AP Human Geography Princeton Review Vocabulary
J-curve
a logistic curve of exponential population growth on a graph
relative distance
a measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of distance occurring between two places, and is often used to describe the cultural, economic, or social connectivity between such places
enclave
a minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different, larger culture group
admiralty law
a part of international law that dictates legal procedures on the high seas
aristocracy
a peerage of lords, earls, marquis, barons, dukes, princes, kings, and queens
expatriate
a population of citizens living outside of country borders
state
a population under a single government
nation
a population with a single culture
linguistic region
a region defined by language
power of the executive branch
a separation that is sometimes employed to blunt this is to have separate presidents and prime ministers, aka executive separation
nation-state
a single culture under a single government
value-added tax (VAT)
a standard 20 percent sales tax that is the EU government's main source of revenue
Fortress Europe
a term used to describe the concept of sealing EU borders
Internet
a whole network of physically distant places brought virtually together that has increased interaction significantly
node
a.k.a. central place -focus or point of origin of a functional/nodal region that expresses some practical purpose -the influence of this point is strongest in areas close to the center, and the strength of influence diminishes as the distance increases from that point
amnesty programs
allow illegal immigrants to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
model
an abstract generalization of real world geographies that share a common pattern
culture regions
an area of bounded space with a homogeneous characteristic of one or more components of culture, such as language
activity space
an area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis
intervening opportunity
an attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over an attraction that is further away
population projection
an estimate of potential population
country
an identifiable land area
incorporation
annexation occurs when a territorial claim is extended through this
annexation
another term used to describe the addition of territory as a result of a land purchase or when a territorial claim is extended through incorporation
natural increase rate (NIR)
another way to refer to the rate of natural increase (RNI)
regions
are a type of place
internal civil war
armed contact in the form of this results from centrifugal forces
purchase
as a result of a land ________ comes annexation
non-spatial models
as compared to spatial models, are models that do not attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes
spatial models
attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscapes
downer cattle
beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead
monotheistic
belief system with a singular supreme being
polytheistic
believing in more than one supreme god
geometric border
boundaries surveyed mostly along lines of latitude and longitude
extensive agriculture
cash-cropping is a form of this in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit
cottage industry
chocolate, a value-added product, has become this in dairy farming areas
denominations
components in religions
Five-Year Plans
comprehensive long-term economic plans that dictated all production in minute detail developed under the USSR
sense of place
concept that people don't have to live there for it to be a place
external cross-border war
conflict spilling over from armed conflict in the form an internal civil war as result of centrifugal forces
English
considered the global lingua franca as different forms of popular culture media, the Internet, and the business world is dominated by this language
kiretsu
corporate cartels in Japan
chaebol
corporate cartels in South Korea
folklore
cultural stories and religious tradition, often incorporated in folk song lyrics -the collected stories, spoken-word histories, and morality tales that define a culture's ethical foundations
ancient culture hearths
culture hearths that developed ideas with technology that exist today
Dayton Peace Accords
curtailed the war in Yugoslavia in 1994 betwen ethnic Croats, Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims
space-time compression
decreased time and relative distance between places
absolute location
defines a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude
sustainable yield
describes the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or it describes what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that would make farming unprofitable
relative scale/ scale of analysis
describes the level of aggregation
food chain
describes the order of predators in the animal world and is also used to describe several integrated human and mechanical inputs, from developing seeds to planting, fertilizing, harvesting, processing, packaging, and transporting food to market and finally to your dinner plate
map scale
describes the ratio of distance on a map and distance in the real world in absolute terms
basic services
e.g. food, the family doctor, fuel, and auto repair
voting districts
each country has its own system regarding the number of seats and the size of ______ _________
uneven development
economic indicators help us understand the variable levels of development and measure the degrees of this between states
cultural border
estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes
central place model
even though von Thünen's model predates Walter Christaller by a hundred years, today von Thünen's model is considered a type of this model due to the organization of a central marketplace and place of consumption for the agricultural goods produced in the surrounding area
commodity chains
explain the links between producers and consumers in the production and distribution of a commodity
cloropleth maps
express the geographic variability of a particular theme using color varitations
centripetal forces
factors that hold together the social and political fabric of the state (pedals make the bike go)
centrifugal forces
factors that tear apart the social and political fabric of the state (a centrifuge separates blood into its different parts)
Druze
followers of a syncretic religion, who incorporate both Christian and Islamic principles
continental cuisine
formal food traditions that emerged from mainland Europe in the 1800s
patois
formed by local or immigrant linguistic syntheses
supranational organizations
formed for the purposed of trade alliances, military cooperation, and diplomacy
death rate
found by counting the number of deaths for the calendar year in a country and dividing that figure by every thousand members of the population
crude birth rate (CBR)/natality
found by dividing the number of infants born living for one calendar year by the population divided by one thousand, or "every thousand members of the population"
rate of natural increase (RNI)
found by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate and dividing by 10; finds the annual percentage of population growth of a country for a one-year period
cohort
generally made up of five-year sets (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and so on)
popular culture
generates a global flow of pop music that often has the effect of drowning out local folk music traditions from radio and other media
factory farming
genetic engineering, veterinary science, biotechnology, vaccines, antibiotics, and growth hormones that have reduced farm animal mortality and increased the yield of meat, eggs, and other materials have all combined to enable industrial agriculture, also known as this
Thomas Malthus
geographer known for Malthusian theory
William Denevan
geographer known for Native American depopulation
Walter Christaller
geographer known for central place theory
Ernest Burgess
geographer known for concentric zone model
Alfred Weber
geographer known for industrial location theory
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
geographer known for isolated state model
Carl Sauer
geographer known for possibilism, cultural landscape
Homer Hoyt
geographer known for sector model
Walt Rostow
geographer known for stages of growth
Larry Ford and Ernst Griffin
geographers known for Latin American city model
gasterbeiter
guest workers in Germany, many of whom have come from Turkey, North Africa, the Middle East, and more recently, the former Soviet Union
devolution
happened in the Soviet system due in part to several political-economic problems in the USSR
head of government
has legislative and executive powers
long-lot patterns
have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
frontier
historically, when land was either unexplored or unsurveyed, this term was used to describe the open and undefined territory
bow
holds as the primary physical greeting in Japan
interrelatedness
how a place is related to other places
life expectancy
how long people in different countries are expected to live
equilibrium
human population may reach this in the global habitat as they begin to reach/exceed the global carrying capacity
linear
if a pattern is in a straight line
sinuous
if a pattern is wavy
Treaty of Versailles
in 1919, created the former Yugoslavia as a state during the post-World War I era
extensive monoculture of staple crops
in Anglo-America today, agriculture is moving toward this, namely corn, soybeans, and wheat
ruling party
in British parliament, the party with the most MPs, or members of parliament
microdistricts
in Eastern Europe and countries of the Soviet Union, these zones of uniform housing provided worker housing near the job site
minarets
in Muslim architecture (mosques), narrow towers that are pointed on top
genocide
in Rwanda, the Hutus and Tutsi each lost around 500,000 people to the violent ________
pivot area
in Saul Cohen's Shatterbelt Theory, he modified Mackinder's Heartland into this
outer crescent
in Saul Cohen's Shatterbelt theory, the rest of the world, including the U.S.
