AP HG FINAL 2 FRQ

The high-tech centers of Silicon Valley in California and the Research Triangle in North Carolina developed in the past 40 years. B. Define the concept of agglomeration and explain its role in the continuing expansion of such regions.

Agglomeration is the clustering of similar industries to take advantage of manufacturing in the area and to remain competitive. In regards to Silicon Valley, and the Research Triangle, major high-tech industries are grouped together. Just in time, post-federalist operations have made these areas centers for obtaining and utilizing components necessary to manufacture technologically advanced components. It is much easier to transport these goods when they are near each other. Also, a tight-knit location allows corporations to maintain competitiveness, with neighboring, similar corporations. They can easily determine what the newest fad or business practice is. By agglomerating, companies are attempting to maximize profit by drawing investment to an area of renown and by marketing their services and products to the same consumers, they can use techniques like advertising and product differentiation to remain on top.

Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. B. Explain two impacts of coffee farming on producing countries.

(1) Environmental-- harmful effects of agricultural chemicals, water use issues; deforestation; biodiversity loss; soil erosion (2) Agricultural land use -- coffee or other cash crop vs. food; coffee production limits what other crops/livestock can be grown to meet local needs; shift from traditional to commercial agriculture.

Rostow's five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein's three-part world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. A. Identify and compare three differences between the stages of economic growth and the core-periphery model.

(1) In Rostow's model, each country moves on a similar path and desires to in order to reach the goal of stage 5. In Wallerstein's model states are categorized as either core, periphery, or semi-periphery. The countries don't move through tiers but are identified as tiers. Rostow's model has five stages, while Wallerstein's has three tiers. (2) Rowstow's=positve and Wall.=negative (3) In Wallerstein's model, the tiers are connected through one world economy and one division of labor. Rostow's model follows the independent progress of a country as it climbs the ladder of stages. (4) Rostow explains where the countries can go while the Wallerstein's model says where thecountry actually is. Traditional society The Pre Conditions of take-off Take-off Drive to technological maturity High mass consumption

Rostow's five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein's three-part world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.

(1) Inside countries there are certain regions that depend on the economy power provided by other regions. Catalonia, Spain is the economic power-house of the country. The other regions serve as the periphery of the country. (2) Cities like Beijing attract industries, agglomeration, and imports through globalization. They contribute immensely to China's economy and are the core region of China. The rural areas where scattered villages grow rice serve as the periphery. They supply small portions to the cities and depend on the core cities for exports.

The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. B. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa.

(1) Internal struggle -- increased likelihood of religious, ethnic, or tribal conflict. (2) External struggle-- increased likelihood of international, regional or cross border conflict (3) migration--may increase number of refugees or IDP's traditional or seasonal migration patterns disrupted

The high-tech centers of Silicon Valley in California and the Research Triangle in North Carolina developed in the past 40 years. A. Discuss the following three factors that contributed to the rise of such industrial regions. ***USE AP CENTRAL

(1) Investment capital refers to the initial money necessary to create a business venture. It is used to create start-ups and an innovative, new base for high-tech enterprises. For example, many start-up corporations pitch their ideas to investors who back their projects in hope of future profit. For this reason many software and medical technologies that need large capital outlays are being made in California and North Carolina. (2) Labor also played a major role in the rise of high-tech centers. In many cases, corporations in this competitive market are searching for young, motivated, and highly-educated workers. The demand for engineers and software creators appears insatiable. For this reason, growth in these fields has escalated. Often, educated workers are emigrating from countries like China and India to find jobs in these specialized fields. These workers come with ideas of their own that can be used for future enterprises. (3) The US government also plays a major role in this. They do this through allocating loans and tax breaks. By giving corporations incentives to expand, the government can work to remain a global competitor.

Over the past 150 years, railroad and highway systems influenced patterns of urban growth in the United States. B. Identify and explain two ways that the Interstate Highway System affected cities in the United States between 1950 and today.

(1) The Highway System started to cause edge cities to appear with the growth and the cities being near interstates. (2) Bypassed cities started to appear because they were not connected next to the highway network which promoted economic activity.

The average age of the population in selected developed countries listed in the table above has been increasing. A. Identify and explain two reasons that the average population age is increasing in developed countries.

(1) most developed/developing countries there are more high tech health cares increasing the life expectancy (2) the spread of birth control limits number of kids being born making elder's population large in comparison

Rostow's five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein's three-part world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. B. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil.

Brazil is a semi-periphery country according to Wallerstein's model. Brazil has a developing economy with global cities and industrialization, but still shows dependencies on core countries. Brazil still needs tourism and exports to these core countries.

Over the past 150 years, railroad and highway systems influenced patterns of urban growth in the United States. A. Identify and explain one way that railroads affected the size and one way that railroads affected the form of cities in the United States between 1870 and 1920.

Size of cities - There was more migration and people heading into the cities because of the connectivity and convenience of the railroads. Form of cities - With the railroads, the CBD began to form and grow.

The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. A. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary.

a boundary line or border line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern OR arbitrarily imposed by external powers.

The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies.

increased cost of imports-- due to customs, tariffs, tolls, distance or transportation costs

Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. C. Identify and explain one way increased coffee consumption outside of coffee growing areas affects its production.

increased production-- increased resources dedicated to coffee production (land machines, chemicals, labor); adoption of new techniques dedicated to coffee production; increased profit; new players in coffee industry.

Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. D. Explain one change in the urban landscape in the developed world associated with coffee consumption.

more coffee shops-- discussion related to special concept/explanation/geographic theory; proximity to consumers (exit ramps, malls, office buildings, campus areas); central place theory (population threshold, range, density of coffee shops); diffusion (uniform/homogeneous landscapes, placelessness)

The average age of the population in selected developed countries listed in the table above has been increasing. B. Identify and explain one social consequence and one economic consequence that countries face as their populations age.

social: larger elder population and longer life expectancy causes families to have to take care of their parents/ grandparents while supporting their family economic: families and working class having to pay for health care

Agricultural systems, such as the production of coffee, are part of a global network. A. Describe a common characteristic shared by the coffee producing countries shown on the map.

tropical regions or between tropic lines, low latitudes, equatorial OR former colonies