AP Government Chapter 7

When it comes to rating the things that the media do, journalists believe that it is most important for the media to _________ and least important for it to ____________. Select one: a. get information quickly to the public; investigate claims made by government b. provide entertainment; point to possible solutions for problems c. point to possible solutions; get information quickly to the public d. discuss national policy; motivate people to get involved incorrect e. investigate claims made by government; provide entertainment

investigate claims made by government; provide entertainment.

In Bias, former CBS News reporter Bernard Goldberg notes that Select one: a. media bias is explicitly connected to the political views of media owners. b. because most journalists are more conservative than the general public, news coverage tends to reflect a conservative bias. c. real media bias comes not so much from which party the media attack, but as a result of how journalists see the world. correct d. because most journalists are more liberal than the general public, news coverage tends to reflect a liberal bias. e. media emphasis on social issues such as feminism, gay rights, and welfare policy is a result of the cosmopolitan environment in which network reporters live.

real media bias comes not so much from which party the media attack, but as a result of how journalists see the world..

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the twentieth century lasted until Select one: a. the commercialization of television. b. the beginning of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. incorrect c. the Vietnam War and Watergate. d. the Iranian Hostage Crisis. e. World War II.

the Vietnam War and Watergate..

When was the Federal Communications Commission created? Select one: a. 1954 b. 1964 incorrect c. 1934 d. 1974 e. 1944

1934.

Since 1996, FCC rules have stipulated that no single owner can control more than _____ percent of the broadcast market. Select one: a. 25 b. 45 c. 15 incorrect d. 5 e. 35

35.

In 1989, major networks broadcast _____ minutes of foreign news; in 2000 they broadcast ____ minutes of foreign news. Select one: a. 5,000; 10,000 b. 1,382; 4,032 c. 4,032; 1,382 correct d. 10,000; 5,000 e. 4,032; 4,032

4,032; 1,382.

The average length of time that a presidential candidate was given to talk uninterrupted in 1968 was _______; in 2004 it was ________. Select one: a. 8 minutes; 5 minutes b. 43 seconds, 8 seconds correct c. 8 minutes; 5 seconds d. 5 seconds; 5 seconds e. 10 minutes; 10 seconds

43 seconds, 8 seconds.

Gannett, Knight-Ridder, and Newhouse together represent over ______ percent of the nation's daily circulation of print media. Select one: a. 10 b. 3 c. 80 d. 50 incorrect e. 60

80.

An example of a major television network is Select one: a. Knight-Ridder. b. Newhouse. c. ABC. correct d. Gannett. e. Associated Press.

ABC..

In its study of 240 hours of cable news programming in 2003, the Columbia University Project for Excellence in Journalism found that Select one: a. the role of the reporter was primarily to talk extemporaneously. incorrect b. coverage of the news was spotty, ignoring many important topics. c. stories were reported frequently, usually without any important new information. d. only 11 percent of the time was taken up with written and edited stories. e. All of the above were found in the study.

All of the above were found in the study..

Which of the following is a consequence of sound bite journalism? Select one: a. Politicians are better able to avoid the issues. b. Channels such as CNN and MSNBC rather than the major networks increasingly cover the field of political news. incorrect c. Politicians find it harder to get their message across to the public. d. Some politicians have turned to new outlets, such as entertainment and talk shows, to try to communicate with the public. e. All of these are consequences of sound bite journalism.

All of these are consequences of sound bite journalism..

What is the purpose of the FCC? Select one: a. To conduct periodic examinations of the goals and performance of stations as part of its licensing authority b. To regulate communications via radio, television, telephone, cable, and satellite c. To issue a number of fair-treatment rules concerning access to the airwaves for officeholders and candidates d. All of these are purposes of the FCC. correct e. To prevent near monopolies of control over broadcast media

All of these are purposes of the FCC..

Which of the following is true of press criticism of political leaders? Select one: a. The media focus on injustice in society invariably encourages enlarging the scope of government. b. All of these are true. c. A clear public majority thinks that press criticism of political leaders is worth it because it keeps leaders from doing things that should not be done. incorrect d. Reporters believe that exposing officeholders is an essential role of the free press. e. The watchdog orientation of the press is neither conservative nor liberal, but reformist.

All of these are true..

Which of the following is one way that American media are different from media in other democracies? Select one: a. American media have always employed greater technology than other countries. b. American media are more sophisticated than their European counterparts. c. There is no significant difference between American media and media in other democracies. incorrect d. International media are entirely government owned. e. American media are totally dependent on advertising revenues to keep business going.

American media are totally dependent on advertising revenues to keep business going..

Which of the following statements regarding print media is FALSE? Select one: a. Those who read the news tend to be more engaged than those who watch the news. b. A major metropolitan newspaper averages 100,000 words, compared to a typical nightly news broadcast, which amounts to about 3,600 words. c. American newspaper circulation rates have been steadily increasing since the beginning of the twenty-first century. correct d. In 2008, one newspaper was sold for every 5 adults. e. American newspapers collect little advertising revenue from online editions.

American newspaper circulation rates have been steadily increasing since the beginning of the twenty-first century..

Which of the following is a consequence of the rise of television broadcasting? Select one: a. Congress has increasingly received more television coverage compared to the other two branches of government. b. Groups have greater access to spread their issues and messages to the public. incorrect c. The American public has become more politically informed. d. Individuals have a greater need for political parties to help them make decisions. e. Candidates are more capable of running for office on their own by appealing to people directly through TV.

Candidates are more capable of running for office on their own by appealing to people directly through TV..

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the media's agenda-setting powers according to research on media effects? Select one: a. Citizens may alter their evaluations of political leaders in response to media coverage. b. Citizens may alter their ideological orientation in response to hidden bias found in media coverage. c. Voters may alter their vote choices and opinions about important public policy issues in response to media coverage. d. All of the above are potential consequences. incorrect e. Voters may switch political parties in response to hidden bias found in media coverage.

Citizens may alter their evaluations of political leaders in response to media coverage..

In 1934, Congress created the ______________ to regulate the use of the airwaves. Select one: a. Federal Communications Commission correct b. Federal Trade Commission c. Equal Opportunity Commission d. Department of Media Communications e. Department of the Interior

Federal Communications Commission.

Who declared, "The president of the United States will not stand and be questioned like a chicken thief by men whose names he does not even know." Select one: a. John F. Kennedy b. Ronald Reagan c. Bill Clinton incorrect d. Herbert Hoover e. Richard Nixon

Herbert Hoover.

Which of the following is a consequence of the increasing corporate business management of the media? Select one: a. Both a and c are true. b. Major television networks have increased the number of foreign bureaus across the globe. c. Major television networks have decreased the number of foreign bureaus across the globe. d. Americans have become more knowledgeable about foreign and global affairs. incorrect e. The amount of time and space devoted to foreign news coverage has increased.

Major television networks have decreased the number of foreign bureaus across the globe..

Which of the following is a chain, that is, a group of newspapers published by media conglomerates? Select one: a. Associated Press b. MTV c. ABC d. NBC incorrect e. Newhouse

Newhouse.

How has news coverage changed since Kennedy's presidency in 1960? Select one: a. News coverage of presidential candidates has become increasingly less favorable. b. Emphasis of campaign reporting has changed dramatically from "why" to a simpler, descriptive "what" format. c. The news media have reduced their coverage of presidential candidates. d. Coverage of issues in presidential campaigns has increased dramatically. incorrect e. The amount of news coverage of presidential candidates has increased dramatically.

News coverage of presidential candidates has become increasingly less favorable..

Which of the following statements about private control of the media is FALSE? Select one: a. Striving for profits greatly shapes how the news is reported. b. Private ownership of the media and First Amendment protections mean that journalists have almost completely unfettered freedom to criticize government leaders and policies. c. Profit has driven American media organizations to expand their foreign bureaus abroad. correct d. American media are dependent on advertising revenue to support their businesses. e. In 1989, network news programs broadcast 4,032 minutes of foreign news; in 2000, this number had dropped to 1,382 minutes.