employment
in Third-World countries and in stage 2 of the DTM, the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture for this
gross domestic product (GDP)
in Third-World countries and in stage 2 of the DTM, the majority of this of the country comes from the sale of agricultural products
doctrine
in a religion, governs religious practice, worship, and ethical behavior in society
popular representation
in all democracies, found in some form of parliamentary system in which at least lawmaking body or house has this
animal husbandry
in animal domestication, the most productive wild breeds were purposely interbred or hybridized to be reproduced through this
relocation diffusion
in contrast to expansion diffusion, diffusion that crosses a physical/ natural boundary
overgrazing
in extensive pastoralism, this has led to significant amounts of dry grassland being denuded, eroded, and as a result, desertified
income disparity
in feudal political economies, this was created between rich and poor
illegal immigrants
in most countries, people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization (like a work visa or official refugee status)
highlands
in peripheral areas, were often not suitable for crop farming but perfect for grazing (ring 5 of the von Thünen model)
renewable resource
in ring 3 of von Thünen's model, the managed forest, managed cutting and replanting of trees was often done in a highly sustainable manner, allowing these town woods to be used continuously as a local this
continental shelf
in terms of the UNCLOS EEZ principle, two hundred nautical miles is often beyond the shallow water _________ _____ in almost all cases
high seas
in terms of the UNCLOS principle of territorial sea, the ____ ____ are technically outside of the 12-mile limit
milkshed
in terms of travel time and distance, the region around a city to which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling is known as this
electoral college
in the U.S., presidential elections are decided through voting by this
pull factors
in the context of the NIC, specific things about cities that draw people to the urban landscape
push factors
in the context of the NIC, specific things about the rural agricultural landscape and livelihood that force people off the farm
exponentially
in the land-rent curve, rents for grazing and grain farming are relatively low, and rent prices jump in this way as you move towards the town's center
empire states
in the last 100 years of European history, the continent has geopolitically gone from being dominated by large ______ ______ to being dominated by several small nation-states, partly due to balkanization
nation-states
in the last 100 years of European history, the continent has geopolitically gone from being dominated by large empire states to being dominated by several small ______-______, partly due to balkanization
distortion
inaccuracies in the relative area from one part of the map to the other
quinary production (consumer service)
includes retailing, tourism, entertainment, and communications, government, or semi-public services such as health, education, and utilities
quarternary production (business service)
includes wholesaling, finance, banking, insurance, real estate, advertising, and marketing
geographic information system (gis)
incorporate one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping
distance
is measured absolutely, or it can be measured relatively in terms of the degree of interaction between places or in units of time traveled
multilingual
knowing more than one language
monolingual
knowing one language only
fundamentalists
known to have little interest in compromising their beliefs or doctrines and strictly adhere to scriptural dictates
arable land
land usable for farming
language groups
language families broken down
language subfamilies
larger language families, such as the Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan, can be broken down into these and then into smaller language groups
hearth
launching point
fecundity
likelihood of having children
latitude
lines measure distance, in degrees, north or south of the equator (ladder)
peerage
lords, earls, marquis, barons, dukes, princes, kings, and queens make up this in an aristocracy
commodity prices
low these of crops and animals combined with the high-cost technical developments of the Third Agricultural Revolution have been pushing small-scale farms out of business in Anglo-America
longitude
measure distance, in degrees, east or west of the Prime Meridian (how long the ladder is)
physiologic density
measures the number of people per square unit of arable land, meaning both the land that is farmed and the land that has the potential to be farmed but is not active
market gardens
medicinal crops such as herbs were grown along with vegetable in town these for local sale -associated with ring 2 of von Thünen's Model
interregional (internal) migrants
move from one region of the country to another
multiethnic states
multinational states are sometimes called this
appellations
names that designate a culturally specific farm product that brings high value
physical border
natural boundaries - rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, or deserts
overpopulation
neo-Malthusian warning regarding the excessive consumption of natural resources worldwide
Judaic buildings
no common architectural design of synagogues
lack of incentive
no motivation for people to have better lives in Soviet Communism/Marxism
cultural divisions
non-physical boundaries often reflect these, but these are not always accurate
data layers
numerical, coded, or textual data that is attributed to specific geographic coordinates or areas
scattered
objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed
chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold, and sends information back to friends, family, and business contacts
step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
built environment
of the human landscape, contains architectural forms
indigenous culture
of the the people who were the original occupants of a place or region, the original culture of that same region
age-sex cohort
on a population pyramid, a single colored bar right or left of the origin, with just one gender of an age group
peripheral
on the outskirts, as compared to core
mineral salts
one of the risks of farming in dryland and desert regions is that the evaporation of water can trap these on the surface soil layer (occurs in soil salinization)
sustainable
organics are seen as a much more this form of farming due to the lack of artificial chemicals which have lingering downstream effects on natural ecology
folk food
original forms of dishes
roles of women
overall, its important to keep in mind that these in American and Canadian society have changed significantly in recent decades -women make up half of the urban labor force; they are increasingly equal (but not yet equal) to men in terms of pay, access to management positions, and political power -educational statistics show that men are today outperforming men as university students, both in terms of numbers and overall grade performance -as a result, two sectors of the service economy, healthcare and education, have seen women surpass men in terms of the number of positions and average pay -many women hold senior management positions in these sectors, such as hospital administrators and university presidents; furthermore, medical schools in the US reported in 2008 that entering classes are 50% female for the first time
shamanism
part of the system of worship of animist religions in place of scripture
hierarchical diffusion
pattern that originates in a first-order location and then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales
refugees
people forced to move by war, disasters, or fear of government repression
mestizos
people who have cultural and genetic heritage from European and Native American backgrounds
transnational migrants
people who move from one country to another
hearth
point of origin or place of innovation
power vacuum
politically, when President Tito of Yugoslavia died in 1980, the lack of an effective multiethnic leader to replace him opened the way for different nationalist leaders representing different ethnicities to attempt to seize power for themselves and their constituents
self-determination
process of achieving the status as fully independent sovereign states -most African colonial states achieved this between 1960 and the early 1990s
quotas
production numbers set by governments to meet the economic needs of the state, its industries, and people (associated with Communism/Marxism)
dependency ratio
provides the number of people too young or old to work compared to the number of people in the work force
asylum
provisions of home, food, water, sanitation, and safety needs granted by official programs in certain countries for refugees they receive, either temporarily or permanently
township and range
rectilinear survey system based on lines of latitude and longitude
township and range
rectilinear survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude
relative location
refers to the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature
agricultural density
refers to the number of people per square unit of land actively used for farming
Anatolian theory
regarding the origins of European language, this theory holds that this group of migrants from the Indian subcontinent and their language were for some time concentrated in the peninsula that makes up most of present-day Turkey, known historically as Asia Minor or Anatolia. From there, a large migration crossed the Hellespont into continental Europe and spread outward into what was possibly a relatively unpopulated region.
