A.P. Government Unit 2 Test:

(d) Explain how the following cases expanded civil liberties in the U.S. (i) Gideon v. Wainwright (ii) Mapp v. Ohio

(i) Gideon's case was due to him breaking and entering. He was poor and asked the state to provide an attorney for his case. However, they didn't give him one. He was sent to jail but they forgot to selectively incorporate the 6th Amendment, giving him the right to an attorney. This expanded civil liberties into the states, because they only used to provide for capital cases. He ended up winning and earning the right to an attorney. He got to use and spread liberties. (ii) Mapps' house was searched illegally (without warrants). They were searching for a fugitive but found illegal porn. They used it against her in the trial. However, she used her 4th Amendment to her advantage. The 4th Amendment and exclusionary clause allowed her to win because that evidence can't be used without a warrant. This increased civil liberties because she expanded and further protected her/others' future rights and search/ seizure 4th Amendment.

(b) Explain how a specific piece of legislative action helped each of the following groups: (i) Women or the disabled (ii) African Americans

(i)The 19th Amendment greatly helped women. The 19th Amendment allowed women to vote (after the age of 21). They gave women more say in who led the country and representation. They now could have a political opportunity to vote for whom they want. Other pieces like the Affirmative Act and Equal Pay Act helped to increase job opportunities and more gender similarity in pay. Women now could be seen as more than "housewives". (ii)The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 all helped African Americans. The 13th Amendment was a starting point by banning slavery. It took a while for it to actually take effect but lead to the 14th and 15th Amendments. The 14th Amendment was huge for them because of the Equal Protect Law/Clause. This helped African Americans to get the same civil rights as others. It also increased their citizenship and protection overall with the country. Lastly, even though there were lots of blacks, the 15th Amendment technically gave African Americans the right to vote at age 21. They now could have "more" say and political opportunities. It was applicable to ALL men. Civil Rights Act also started to increase equality.

Which of the following is an example of legal affirmative action policy?

A university's use of race as one factor in consideration for admittance to its law school

Southern states attempted to deny African Americans the right to vote through

All of the above

The 1950's and the 1960's saw a marked increase in public policies to foster racial equality primarily due to

All of the above

Selective Incorporation

Application of the Bill of Rights to the states

Policies that are designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals are called

Civil Rights

Short Answer - Two of the major principles of American Government are civil rights and liberties. (a) Describe the difference between civil rights and civil liberties

Civil rights are policies that help people / groups from discriminatory acts done by others or the government. Some examples would be the Civil Rights Movement that minorities/African Americans fought for. They wanted proper freedom and civil rights. Civil rights are movements that make sure Americans are getting their liberties. However, civil liberties are freedoms, states in the Constitution / BoR to establish/evolve peoples legal/constitutional rights aren't taken (protects citizens opinions and etc.) from the government. Some example would come from the BoR like the freedom of speech, petition, etc.

According to the SCOTUS in the case of Schneck v. U.S., free speech can be restricted by the federal government only on the basis of

Clear and present danger

Children assigned to schools near their homes in self-chosen racially segregated neighborhoods is an example of

De facto segregation

The SCOTUS has ruled all of the following as protected forms of speech EXCEPT:

Fighting words

In deciding to incorporate parts of the Bill of Rights into state laws since 1925, the Supreme Court has relied on the

Fourteenth Amendment

Freedom of Speech was incorporated into state laws by which of the following cases?

Gitlow v. New York

(c) What amendment has been used to overturn numerous civil rights cases? Provide an example.

I think that the 14th Amendment was used to overturn numerous civil rights cases and presented a super historical legislative piece of rights. For example, Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka. Brown filed his case because of the segregation they were experiencing. She was bussed 10 minutes away, instead of a close walk, because of her race - De Juro Segregation. This affecter her opportunities and education. The court ruled in her favor against the school because of the 14th Amendment. It overturned the case because of the equal protection clause and how it unconstitutionally violated it. It also overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal). Allowing all states to give marriage licenses, even to homosexuals.

Which of the following is true about the right to free speech, as currently interpreted by the SCOTUS (Supreme Court of the U.S.)?

It contains the right to express opinions without words

All of the following are explicitly protected by the Fifth Amendment EXCEPT:

Privacy

The Establishment Clause in the First Amendment does which of the following?

Prohibits the setting up of a state church

Which of the following was not a key strategy of the Civil Rights movement?

Quiet Acceptance

In the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford, the SCOTUS defended the idea of

Slavery

School bussing was upheld in the SCOTUS case

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools

The SCOTUS ruled that burning of the American flag in protest was protected by the First Amendment in which case?

Texas v. Johnson

Citizens are guaranteed that the national government will not interfere with their practice of religion on the basis of:

The Free Exercise Clause

The passage of Voting Rights Act of 1965 is significant political event because it

Was instrumental in increasing the number of minority voters

Civil liberties are:

individual legal and constitutional protections against the government