Profit has driven American media organizations to expand their foreign bureaus abroad..

Investigative journalism may contribute to public cynicism and negativity about politics by pitting which two groups against one another? Select one: a. Reporters and political leaders b. Reporters and celebrities c. Reporters and the companies that own their broadcast media d. Reporters and the general public e. Political leaders and the general public incorrect

Reporters and political leaders.

Which of the following developments has been most important in reinforcing and furthering individualism in the American political process? Select one: a. Emergence of radio b. Rise of TV broadcasting correct c. The Internet d. Development of print media e. Development of political blogs

Rise of TV broadcasting.

Epstein's News from Nowhere suggests that Select one: a. TV networks define what is entertaining in terms of average viewers. b. trivial stories rarely make it into the news, even when they are entertaining to average viewers. c. All of these are true. incorrect d. the media tend to report the most important stories, despite entertainment value. e. the media tend to pitch stories to a relatively high level of viewer sophistication.

TV networks define what is entertaining in terms of average viewers..

Which of the following statements regarding news and the Internet is FALSE? Select one: a. Candidate campaign sites have a modest tendency to reinforce voters' predispositions. b. During the 2008 presidential election, Americans were more likely to use the Internet to look up pop culture information than political information. c. Traffic to political sites accounts for just about 0.12 percent of all Web traffic. d. More so than TV, the Internet is purposive, that is, what people see is the product of their own intentional purposes. incorrect e. The Internet has helped to create a public that has higher levels of political knowledge.

The Internet has helped to create a public that has higher levels of political knowledge..

Which of the following statements about TV news coverage is TRUE? Select one: a. Both b and c are true. b. In 2000, most voters relied on network TV coverage to hear the presidential candidates deliver their messages. c. Ratings pressure for the three major TV networks has led to an increase in the amount of time devoted to political coverage. incorrect d. The three major networks combined devoted an average of 24.6 minutes per night to the 2000 presidential contests, double the amount of time devoted to the 1992 campaign. e. The three major networks combined devoted an average of 12.6 minutes per night to the 2000 presidential contest, just one-half of the time devoted to the 1992 campaign.

The three major networks combined devoted an average of 12.6 minutes per night to the 2000 presidential contest, just one-half of the time devoted to the 1992 campaign..

An example of a newsweekly is Select one: a. the New York Times. incorrect b. the Daily News. c. USA Today. d. Time. e. the Washington Post.

Time. .

Which of the following is a consequence of the rise of narrowcasting? Select one: a. Most Americans follow politics more frequently and with greater intensity than they follow popular culture. b. Young adults are less likely than other age groups to use newspapers and broadcast media as news and information sources. c. Young adults are more likely than other age groups to use newspapers and broadcast media as news and information sources. incorrect d. Narrowcasting has encouraged less repetition of stories on broadcast news programs. e. Narrowcasting has demonstrated that cable news programs are apt to cover political events in great detail, conveying more substantive information to viewers.

Young adults are less likely than other age groups to use newspapers and broadcast media as news and information sources..

Increasing public attention to specific problems is a core feature of the media's ______ power. Select one: a. watchdog b. investigative c. scorekeeping incorrect d. agenda-setting e. gate-keeping

agenda-setting.

Iyengar and Kinder's research found that TV news Select one: a. alters the priorities Americans attach to problems. b. is more effective in changing American public opinion than is print news. incorrect c. regularly changes viewers' policy and voting preferences, particularly during campaigns. d. has minimal effects on the public opinion of viewers. e. effectively manipulates what Americans think about public issues.

alters the priorities Americans attach to problems..

Thomas Patterson found that media coverage of presidential candidates changed from a descriptive framework to a(n) Select one: a. evaluative framework. b. uniform framework. incorrect c. analytical framework. d. empirical framework. e. normative framework.

analytical framework..

Research suggests that the most prominent bias in the media is a(n) _______ bias. Select one: a. conservative b. audience-driven c. liberal d. socialist incorrect e. Democratic

audience-driven.

Specific locations from which news frequently emanates are called Select one: a. beats. b. news houses. incorrect c. embassies. d. reporters' clubs. e. trial balloons.

beats..

Newspapers published by massive media conglomerates accounting for over four-fifths of the nation's daily newspaper circulation are called Select one: a. trial balloons. b. broadcasters. c. associated press outlets. d. narrowcasters. incorrect e. chains.

chains.

Newspaper chains are Select one: a. unaffected by the quest for profit. b. local papers owned by fearless local editors. incorrect c. controlled by conglomerates that often control broadcast media as well. d. organizations loosely linked by the wire services. e. disappearing as a result of the rise of television.

controlled by conglomerates that often control broadcast media as well..

For the past several decades, research has consistently found that a majority of the public believes press criticism of political leaders Select one: a. does more harm than good. b. does more good than harm. c. reflects a conservative bias. d. reflects a liberal bias. incorrect e. is corrosive to the American political process.

does more good than harm..

The overriding bias in the news is toward stories that Select one: a. are liberal. b. are triangular. c. target specific audiences. incorrect d. include talking heads. e. draw large audiences.

draw large audiences..

Television, radio, and the Internet are _________ media; newspapers and magazines are _______ media. Select one: a. private; public incorrect b. electronic; print c. conservative; liberal d. liberal; conservative e. public; private

electronic; print.

The media's focus on injustice in society encourages ______ the scope of government. Select one: a. enlarging b. curbing c. controlling d. limiting e. restricting incorrect

enlarging.

The ____ stipulates that if a station sells advertising time to one candidate, it must be willing to sell equal time to other candidates for the same office. Select one: a. Second Amendment incorrect b. fair-treatment rule c. equal-time rule d. public interest rule e. First Amendment

equal-time rule.

According to a Marc Hertsgaard, news management in the Reagan White House operated on each of the following principles EXCEPT Select one: a. expanding reporters' access to the president. b. controlling the flow of information. c. staying on the offensive. incorrect d. talking about the issues you want to talk about. e. being repetitive with messages.

expanding reporters' access to the president..

Whereas one newspaper was sold for every two adults in 1960, by 2008 one paper was sold for every ____ adults. Select one: a. five b. ten c. fifteen incorrect d. four e. three

five.

The rise of television broadcasting has reinforced ______ in the American political process. Select one: a. conservativism b. liberalism incorrect c. libertarianism d. individualism e. communitarianism

individualism.

The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders, is referred to as Select one: a. investigative journalism. b. gate keeping. incorrect c. criminalistic journalism. d. law-and-order journalism. e. guard dog journalism.

investigative journalism..

The media act as a(n)________between the people and policymakers. Select one: a. key linkage institution b. necessary evil incorrect c. sole form of communication d. unappreciated mediator e. negative element of democracy

key linkage institution.

Paradoxically, as technology has enabled the media to pass along information with greater speed, news coverage has become Select one: a. more biased. b. more thorough. c. less biased. d. less thorough. correct e. more objective.

less thorough..

Research suggests that American journalists are more likely to consider themselves _____ than the general public. Select one: a. libertarians b. conservatives c. religious d. liberals correct e. biased

liberals.

Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other forms of communication are collectively referred to as the Select one: a. World Wide Web. b. world of high-tech politics. incorrect c. mass media. d. media conglomeration. e. fourth branch of government.

mass media..

Media programming on cable TV or the Internet that is focused on a particular interest and aimed at a particular audience is called Select one: a. broadcasting. b. narrowcasting. c. high-tech politics. d. media conglomeration. e. chain broadcasting.

narrowcasting..