Kurgan theory
regarding the origins of the European language, this theory holds that the same group of migrants from the Indian sub-continent described in the Anatolian theory made their way into Central Asia, and then migrated across the Eurasian steppe into central and Western Europe, taking their language with them.
linguistic region
region where everyone speaks the same language, but groups in that region can be very different culturally
culture regions
regional boundaries that tend to have fuzzy borders -hard to tell where one region ends and the other begins
Latter-Day Saints (LDS)
religion that is the homogeneous characteristic shared by the American West region
compromising religions
religions that are often cited for the ability to reform or integrate other beliefs into their doctrinal practices
universalizing religions
religions which accept followers from all ethnicities worldwide
ethnic religions
religions which are confined to members of a specific culture group
republics
representative democracies
extensive agriculture
requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both
intensive agriculture
requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both
service-based economies
resulted from deindustrialization; found in Western Europe, the US, and Canada
Green Revolution
resulted in increased food and nutrition
monarchies
ruled by royalty (king and queen)
Agamas
several collective texts of Jainism; the most commonly cited is the Tattvartha Sutra
federal states (confederations)
several smaller states or provinces under a federal government
New England style
small one-story pitched roof Cape Cod style or the irregular roof Saltbox with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in the back
microstates
sovereign states that, despite their very small size, still hold the position of much larger states like the United States or Canada
domestic consumption
specialized crops in extensive plantation agriculture are intended for this in addition to export to other parts of the world
export
specialized crops in extensive plantation are intended for this to other parts of the world in addition to domestic consumption
annual statistic
statistic measured in a year
long-lot patterns
survey patterns that have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind
metes and bounds
system which divides land using natural landscape features
isotherms
temperature contour lines
arbitration board
the UNCLOS makes provisions for a UN ___________ _____ to settle disputes regarding boundaries at sea
domino effect
the United States and allies feared that this would happen, where one state would fall to Communism and then inspire and support Communist uprising in neighboring states
predictive capability
the ability of a model (such as the ETM) to predict how its population will change over time and speculate as to how much it will grow in size
sustainability
the ability of the Earth to sustain or support people
personal consumption
the amount of consumption per 1 person
diffusion of fertility control
the availability of contraceptives in more urbanized and developed countries
karma
the balance between good and evil deeds in life that determines the outcome of reincarnation into a lower, similar, or higher form of existence in the next life in the Hindu-Buddhist Tradition
cultural synthesis (syncretism)
the blending together of two or more cultural influences
mental map
the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind
supranationalism
the concept of two or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose
sequent occupance
the concept that, for a single place or region, different dominant cultures replace each other over time
nouvelle cuisine
the contemporary form of the continental styles mainly from France, Spain, and Italy
population pressure
the contemporary problem with extensive pastoralism and rainforest destruction is that too many people and too many animals are placing this on too little land
decimal degrees
the coordinate system used when decimals are used to divide partial degrees instead of minutes and seconds
debt peonage
the cycle of debt that peasants were kept in in an aristocracy
agricultural economy
the economy of countries in stage 2 of the DTM
manufacturing-based economy
the economy of countries in stage 3 of the DTM
ecotone
the environmental transition zone between two bioregions or biomes
territoriality
the expression of political control over space
distance decay
the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely the interaction will be with the original place
xenophobia
the fear of outsiders
environmental determinism
the former scientific ideology that states that a culture's traits are defined by the physical geography of its native hearth or culture region -this science was used to reinforce the racist ideologies of the 1800s and early 1900s
geographic center (centroid)
the geometric center of the country's irregular polygon
pop music
the global flow is generated by popular culture; often has the effect of drowning out local folk music traditions from radio and other media
nirvana
the highest level of existence, where someone achieves total consciousness or enlightenment
citizenship
the legal identity of a person based on the state where he or she was born or where he or she was naturalized as an immigrant
level of aggregation
the level at which you group things together for examination
ecumene
the living space of humans on the Earth's surface
dalits
the lowest human forms in Hinduism, considered less holy due to their distance from nirvana on the chakras
culture group (nation)
the many components of culture come together to identify and define this
net migration rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population
sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females
physiologic density
the number of people per square unit of farm land
arithmetic density
the number of people per square unit of land
arithmetic density
the number of things per square unit of distance
divine origin
the origin of which books of scripture are written
indigenous
the people who were the original occupants of a place or region
site
the physical characteristics of a place
situation
the place's interrelatedness with other places
deindustrialization
the recent shift to service-based economies
scale
the relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole
culture group
the same as a nation
culture
the shared experiences, traits, and activities of a group of people who have a common heritage
sequent occupancy
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history
International Whaling Commission
their 1986 moratorium on commercial whale hunts banned whaling after centuries of dangerously depleted populations
Cockney
this English is the language of the working-class areas of the East London docklands and surrounding neighborhoods, which sounds distinctly not posh -also thought to be very influential in the formation of Australian English
geopolitics
this term refers to the global-scale relationships between sovereign states
diffuse
to spread across the Earth's surface
gross domestic product (GDP)
total value of manufactured and service goods in a country
pagoda
tower-style Buddhist temple found in East Asia with several levels, each of which features winged roofs extending outward
culturally constructed
traditions devised by a specific culture group
Goode's homolosine projection
tries to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the Earth's surface
Robinson projection
tries to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation of the Earth's surface
urban models
try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures
bilingual
two official languages
thinking spatially
understanding the pattern and distribution of objects and analyzing their relationships, connectedness, movement, growth, and change across space and over time
ethnic cleansing
upon independence from Belgium in 1962, Hutus in Rwanda went about ______ _________, forcing many Tutsi refugees into the former Zaire and to Uganda
dot density maps
use dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature
flow-line maps
use lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement
external identity
used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background
internal identity
used by individuals to express their cultural language, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin
spatial
used to describe the surface of the earth
demographic equation
uses birth rates and death rates along with immigration and emigration statistics to show population growth or change
biotechnology
veterinary science and this research have developed vaccines, antibiotics, and growth hormones that have reduced farm animal mortality and increased the yield of meat, eggs, and other materials
received pronunciation
what some refer to as the King's English or "posh" English is linguistically known as this
zero population growth (ZPG)
when birth rates reach the same level of death rates
definition
when borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured
delimitation
when borders are put on the map
agglomeration
when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole
demarcation
when markers are placed on the ground to show where borders lay
transnational migration
when migrants move from one country to another
life-course changes
when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives
friction of distance
when the length of distance becomes a factor that inhibits the interaction between two points
random pattern
when there is no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomenon
cluster
when things are grouped together on the Earth's surface
stateless nations
where a culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process
Columbian exchange
