AP Human FRQ - Unit 7.2

Why are countries able to make progress in development?

1. Progress has been made in achieving development in most regions, but substantial gaps in performance between developed and developing countries persist. 2.Fair Trade is an alternative to the international trade model that provides a greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers.

Why does development vary among countries?

1. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the level of development of each country. 2. HDI is based on 3 factors: ***a decent standard of living ***a long and healthy life and ***access to knowledge

How are inequalities in development defined within countries (by what measures or indexes)?

1. The inequality-adjusted HDI measures the extent of inequality in a country. 2. The Gender Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure the extent of inequality between men and women.

Why do countries face development challenges?

1. There are 2 paths to development which are self-sufficiency (embracing domestic production of goods and discourage foreign ownership, resources, and competition) and international trade (Rostow's International trade model). 2. International trade has been embraced by most countries in recent decades. 3. Development is financed through foreign direct investments (corporations based in one country invest in other countries), loans from international organizations (World Bank, International Monetary Fund), and through Microfinancing.

Fair Trade Worker Standards

1. requires employers to pay workers fair wages (ex. enough to cover food, shelter, education, health care, and other basic needs) 2. permit union organizing & collective bargaining 3. protected by high environmental & safety standards

Explain how a lower GII will affect the calculation of HDI-

A Lower GII in a country would improve their HDI. GII is defined as the Gender Inequality Index, which measures the equality between males and females in a country. A GII closer to 0 indicates greater gender equality while a GII closer to 1 indicates greater gender inequality. The HDI is defined as the Human Development Index, which measures the material conditions and level of development in countries. The HDI is calculated by Social, Economic, and Demographic factors. Social factors include education and literacy rates as well as mean and expected years of schooling. If men and women are more equal, women will be able to go to school longer and have a better education, which will increase the literacy rate and a country as well as mean years of schooling because more women will be able to read and go to school longer. A lower GII would increase Economic factors because if men and women are more equal, more women will be included in the formal economy (the economy that is taxed and recorded by the government). They will become economic assets and earn wages, which increases the income earned by a country and in turn, increases GNI (Gross National Income) per capita. Finally, a greater GII would improve demographic factors. If men and women are more equal, women will have more control over their bodies, have fewer children, and therefore, decrease the infant mortality rate, the crude birth rate, and the natural increase rate. This will also increase the life expectancy.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries.

Fair Trade Producer Standards

A set of business practices designed to advance a number of economic, social, and environmental goals. These include: 1. raising incomes of small-scale farmers & artisans by eliminating the middle man 2. distributing profits & risks for production & sale of goods more fairly among producers, distributers, retailers, and financiers. 3. increasing entrepreneurial and management skills of the producers 4. promoting safe and sustainable farming methods and working conditions (prohibit use of dangerous pesticides & herbicides to promote the production of certified crops) Ex. coffee, tea, chocolate, honey, sugar, bananas, etc.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of: 1. reproductive health 2. empowerment 3. the labor market ***It ranges from 0, where women and men fare equally, to 1, where one gender fares as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of: 1. income (measured by female and male estimated earned income) 2. education (measured by female and male expected years of schooling for children and female and male mean years of schooling for adults ages 25 years and older) 3. life expectancy (measured by female and male life expectancy at birth)

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

An indicator of development that modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country.

A Decent Standard of Living (HDI)

Income: GNI, PPP, GDP Economic Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Productivity: Workers in developed countries are more productive than developing countries.

Empowerment (GII)

Refers to the ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status to achieve economic and political power (laws can change behavior/penalties) cons: *US in 2019 only 24% of House of Rep are women *UK in 2018 only 32% in House of Commons are women pros: *More women than men vote in most places *3 countries have a national parliament with a majority of women (Bolivia, Cuba, and Rwanda)

What is Rostow's Development Model?

Stage 1-The traditional society (farming with wealth in military/religion - considered nonproductive activities) Stage 2-The preconditions for takeoff (invest in technology and infrastructure- funding sources help stimulate an increase in productivity) Stage 3- The takeoff (rapid growth- generated by a limited amount of economic activities which take off advance and become more productive - ex. textiles or food products) Stage 4-Drive to maturity (modern technology- workers become more skilled and specialized) Stage 5- Age of mass consumption (consumer goods ex. shift from steel and energy to motor vehicles and refrigerators)

Adolescent Fertility Rate

The number of births to women aged 15-19 years old per 1,000.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

Female Labor Force Participation Rate (GII: Employment)

The percent of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Ex. Worldwide 49% of women hold jobs outside of the home compared with 75% of men. The highest rates of women holding full-time jobs outside the home are in developed countries. **lower number means less women in workforce

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services in a year.

Productivity

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

GNI (Gross National Income)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

World Systems Theory

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. In an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner "core" area, whereas developing countries occupy "peripheral" locations.

HDI: Education Factors

U.N. assumes more years of schooling = more knowledge. *Years of Schooling for today's adults*: measures the number of years that the average person aged 25 or older. *Pupil/ Teacher ratio*: #enrolled students divided by # of teachers. The fewer students, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction. *Expected Years of Schooling*: # of years the UN forecasts a 5 year old will spend in school. U.N. forecasts a 5 y/o to spend 16.3 years in school in (DC) Developed Countries, 9.3 years in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 10.2 years in South Asia. *Literacy Rate*: % of country's people who can read & write. Close to 100% in (DC) Developed Countries. Low in Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia.