AP Grammar

Clause

A group of words with a subject and verb in it.

Subjective Complement

a noun that follows a linking verb and refers back to the subject.

Objective Case

a noun that functions as a direct object, objective complement, indirect object, or the object of preposition in a sentence.

Nominative Case

a noun that functions as a subject, subjective complement, direct address, or an explanation in a sentence.

Possessive Case

a noun that has the function of showing possession or ownership in a sentence.

Possessive Noun

a noun that takes ownership of someone or something.

Adverbial Objective

a noun used as an adverb. It tells: "when, where, how long, how high, how low, how far, and how much."

Sentence Fragment

An incomplete sentence that does not have either a subject or verb.

What verbs can be linking verbs?

Being verbs or verbs ending in be / been

Subordinate Clause

Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. (A type of clause.)

Independent Clause

Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence; has both a subject and a verb.

What verbs could be a linking verb?

Have

Simple Sentence

One independent clause

What is a verb?

an action word

-

an appositive that explains a direct object, objective complement, indirect object, or object of preposition in the objective case.

-

an appositive that explains a subject, a subjective complement, or direct address in the nominative case.

Subject

answers the question "who?" or "what?" before the predicate or verb.

Indirect Object

answers the questions "To whom?" "For whom?" or "To what?" and is found after the verb. Is always followed by a direct object.

Direct Object

answers the questions "Whom?" or "What?" and is found after the predicate or verb.

Indefinite pronouns don't have ____.

antecendents.

Interrogative Pronoun

asks a question. Who, whom, which, whose, or what.

Concrete nouns name whatever you ___ experience with senses.

can

Abstract nouns name whatever you ___ experience with senses.

cannot

A paragraph should be ____ and unified.

cohesive ;

Relative pronouns introduce ____

dependent clauses.

Intensive pronouns are used for ____

emphasis.

Interjections are _____ inserted in speech.

exclamations

A Linking Verb

expresses a state of being; am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.

Appositive

follows a noun or a pronoun to identify or explain them; there is usually a comma separating the appositive and its modifiers.

Reflexive

follows the verb, refers back to the subject, may function as a direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition. IS required to complete the meaning of the sentence.

Common nouns name a ____ person, place, or thing.

general

Collective nouns name ____

groups

Collective Noun

indicates a group of persons, animals, places, of things considered as one.

Intensive

is often found after the noun or pronoun that it emphasizes and is only used to emphasize a proceeding noun or pronoun. Is NOT needed to express a complete sentence.

Gender

is the quality of a noun that indicates if the noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Relative Pronoun

is used in a complex sentence and contains both an independent and dependent clause, also contains a subject and predicate. It connects an adjectival dependent clause tot he pronoun's antecedent in the independent clause.

Object of the Preposition

must follow a preposition and is the last word in a prepositional phrase.

Concrete Noun

names a person, place, or thing that exists in physical or material form.

Abstract Noun

names a thing that is a quality or a condition.

Adjectives describe

nouns.

Joint Possession

one or more nouns used together to show that all nouns own something as a group.

Separate Possession

one or more nouns used together to show that each noun owns something independently.

Proper nouns name a ___ person, place, or thing.

particular

Demonstrative pronouns ____ a specific person or thing.

point out

Demonstrative Pronoun

points to a specific person, place, or thing and may function as the subject, a subjective complement, direct object, indirect object, or an object of the preposition.

Indefinite Pronoun

points to no specific person, place, or thing. Ex: another, something, either, neither, much, one, other, anybody, everybody, and many more. It may function as a subject, subjective complement, direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition.

A word following a linking verb that modifies the subject of a linking verb.

predicate adjective

A word that is used to complete the verb.

predicate nominative

Prepositions locate nouns and ____ in time and space.

pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns answer ___

questions.

Direct objects _____ the action of the verb.

recieve

Personal Pronoun

refers to the person speaking, the person, place or thing spoken to, or the person, place or thing spoken about.

Reflexive pronouns usually end in ____.

self

Personal pronouns represent ____ people or things.

specific

Conjunction

the part of speech that connects words, phrases, and or clauses.

Case

the quality of a noun that indicates the function of that noun in the sentence.

Person

the quality of a noun that indicates whether the noun is first person, (speaker) second person, (one being spoken to) or the third person (person being spoken about).

Number

the quality of a noun that indicates whether the noun is singular, (names one person, place, or thing) or plural (names more than one persons, places, or things).

Comma splice

when two sentences are connected only with a comma

Conjunctions connect _____ and clauses.

words

Passive Voice

A sentence in which the subject is acted upon; he or she receives the action expressed by the verb.

Active Voice

A sentence in which the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.

Run-on Sentence

A sentence two or more sentences that are joined without adequate punctuation or a connecting word.

Verbal

A verb form used as a different part of speech

Coordinating Conjunction

A word that combines two complete sentences punctuated by placing a comma before it

Which is a being verb?

Am

Complex Sentence

Independent clause joined to dependent clause

Parallel Structure

Is the repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage.

Infinitive

It is the form of a verb that comes after the word TO and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb

Participle

It is the form of a verb that ends with -ing, -ed, or -en but act like adjectives

Correlative Conjunction

It is used to compare or contrast two ideas.

Compound-Complex Sentence

Sharing compound and complex sentence structure

Compound Sentence

Two or more independent clauses

Cognate Object

a direct object that repeats the meaning of the verb and closely resembles it.

To correct ____, connect it to the sentence from which it has been separated.

a fragment

Appositive

a noun, that describes or renames another noun

Noun

a part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Pronoun

a part of speech that replaces a noun.

Direct Address

a person, place, or thing spoken to and named; is separated by the usage of commas.

Objective Complement

a second object that explains the meaning of the direct object.

A group of words that can stand alone as a complete thought.

a sentence

The part that ties the paragraph together.

a summarizing sentence.

The part that says what a paragraph is about.

a topic sentence.

Proper Noun

a type of noun that names a particular person, place, or thing.

Common Noun

a type of noun that names any class of persons, places, or things.

Gerund

a verbal that acts as a noun and always ends in -ing

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and ___

adverbs.

Indirect objects are nouns that tell ____ the action is done.

to whom

Compound nouns are _____ words used as a single noun.

two or more words