with the conquest of main-land Central and South America in the early 1500s, a number of domesticated New World crops made their way to the rest of the world through relocation diffusion -is historically symbolized by diffusion that occurred after the voyages of Christopher Columbus -animals also diffused during this time, but mostly in the opposite direction of plants -many Old World animals made their way to the New World, and explorers took animals to the New World and brought plants back with them
modes of transportation
(example: airplanes) reduce travel time between two distant points, and, as a result, increase interaction
absolute distance
(linear) - the distance between two places as measured in linear units such as miles or kilometers
restructuring
-"former Communist" states that are still doing to this to their economy to free-market systems -e.g. the former Soviet Union, Eastern European States -can be considered Second World countries
shamans
-"medicine men" who are practitioners that lead worship and religious rites -in Native American animist religion, provided spiritual interpretation in place of scripture
sprawl
-(suburban) the expansion of housing, transportation, and commercial development to undeveloped land on the urban periphery -not necessarily a bad thing -has been cited as the cause behind a number o f problems such as traffic congestion, short-falls in public school funding, environmental degradation, and economic decline in farming
Chinatowns
-Asian immigrants in the 1800s were segregated by law in cities across the country -these are often seen as cultural districts, but many have their origins as zones where Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese migrants were forced to live
free-market reforms
-China and Vietnam are newly industrialized countries still controlled by Communist parties but have adapted these to their economies
special economic zones (SEZs)
-China established the first in 1980 -in which, foreign firms were allowed to build facilities in coastal port cities
investment firms
-FDI is money from international private investors or these in other countries who are looking to earn a profit
private investors
-FDI is money from international these or investment firms in other countries who are looking to earn a profit
haute cuisine
-French for "high cooking" -where continental cuisine emerged from -where, traditionally, a main meat course is served with a flow, cream, or wine-based sauce and side dishes of vegetables and potato -in North America, examples of favorable dishes include: duck a l'orange, filet mignon, and chocolate mousse as a dessert -this style of cooking can also include regional influences from folk traditions in France such as escargots (snails in garlic butter) from Provence in Southern France and coq au vin (rooster in red wine sauce) found in a number of regions; these are foods of the French farmer raised to a higher form
exports minus imports
-GNI is the dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country, plus the dollar value of this in the same year
genetic engineering
-Green Revolution technology -has further increased the possibilities and productivity of global agriculture
Hindu-Buddhist tradition
-Hindu, Buddhism, Jainism -oldest universalizing religions that began with Hinduism 5,000 years ago; polytheistic -many levels of existence, the highest being nirvana -reincarnation dependent on karma
Imams
-In Islam, religious leaders -the Ismaili Shiite emphasize the necessity for these religious leaders to have a direct blood line back to Muhammad
Sharia
-Islamic law based on the Koran and Haddith -some but not all Middle-Eastern states are republics or monarchies that abide by this law: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen
Abrahamic tradition
-Judaism, Christianity, Islam -tells of the Earth's genesis and the story of Abraham as a morality tale of respect for the will of God or Allah -each is monotheistic; there can be sub-deities such as saints, angels, and archangels -significance is placed upon prophecy that predicts the coming or return of a messianic figure that defeats the forces of a satanic evil for souls of followers
Communism
-Karl Marx's political-economic theories attempted to right the wrongs of feudalism and inequalities of capitalism in free-market democracies -aka Marxism
capital accumulation
-LDC policies and programs attempted to increase this within Third-World national economies; e.g. internalization of economic capital, import substitution, nationalization of natural resource-based industries, profit-sharing agreements, and technology development programs -the point of these programs is to accumulate a pool of national wealth that is recycled into the country's economy to help local businesses and improve the overall quality of life through funding for public services and utility infrastructure; doing this without financial help from the First World is a positive sign of development
second-order world cities
-Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Frankfurt, Paris, Brussels, Zurich, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and Singapore
Heartland
-Mackinder identified the Eastern European steppe and the mineral and timber-rich region across the Urals into Siberia -bordering Rimland states were potential invaders of this
rapid rural-to-urban migration
-NICs experience this as their economies industrialize and, as a result, urbanize
rapid population growth
-NICs have this and are usually on the border of stage two and stage three of the Demographic Transition Model
landwolves
-Rimland states eager to grab at neighboring territory -e.g. France and Italy
seawolves
-Rimland states who would use their navies to leverage geopolitical power -e.g. Great Britain and Japan
export processing zone
-SEZs are a type of this -port locations where foreign firms are given special tax privileges to incentivize trade
limited banking regulations
-South Dakota has these and no corporate taxes which allow for banks -some national banks have facilities where large corporate and institutional accounts are held to avoid the high auditing costs and banking profit taxes of other states
right-to-work states
-Southern locations where regulation does not favor union and did not impact pay benefit costs
War in Afghanistan
-Soviet-fought war from 1979-1989 -mothers of the Red Army soldiers killed in the war publicly protested in the streets of Moscow, despite the potential of arrest and deportation to Siberia -in an act of containment, the U.S. spent monies in the 1980s to arm Afghan Mujahideen rebels with arms, including Stinger shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles, which paid off in the end with Soviet troops returning in defeat -this was a centrifugal force that reverberated throughout the USSR, and its government fell two years later in 1991
satellite states
-Soviet-supported states where communism had spread to -the U.S. and allies had to contain these to prevent Communism from spreading further
underdeveloped states
-Third World countries -found across Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and some Asian countries
newly industrialized countries (NICs)
-Third-World states that have economies that have made a distinct shift away from agriculture and toward manufacturing as the focus of economic development and production -in a constant process of building infrastructure, which facilitate the construction and operation of factories
economic crisis
-Third-World states that have experienced some sort of this that has immobilized the national economy are considered Fourth World -e.g. a crash of the country's banking system, devaluation of a country's currency, a failed government taxation system, or events that shut down the economy such as warfare and natural disasters
ethnicity
-a complex of genetic heritage and political allegiance -groups often claim a single identifiable lineage or heritage, which all members tend to identify with as a common social bond -national heritage of an individual
Conference of Berlin
-a diplomatic meeting between the European colonial powers to set the internal political boundaries in Africa, which was one of the last areas of European colonial expansion -a former frontier dispute that has led to conflict today in Central Africa
double cropping
-a form of multi-cropping that implies planting two crops on after another on a single plot in a year -often relies on fertilizers and irrigation, especially in dry-land growing areas such as SoCal's Imperial Valley
triple cropping
-a form of multi-cropping that means three crops are planted one after another on a single plot in a year -often relies on fertilizers and irrigation, especially in dry-land growing areas such as SoCal's Imperial Valley
Susan Hansen
-a geographer that has focused on the urban transportation of working mothers -her work shows that the commuting patterns of female heads of household are different from male commuters; specifically, female heads of household are likely to depend on public transportation and thus must live near bus and subway lines -their patterns of commuting are not just from home to work; women heads of household also must access food shopping, health care, and other services and plan their home location accordingly
genocide
-a large-scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group -seen in a number of ethnic conflicts
technology transfer
-a less expensive but important source of foreign aid comes in the form of this, where technical knowledge, training and industrial equipment is provided to NIC governments to increase business efficiency and capacity
third-order world cities
-a long list -includes places such as Miami, Toronto, Seoul, Mumbai, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, and Sydney
I-house
