v. Wade (1973) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Roe v. Wade (1973) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Griswold v. Connecticut and Roe v. Wade are similar Supreme Court cases in that both cases are based on the rights of gay men and lesbian women right of privacy right to an abortion right to freedom from cruel and unusual punishment right of women to equal protection before the law

right of privacy

The Constitution and its amendments expressly prohibit all of the following EXCEPT A slavery B double jeopardy C cruel and unusual punishment D unreasonable searches and seizures E sex discrimination in employment

sex discrimination in employment

The establishment clause in the First Amendment does which of the following? A Guarantees freedom of speech to all citizens. B Prevents prior restraint of the press. C Prohibits the setting up of a state church. D Defines the concept of dual citizenship. E Allows citizens to enter freely into contracts with other citizens.

Prohibits the setting up of a state church.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of rights protected and not protected by the First Amendment?

Protected by the First Amendment: The right to burn a flag Not protected: Obscenity

"The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Nothing better captured this constitutional ideal than the minuteman. Citizens had a legal obligation to outfit themselves with a musket at their own expense and were expected to turn out at a minute's notice to defend their community, state, and eventually their nation. Although each side in the modern debate claims to be faithful to the historical Second Amendment, a restoration of its original meaning, re-creating the world of the minuteman, would be a nightmare that neither side would welcome. It would certainly involve more intrusive gun regulation, not less. . . . Gun control advocates might blanch at the notion that all Americans would be required to receive firearms training and would certainly look askance at the idea of requiring all able-bodied citizens to purchase their own military-style assault weapons." Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America, Oxford University Press, 2006 Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the article? A Engel v. Vitale (1962) B Baker v. Carr (1962) C McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) D McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Which of the following headlines is most relevant to the political cartoon? A Nixon Administration Goes to Court to Stop Pentagon Papers Release B Supreme Court Rules High School Students May Silently Protest Vietnam War C Supreme Court Hears Flag Burning Case D War Protestor Presented "Clear and Present Danger" Says Court

Nixon Administration Goes to Court to Stop Pentagon Papers Release

Just beyond the horizon of current events lie two possible political futures—both bleak, neither democratic. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe—a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths against every kind of interdependence, every kind of artificial social cooperation and civic mutuality. The second is being borne in on us by the onrush of economic and ecological forces that demand integration and uniformity and that mesmerize the world with fast music, fast computers, and fast food—with MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's, pressing nations into one commercially homogeneous global network: one McWorld tied together by technology, ecology, communications, and commerce. The planet is falling precipitantly apart and coming reluctantly together at the very same moment. Benjamin Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," 1992 Since 1992, how has concern over the increasingly dangerous world described in the passage most affected American political debates? It has led to a decline in the power of states to enforce their own state laws. Congress has increased its role in foreign policy, especially when it comes to combat operations. There has been a decline in support for the free enterprise system due to the increased number of trade agreements. The federal government has increased its surveillance powers, leading to a debate about the balance between civil liberties and security.

The federal government has increased its surveillance powers, leading to a debate about the balance between civil liberties and security.

"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government . . ." ". . . Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men. . . . Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Which of the following best captures a portion of the author's argument? Women elected officials have not done enough to pass laws promoting women's rights. Men and women are legally equal, but women are morally superior to men. The government has made women subservient by denying them the right to vote. Women have faced too much suffrage due to the actions of the government.

The government has made women subservient by denying them the right to vote.