ap human geography: chapter 7 ethnicity
nationality
ID with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a countty
ethnicity
IDs groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions (ie Chinese Americans, Polish Americans)
sharecropper
works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of crops.
regional concentration of African Americans
SE, comprise at least 1/4 pop. in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, & S Carolina & 1/3 pop. in Mississippi
regional concentration of American Indians and Alaska Natives
SW & Plains states & most of Alaska
1940-50's
second wave of African American migration, before and after WW2
the civil war
(1861-1865) fought to prevent 11 pro-slavery S states from seceding from the anti-slavery union
triangular slave trade
1) ships left Europe for Africa w/ cloth & other trade goods used to buy slaves 2) transported slaves & gold from Africa to the Western Hemisphere (mostly Car. is.) 3) to complete triangle ships carried sugar and molasses from the Cari. back to Europe
chicanos/as
2/3 of Hispanics come from Mexico and are called
Detroit & Michigan
85% of all the African Americans live in Detroit while only 7% live in the rest of Michigan
African American vs black
African American ID's a group with a cultural tradition whereas black just described skin tone
AA forced migration from Africa
Africans were forced into the Western Hemisphere to become slaves. the 1st slaves to come to the US went to Jamestown, Virginia on a Dutch ship in 1619. during the 18th century, the British shipped 400,000 slaves to the US. the US banned bringing in more slaves in 1808 but as many as 250,000 we're illegally smuggled in during the next 50 years.
Chicago & Illinois
Chicago has more than 1/3 of all the AA compared to the rest of Illinois which only has 1/12
not considered a race
Hispanic or Latino, on the census members of this ethnicity can chose any race they'd like
serfs
Middle Ages-laborers that bound to the land they worked on & were forced to give 50% of their crops to the landlord and do anything else he wanted them to do.
multiethnic state
a state that contains more than one ethnicity
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
blockbusting
a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
centripetal force
an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
The United States
an example of a multiethnic state (multiple ethnic groups that all consider themselves apart of the American nationality
13 amendment to the constitution
banned slavery, issued 8 months after the confederate south surrendered
regional concentration of Hispanics
cluster in SW. Cali is home to 1/3 of all Hispanics.
ethnicity
comes from the Greek work "ethnikos" means national
Wales
conquered by England in 1282 & formally united with England in 1536. does not have its own law system
decline of sharecropping
declined in 20th century due to the introduction of farm machinery that declined the need for labor
race
distinguishes black and other persons of color from white
ethnicities to nationalities
due to the desire to self-rule
The UK
example of a multinational state. the English, Scottish, people of wales & N Ireland all coexist but have different backgrouds
Spanish and Portuguese
first countries to participate in the slave trade
1910-20's
first wave of southern African American migration. before and after WW1
emancipation proclamation
issued in 1863 by Abraham Lincoln. freed slaves in the 11 confederate states
British, Dutch & French
joined the slave trade after the spanish and Portuguese
where African Americans are not found
less than 1 percent of the population in 9 states of upper New England & the west is AA
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nationality
NYC & Hispanics
more than 1/4 Hispanic compared to 1/16 of the rest of the state. NYC has 2/5 of the states total inhabitants & 3/4 of all the states Hispanics
multinational states
part of multiethnic, contain 2 ethnic groups with different traditions that coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
beginning of forced migration
people living along the east & west coasts of Africa captured people further inland and sold the captives to Europeans. the Europeans sold the slaves to the Americas.
race
people who share a biological ancestor
5%
percent of slaves that were sold to the US in the early days
Northern Ireland
ruled by the British until the 1920's when most of Ireland became a separate country
sharecroppering African Americans
sharecropping wasn't good for AA. it burdened them with high interest rates and heavy debts. sharecroppers were forced to plant things that could make money instead of food that they could eat
black Americans
some descended from African immigrants and therefore also belong to African American ethnicity. a few of the black Americans trace their cultural heritage back to regions other than Africa (ei Latin Am. , Asia, and the pacific islands)
the term "Hispanic"
the US government came up with this term as a inoffensive way to label people who come from spanish-speaking countries
self-determination
the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is
white flight
the emigration of whites from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating to the area
1710-1810
the height of the slave trade
apartheid
the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Hispanic and African Americans
the two most numerous ethnicities in the United States. followed by Asians and lastly American Indians
Scotland
united with England in 1603 & formally merged in 1707 through The Act of Union
metropolitan areas
where 90% of African Americans & Hispanics live
between Liberia & the Congo
where most European countries got their slaves
southeast US
where most of the slaves ended up because of the need for laborers in cotton and tobacco plantations
Caribbean islands and central & South America
where the Europeans sold their slaves
Angola & Mozambique
where the Portuguese got their slaves from
Brazil
where the Portuguese shipped their slaves to