-a loose form of Federalist and Georgian influence on the average family home in the US and Canada -have a central door with one window on each side of the home's front and three symmetrical windows on the second floor -as it diffused westward, the rectangle shape and symmetry was lost -later versions have the door moved to the side and have additions onto the back or side of the house -giveaways: fireplaces on each end of the house and an even-pitched roof -loss of form as it moved across the Appalachian Mountains the Midwest and across the Great Lakes to the Prairie Provinces is an example of relocation diffusion
head of state
-a mainly symbolic role -e.g. monarch in a constitutional moonarchy
gravity model
-a mathematical model that is used in a number of different types o f spatial analysis -used to calculate transportation flow between two points, determine the area of influence of a city's business, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place -multiplies the quantitative size of two places and divides that by the distance between them squared -the result gives a relative score that rates the gravity, or in other words, the pull or strength of the relationship between two places
megacity
-a metropolitan area with more than 10 million people -about 28 cities qualify as these -e.g. New York, Tokya, Mexico City, Dhaka (Bangladesh), Cairo, and Mumbai
architectural forms
-a multitude of these are found in the built environment of the human landscape -the product of cultural influence
conservation agriculture
-a new method of farming that has become increasingly important as a way of providing a sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production -methods include no-tillage, crop rotation, and interplanting
animal feed
-a number of crops are raised for this -what animals eat
stimulus diffusion
-a pattern in which a general or underlying principle diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas -e.g. when vegetarian eat habits (principle) influence restaurants to offer more vegetarian dishes (new products)
nation (culture group)
-a population represented by a singular culture -defined by a common identity, which is a complex of genetic heritage and political allegiance embodied in the term ehtnicity
lack of surplus
-a result of the lack of incentive in Soviet Communism/Marxism -neither farms nor factories had any reason to produce more food or products than what was stipulated in government quotas -left many stores with few items on the shelf and lines of people waiting to receive rations for food and clothing
cultural globalization
-a set of factors that can harm indigenous cultures and threaten the constitution of national cultures -a number of influences combine to diminish and potentially eliminate the media and culture of other linguistic groups -impact of foreign influence on a home culture
BT corn
-a significant example of genetic engineering -genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that produces toxins deadly to certain insects and fungi, have been splices into the genes of different varieties of corn to make them pest-resistant -creates significant cost savings for farmers and has environmental benefits due to the reduced need for spraying chemical pesticides -even though the seeds cost more than regular seeds, the fact that farmers don't have to pay for pesticide spraying means there are potentially higher profits
balkanization
-a situation in which the political landscape goes from a larger state to several smaller states -e.g. Yugoslavia, in the Balkan Peninsula, which has historically been divided among a large number of ethnic and religious groups - hence the term
metes and bounds
-a system that uses natural landscape features to divide up land -developed in Europe centuries before its use in much of Europe, Latin America, and Anglo-America east of Central Ohio and Ontario
lingua franca
-a term used to describe a language's utility as a bridge language -first used to describe French, which has long been a language used to bridge the linguistic gap between people of different national heritage
Creole
-a term used to describe people or culture that is derived from all three racial groups: European, Native American, and African -originally, in Spanish, it meant someone who was born in the New World, regardless of heritage -this heritage and culture is mainly found in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica), as well as coastal Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi, Belize, Colombia, and Brazil -e.g. a cultural food is gumbo, which mixes ingredients from French Mediterranean, Native American, and West African culture
Asian Tigers
-a term used to describe the industrial economies of Asia that have been aggressive in terms of economic growth rates and their ability to compete for consumers -two classes: Old (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore) and New (China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam)
market areas
-a type of functional region -e.g. a professional sports team will have the strongest fan base and intensive media network coverage in areas close to the team's home city. there are still fans and media viewing in the larger region around that city, but they diminish as the distance increases.
manufacturing
-a type of industry -all forms of this are reflected by secondary production
Eastern European steppe
-a very productive area of grain cultivation mostly controlled by the Russian Empire at the time of 1904 -the largest of European farming areas eyed by several European states that wanted to expand their territory
general farming
-a.k.a. mixed farming -where multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles, rope, and coats
central place
-a.k.a. node -focus or point of origin of a functional/nodal region that expresses some practical purpose -the influence of this point is strongest in areas close to the center, and the strength of influence diminishes as the distance increases from that point
nomadic herding
-a.k.a. pastoralism -in this practice, whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries -the domestication of dogs helped in driving and protecting livestock (e.g. border collies)
notation
-absolute location is given with latitude first and then longitude with a cardinal direction, separated by a comma -degrees can be divided up into small minutes, and minutes can be divided up into seconds
cultivar
-abundant domesticated plants -the plural of these were added to early farms so that there were a variety of crops
proselytic religions
-actively seek converts -involved with missionary efforts -can threaten unique cultures around the world through the process of cultural globalization
inflated real estate prices
-affordable housing for Silicon Valley residents who are not engaged in the technology economy has become a major urban social issue -this is true for a number of other cities in the US where high pay and limited housing have created these -cities such as San Diego; Washington, D.C.; Seattle; Boston; New York; and Portland, saw significant real estate price increases from the late 1990s until 2008 and while prices declined after the 2008 mortgage crash, they have bounced back, so affordable homes still remain out of reach for many urban residents, especially as unemployment has increased
decolonization
-after World War II, significantly reduced he area and number of territorial and colonial holdings of the European powers and the U.S. -in the late 20th century -problems with the 1884 African border design did not emerge until after this
Demographic Transition Model
-agriculture is connected to this -in stage 2 of the model, agriculture is the primary mode of economic productivity in these situations -in stage 2, the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture for employment and the majority of the countries' gross domestic product (GDP) comes from the sale of agricultural products
Third-World countries
-agriculture is connected to this -in these countries, agriculture is the primary mode of economic productivity in these situations -in these countries, the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture for employment and the majority of the countries' gross domestic product (GDP) comes from the sale of agricultural products
Mediterranean
-agriculture products including avocados, artichokes, olives, and citrus fruits -popularized through utilization by Austrian-born Californian celebrity chef Wolfgang Puck
Eurasian steppe
-aka Great Steppe or the steppes -according to the Kurgan theory of the origin of European language, a group of migrants, from the Indian subcontinent made their way into Central Asia and then migrated across this into central and Western Europe, taking their language with them
Gypsies (Roma)
-aka Romani in Europe -the Franco-led fascist government of Spain persecuted this people -a popular folk music group known as the _______ Kings play a variety of folk traditions and languages, including their native Roma to Spanish flamenco, as well as Basque and Catalan folk songs, which they have popularized
Hellespont
-aka the Dardanelles, a strait in NW Turkey -the Anatolian theory regarding the origins of European language holds that from Anatolia, a large migration crossed this strait into continental Europe and spread outward into what was possibly a relatively unpopulated region
central business district (CBD)
-all cities possess this -in all models, contains the highest density of commercial land use -is characterized by the verticality of buildings, and contains the PLVI
scripture
-all organized religions have one or more books of this -said to be written of divine origin
Tobler's law
-all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones -developed by American-Swiss geographer and cartographer Waldo Tobler around 1970 -exact phrasing: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other."