In News from Nowhere, Edward Epstein found that Select one: a. TV news coverage devotes more time to foreign policy news than does newspaper news. b. Epstein found all of these to be true. c. TV networks defined news in terms of what is most important for informed engagement in the American political process. incorrect d. TV news coverage was more sophisticated than newspaper coverage on the same topics. e. news shows are tailored to a low level of audience sophistication.

news shows are tailored to a low level of audience sophistication..

The "minimal effects hypothesis" suggests that the media have Select one: a. a major effect on public opinion, except among the most highly educated citizens. b. a minimal effect on Americans' who do not watch TV. c. only a marginal effect on public opinion. d. a minimal effect on Americans' consumption of print newspapers. incorrect e. a minimal effect on policymakers' public pronouncements and issue positions.

only a marginal effect on public opinion..

People who invest their political capital in an issue are called Select one: a. media conglomerates. b. policy entrepreneurs. c. lobbyists. incorrect d. agenda setters. e. trial balloons.

policy entrepreneurs..

The issues that attract serious attention of public officials and other people involved in politics are collectively referred to as the _______ agenda. Select one: a. news incorrect b. policy c. media d. entrepreneurial e. profit

policy.

The first televised ________ occurred during the 1960 presidential campaign. Select one: a. presidential debate b. election returns c. presidential press conference d. political commercial incorrect e. national political convention

presidential debate.

The first daily newspaper in America was Select one: a. Common Sense, printed in 1776. b. the Associated Press, established in 1841. c. the Colonial Gazette, printed in 1607. d. the New York Times, established in 1800. incorrect e. printed in Philadelphia in 1783

printed in Philadelphia in 1783..

Congress long ago stipulated that in order to receive a broadcasting license, a station must Select one: a. serve the public interest. b. be privately owned. incorrect c. provide free air time to political candidates. d. be publicly owned. e. provide free air time to the White House.

serve the public interest..

The primary interest of publicly owned media is _____________; the primary interest of privately owned media is_______________. Select one: a. making a profit; serving the public interest b. spreading propaganda; being as objective as possible c. undermining democracy; supporting democracy d. serving the state; serving the people incorrect e. serving the public interest; making a profit

serving the public interest; making a profit.

Journalists and politicians have a ______ relationship, with politicians relying on journalists to get their message out and journalists relying on politicians to keep them in the know. Select one: a. collegial b. symbiotic c. adversarial d. antagonistic incorrect e. competitive

symbiotic.

Differences in press coverage between presidents Reagan and Obama show that Select one: a. there is a diminishing audience for national news and presidential messages. b. presidential addresses receive higher Nielson ratings today than they did several decades ago. c. more Americans read presidential addresses in newspapers while fewer view coverage on TV. d. there is a growing audience for national news and presidential messages. incorrect e. more than 50 percent of Americans can be expected to tune in to watch presidential addresses to Congress.

there is a diminishing audience for national news and presidential messages..

Following the first Nixon-Kennedy presidential debate of 1960, opinion polls showed that Select one: a. those who listened over the radio thought it was a draw, while those who watched on television thought Kennedy did better. incorrect b. those who watched on television thought Kennedy had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Nixon won. c. those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Kennedy had won. d. those who watched on television thought Nixon had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Kennedy won. e. those who watched on television and listened over the radio both thought Nixon had won.

those who watched on television thought Kennedy had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Nixon won..

An intentional news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction to that news is called a(n) Select one: a. press conference. b. media event. c. trial balloon. correct d. talking head. e. investigative journalism event.

trial balloon..

When top aides to President Clinton leaked his admission of an "inappropriate relationship" to Richard Berke of the New York Times, prior to Clinton's public admission before the grand jury, this was an example of a(n) Select one: a. beat. b. talking head. c. trial balloon. correct d. sound bite. e. guilty plea.

trial balloon..

Public officials often leak ________ to reporters to see what the political reaction will be. Select one: a. talking heads incorrect b. sound bites c. "oiled news" d. trial balloons e. beats

trial balloons.