religions (belief systems)
-also referred to as belief systems by some social scientists -are as numerous as languages -one of the several components of culture
assimilation
-an "all-or-nothing" process -a complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group
place
-an area of bounded space of some human importance -less abstract than space -still important theoretically
formal region
-an area of bounded space that posses some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity -across the region, there is at least one thing that is the same everywhere within the regional boundary
Chechnya
-an autonomous republic in Russia where a number of groups are seeking independence or annexation by a neighboring sovereign state that is culturally similar (irredentism) -its people were granted limited local self-governance by the Russian Federation along with more than 25 other autonomous republics -its people are also ethnically Turkic peoples who are predominantly Muslim - very different from Slavic, Eastern Orthodox Christian Russians -religion and ethnicity are the centrifugal forces in this case -soon after the fall of Communism, they began to declare independence from Russia, but the Russian government moved in troops and a regional armed conflict has ensued -Russia fears the loss of oil resources and pipelines in the region, but from a geopolitical perspective, if this autonomous republic was to become independence or be annexed by Azerbaijan, many of the others would push for secession, leaving the Russian Federation without much of its current land and resources
feudal political economy
-an economy with labor including domestic servants or soldiers -in stage 1 of the DTM
gross national income purchasing power parity (GNI PPP)
-an estimate that takes into account differences in prices between countries -theoretically makes a basic good the same price in all countries
Basques
-an ethnic group in northern Spain and southwestern France who do not have Celtic or Latin cultural or language roots -a stateless nation that has limited autonomy in the region surrounding Bilbao, Spain, but many nationalists seek full independence and statehood, as illustrated by the militant group of ETA using terror tactics to fight against Spanish rule
Kurds
-an ethnic group spread across northern Iraq, western Iran, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey -a stateless nation that, since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, has taken territory and started a semi-autonomous government
Brahman cattle
-an example of a Third-World innovation -a hybrid of European cattle and the Zebu cattle of India -this beef cow produces far more meat than other tropical cows, and its heritage allows it to thrive in higher temperatures and humidity, conditions which lead to illness in European cattle breeds -these have diffused to many warmer regions of the world, including Africa, South Asia, and even south Texas, where they compete economically with the prized Texas longhorns
Aesop's fables
-an example of folklore from the classic Greeks -each fable had a moral to the story, a lesson to be learned regarding proper behavior
irrigation pumps
-an exception to the slow diffusion of mechanization -can be purchased at low cost to move water to dryland farming regions
dwarf varieties
-an important plant hybrid innovation -shorter breeds of both wheat and rice were found the be hardier and more productive because the plant spent less time and energy growing a stalk, resulting in more and larger grains on each head
European Union (EU)
-an important supranational organization with several purposes and 28 member states -acts like a federal government for Europe -serves five main purposes: free-trade union, open-border policy, monetary union, judicial union, and legislative and regulatory bodies
shelf life
-an issue for food products like bread is the limited this that affects industrial locations
Cockney rhyming slang
-an odd but humorous use of code phrases to describe everyday situations -e.g. "going up the apples" = going up the stairs
biomes
-another word for environmental region -an ecosystem with common characteristics
bioregions
-another word for environmental region -region defined by characteristics of the natural environment
desertification
-any human process that turns a vegetated environment into a desert-like landscape -in addition to overgrazing, deforestation and soil salinization can also lead to desertification
technology
-applied sciences for practical purposes, often associated with advancement -the township and range survey system is evidence of the impact of this on the cultural landscape
greetings
-are a basic example of culturally different social interaction -e.g. handshake, bow, cheek kissing
economies of scale
-are achieved when producers expand their operations but incur lower per unit costs in the process -when a company increases output of a single product, it can save money by purchasing supplies in bulk, managing more workers with the same management of staff, financing larger sums of credit at lower interest rates, and negotiating discounts for per-mile transportation costs in larger bulk amounts -in addition, more goods are sold without increasing advertising, accounting, research, or other fixed service costs e.g. Walmart
development loans
-are sought by NICs to help pay for new large scale infrastructure projects
dispersed rural settlements
-are where households are separated from one another by significant distances -the farm regions of American South, Midwest, and Great Plains generally have these patterns of settlement where large land holdings spread homes far apart
functional regions/ nodal regions
-areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose -the influence of this point is strongest in areas close to the center, and the strength of influence diminishes as the distance increases from that point
connection to nature
-as a result of cultural globalization, people who lose their connection to their heritage area also losing part of their personal _____________ -can leave people feeling disconnected from the national world and humanity, causing social and psychological problems
specialized crops
-as a result of food preservation, these were grown for both immediate consumption and preservation -e.g. kimchi, pickles, meat
conservation
-as soils become depleted and water becomes the Earth's most precious commodity, a new movement has grown and spread to protect these resources -the practice of preserving and carefully managing the environment and its natural resources -has led to a new method of farming
transnational corporations (TNCs)
-at the heart of Prebisch's theory stands a claim about the dominant role of First World-based these
equal-area projections
-attempt to maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map -can distort the actual shape of polygons
conformal projections
-attempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map -can cause the distortion of the relative area from one part of the map to the other
growth poles
-attracting new service firms is not easy, but some places have it easier than others -companies tend to locate their offices near significant these for their industry -high-tech examples include Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center in the suburbs south of San Francisco
cost advantages
-automobile companies in Detroit was originally due to the manufacturing these of location on the Great Lakes for iron ore delivery by water, and proximity to coal in the Midwest and Appalachia
Detroit
-automobile companies in here -this was originally due to manufacturing cost advantages of location on the Great Lakes for iron ore delivery by water, and proximity to coal in the Midwest and Appalachia
South Dakota
-banks -the state has limited banking regulations and no corporate taxes -some national banks have facilities where large corporate and institutional accounts are held to avoid the high auditing costs and banking profit taxes of other states
vernacular region
-based upon the perception or collective mental map of the region's residents -the overall concept can vary within the region due to personal or group variations
tourist draw
-beach resorts, golf, skiing, wine regions, historical districts, and cultural attractions like festivals and archaeological sits can all create this
satellite-based remote sensing
-became available in the 1970s -uses a computerized scanner to record data from the Earth's surface -these data include not only visual light wavelengths, but also infrared and radar information
pre-Columbian
-before 1492, Columbus's expedition -this term is tied with William Denevan, who analyzed the depopulation of Native Americans in the early colonial era after 1492
guaranteed family employment
-before the Asian economic crisis of 1997, many large firms, like Japan's Toyota and the Korean Hyundai conglomerate, had employed extra workers and their adult children under an old traditional benefits system of this
relocation diffusion
-begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, a mountain range, or a desert, and then relocates on the other side -often, the journey can influence and modify the items being diffused
terra preta
-black earth, which was formed by combining charcoal, bone, and manure to increase the soil fertility -these soil formations are the focus of archaeological and geographic research concerning ancient Amazonian civilization
environmental region
-boundaries are transitional and measurable -a.k.a. bioregions or biomes
political regions
-boundaries between these are finite and well-defined -can be porous or protected
antecedent boundaries
-boundary lines that exist from prehistoric times -e.g. French-Spanish border along the Pyrenees
ubiquitous industries
-bread production is so decentralized that bakeries are found in all cities and are an example of these
creative industries
-by making the city attractive to young, educated businesspeople, the hope is that major service industry firms in high-paying fields such as technology, computing, research and development, and other these such as media and advertising will locate downtown
market share
-by the 1980s, highly efficient factories and a focus on product quality in both Japan and Korea had created a significant this in the American automobile and electronics markets
cottage industry
-by the 1990s, a whole this in gentrification had emerged in which flippers bought old homes at low prices, renovated the homes to contemporary standards, and resold them at handsome profits
isoline maps
-calculate data values between points across a variable surface -use contour lines -e.g. weather maps showing temperature contours
tractors
-came with mechanization in the Second Agricultural Revolution (mid-1800s to early 1900s) -originally driven by stem, and then, in the early 1900s, by the internal combustion engine -were used to plow, plant, fertilize, and harvest crops, and they radically eliminated the need for large numbers of farm laborers
concentric zone model
-can be modified to create the bid-rent curve graph -urban model -developed by Ernest Burgess
distance elastic
-can be transported over short or long distances to the production facility -usually low production loss -e.g. iron ore in steel production
close proximity
-can be transported over shot distances to the production facility, as opposed to distance elastic resources -usually high production loss -e.g. limestone, coal, and water in steel production
sustainability
-can be viewed in both environmental and economic terms -by reducing inputs and using ecologically sound methods, farmers can reduce the risk that their farming practices may lead to long-term environmental or economic problems
nationalism
-can derive from an existing culture group that desires political representation or independence, or from a political state that bonds and unifies culture groups -politicians use this to support the state and oppose foreign or other political influences -individuals take pride in their identities centered around this
cyclic movement
-can last for several years and even span the career of an individual -in the case of transnational labor migrants, foreign employees work for a limited period of time before returning to their home countries -e.g. migrating purely for employment purposes
Champagne
-can only be labeled as such if the grapes are grown and bottled in the Champagne region of France -violators will find themselves in court being sued by the French government for violating international trade agreements
services
-categories in the tertiary sector -are intangible products, as opposed to manufactured goods, which are physically tangible or touchable -as a group, are the most valuable form of economic production
cbd
-central business district -core of the urban landscape
growth pole
-central point -economic -clustering occurs around this
central place theory
-central to spatial analysis and at the heart of all urban models is this basic concept -explained simply, holds that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is a place of exchange and service provision
Demographic Transition Model
-central unifying concept in understanding the AP Human Geography course -not only is a theory of how population changes over time, but also provides important insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the roles of women
economic restructuring
-change in a country's economy, usually referring to the shift from manufacturing-based to service-based in countries in stage 4 of the DTM -has brought economic, political, and social hardship to many communities
fuzzy borders
-characteristic of culture regions -it is hard to tell where one culture region ends and another begins -the transition from one cultural region to another is not easily measured -cultural regions overlap in an irregular manner
off-shore locations
-cheaper and located overseas to build factories
head of state
-chief representative of a country -in Iran, a supreme religious council serves as this and overrules the elected parliament and president
colonial cities
-cities with origins as centers of colonial trade or administration are classified together as these -in the postcolonial era of independence, many of these cities retained their European-style buildings and street networks; however, newly independent governments have often changed street names and place names to reflect their local culture and history
cool city
-city leaders desire to create downtown areas with services such as specialty retailing, art, music, culture, nightlife, and other amenities of these -all of this is done to attract investment to the city in the form of new businesses
Epidemiological Transition Model
-closely linked to the DTM -specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances -in the model, the phase of development is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline
textiles
-clothing -a number of crops are raised for this
communes
-collectives -these resulted from the Russian Revolution in 1917, which proposed the collectivization of farms and elimination of privately owned land as prescribed under the Marxist-Socialist political economy -the these that resulted were large farms where several families were organized as labor units; the land was owned collectively by the whole state;established in Eastern Europe, China, and other Soviet satellites after World War II
conurbation
-combined city -e.g. Tokyo (the world's largest
plantation agriculture
-commonly found in the tropical and sub-tropical climates of the world -extensive agriculture -specialized crops intended for both domestic consumption and for export to other parts of the world -tend to be large, extensive monoculture farms that are reliant upon low-wage labor, and historically in the U.S. until 1865, slave labor -export crops are still found the world over, mainly in Third-World locations; they still serve much the same purpose the have historically: to export value from large scale monoculture -e.g. banana, cane sugar, coffee, tea, rubber, cacao, palm oil -as exports, these crops can produce a significant amount of economic value for their country; however, frequent fluctuations in the commodity prices for these goods can make them highly profitable one year and then unprofitable the next -as a form of monoculture, can prove to be a risky financial investment for many countries; this has led to attempts to diversify the types of crops grown for export and thus reduce the potential for national economic downturns due to losses from a single crop
clustered rural settlements
-communities in which all of the residential and farm structures of multiple households are arranged closely together -commonly seen in Europe and New England, where peoples of the same culture group or clan settled nearby one another for social interaction, use of common land-holdings, and security
gender equality
-compared this can be an effective indicator of social development -associated with the GRDI
high-benefit services
-compared to the older retail location, much of recent work/research in economic geography has focused on the location of these
International Date Line
-composed by parts of the 180 degree line of longitude -meanders around a number of international boundaries
growth poles
-computer hardware and software firms in the Silicon Valley area south of San Francisco is due to close proximity to the high-tech these of Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center
dialect
-concept that the way a common language is spoken can sound different, depending upon who is speaking it -"strains" of language with different word sounds and vocabulary -can differ from region to region, nation to nation, etc.
containment
-concerning the Cold War -first proposed by U.S. diplomat George Kennan to the American government in 1947 -a strategic policy influenced by Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman's theoretical work -in this proposal, the U.S. and its allies would attempt to build a containment wall around the core Communist states -Anytime the USSR or China attempted to expand the realm of influence politically or militarily, the forces of NATO and other democratic state allies should be deployed to stop them -was a successful theory at first, but limitations of the theory when put into practice were illustrated when Communism spread even to parts of the Outer Crescent
Shatterbelt theory
-concerning the Cold War -proposed in 1950 by American geographer Saul Cohen as a modification of the Heartland-Rimland model -divided the world into the Pivot Area, Inner Crescent (with Shatterbelts), and Outer Crescent -his land-based concept was that Cold War conflicts would likely occur within the Inner Crescent, especially within areas of geopolitical weakness that he called Shatterbelts
Mercator projection
-conformal projection -commonly used -the shape of Greenland is preserved, but it appears to be much large than South America, when in reality it is much smaller
Friedrich Ratzel
-considered the father of modern human geography -him and his students built a large body of research claiming that all aspects of culture were defined by physical geographic factors such as climate, landforms, mineral resources, timber, food, and water supplies
newly industrialized countries (NICs)
-countries in stage 3 of the DTM -characterized by economies that are transitioning their focus away from agriculture to manufacturing as the primary form of economic production and employment -have rapid population growth and rapidly increasing rates of urbanization -e.g. the US and Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution (1800); modern Brazil, Mexico, and India
more developed countries (MDCs)
-countries with service-based economies -typically have a birth rate of a 11 and a death rate of 10, or very little growth
Theory of Industrial Location
-created by Alfred Weber in 1909, and is still influential -the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs -by their nature, manufactured goods have a variable-cost framework that affects the potential location of factory sites -Weber states that in terms of location, manufactured goods can be classified into two categories based on the amount of input in relation to product output: weight-losing (bulk-reducing) manufacturing, and weight-gaining (bulk-gaining) manufacturing
Alfred Weber
-created the 1909 Theory of Industrial Location which is still influential
child mortality
-death rate of children -high in stage 1 of the DTM
infant mortality
-death rate of infants -high in stage 1 of the DTM
finite lines
-definable and clear political boundaries, as expression of political control -the borders between political states and political sub-unit areas are strictly these
word sounds
-define a dialect -pronunciation
vocabulary
-defines a dialect -words
investment value
-deindustrialization has to do with the this of each sector -investors in new businesses are looking to maximize their returns on investment, and services are the most valuable investments out there
economic risks
-dependency creates additional these, as Third-World economies are also subject to the level of demand for LDC-made products and the overall global economic climate
entrepot
-describes a port city in which goods are shipped in at one price and shipped out to other port locations at a higher price, resulting in profitable trade -this type of trade is made possible by the lack of customs duties (import and export taxes) that are common in most other port cities -tend to become large centers of finance, warehousing, and the global shipping trade -e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai
folk house
-designs from different regions of the country -expression of traditional architecture is seen in housing based upon these designs
horticulture
-developed from the domestication of plants -where plant varieties that thrived in different soil or climate conditions were cultivated
seed agriculture
-developed from vegetative planting -where the fertilized seed grains and fruits of plants were collected and replanted together
central place theory
-developed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller -saw the economic world as an abstract spatial model -in the model, city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped each other at different scales
social interaction
-different types are socially constructed, meaning they were traditions devised by a cultural group -e.g. physical greetings, such as handshakes, bows, and cheek kissing
relocating
-diffusion across psychical barriers -e.g. Buddhism
migration diffusion
-diffusion that is a result of the migration of a people or peoples -e.g. Native American religion north to south through the Americas
redlining
-discriminatory real estate practice toward African Americans -although illegal today, banks and insurers typically engaged in this -designating neighborhoods on company maps where home mortgage and insurance applications would be automatically denied -the Federal Housing Administration now enforces rules against this and cases continue to be prosecuted
regional boundaries
-divide regions -differ based upon the type of region
time zones
-divided up in 15-degree-wide longitudinal zones around the world with some exceptions -created relatively recently, in the era of transcontinental railways, to standardize time across long east-west train lines
arid regions
-dry regions -today, many people are moving in greater number to these regions -this creates problem because geographers are unsure how long it will be before these regions are pushed to their limits, especially in terms of fresh water
foreign competition
-during deindustrailization, manufacturing businesses had to focus on highly priced manufactured goods like vehicles, heavy equipment, and computing devices to keep profits and investment up amid this and keep the remaining First-World manufacturing labor force paid and employed
Laws of the Indies
-during the 1500s, the Spanish government in the New World enacted a number of colonial legal codes collectively known as this -one of these laws dealt specifically with the planning and layout of colonial cities
credit crisis
-during the Asian Economic Crisis in 1997, growth in all of Asia came to an abrupt halt -a banking crash in South Korea rippled through the region and resulted in this -this is sometimes referred to as a "credit crunch", and results from banks and investors holding back on industrial loans and investment -as a result, money to develop new factories and infrastructure projects in the New Asian Tigers dried up -was the trigger for deindustrialization in the Old Asian Tigers -similarly, the 2008 this in the US has slowed investment and development in the region
steel
-during the industrial era, the product that made all manufacturing possible was this -everything from railroad locomotives to skyscrapers and automobiles is made possible by allows of this, as iron alone is too brittle and heavy
perishable products
-e.g. bread and milk -tend to be manufactured in many individual plants that serve the local regions
non-basic services
-e.g. dry-cleaning and gift shops
deindustrialized
-e.g. in recent history, the US and Canada, like other service-based economies, have done this -shifted away from manufacturing as the main source of economic production
physical geography
-e.g. rivers or other water bodies -can define boundaries in contrast to finite lines
push and pull factors
-e.g. the rise of industrialization and the numerous civil wars fought in rural regions -these led to an increase in rural-to-urban migration in the Latin American region
colonial legacy
-e.g. when colonies gained independence, they had limited or zero access to the wealth that had been extracted from their countries during the colonial era -this and other barriers to development are not accounted for in Rostow's theory
growing season
-each crop has its own specific one -the general rule of thumb is to plant in spring, grow in summer, and harvest in fall
multiplier effects
-economic these around growth pole centers such as Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center in the suburbs south of San Francisco have resulted in a multitude of companies and investment in computer hardware and software development
economies of scope
-economies of scale is related to this -in which, companies benefit from the increase in the number of different products under a larger brand name -e.g. several product lines can be marketed by a single sales staff, and produced in the same factories -are especially useful when one product at the end of its useful life, or product cycle, is replaced by a new model or alternative device -e.g. Apple's iPhone, iPod, and iMac products
creative class
-economist Richard Florida has proposed that there is a this of high-benefit service industry firms and workers -e.g. Austin, Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Toronto, Memphis, Atlanta, Boston, San Francisco, Dublin, Glasgow, Auckland, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Cape Town
three classes of Soviet citizens
-emerged early in the Soviet Union -workers, Communist Party members, and a military officer class
core and periphery
-emerged from central place thinking -the concept of a central region and an outside region -this relationship is displayed by many different regional, cultural, economic, political, and environmental phenomena and human activies
Lambert projection
-equal-area projection -bends and squishes the northern Canadian islands to keep them at the same map scale as southern Canada on a flat sheet of paper
segregation
-ethnic neighborhoods are, in some cases, areas of de facto this where no law requiring ethnic or racial this exists, yet they nonetheless remain zones of separation -"de jure" this existed in a number of ethnic and racial situations; e.g. Jim Crow in the American South
enclaves
-ethnic neighborhoods in other, larger ethnic areas -e.g. Serbian _______ in Croatia and Croats in Serbia
racial steering
-even following the Civil Rights Act of 1964, some white urban communities openly engaged in this, mainly through the use of real estate agents -when non-whites attempted to buy homes, real estate companies or their agents purposefully drove them to racially specific neighborhoods, regardless of their income or ability to pay for a house -this practice was banned in the Fair Housing Act in 1968, but cases have continues, including three lawsuits in 2006 by state attorneys general against realtors in Illinoi, Michigan, and New York
culture hearths
-every culture has one of these -a localized area where a culture originated or has its main population center
Silicon Valley
-example of agglomeration -computer hardware and software firms in this area south of San Francisco -this is due to close proximity to the high-tech growth poles of Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center
Levittowns
-example of factory-style housing construction methods (using prefabricated parts and specialized constructing teams) becoming common because of high demand for homeownership -in places such as Long Island, suburban Philadelphia, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and other cities, the Levitt Company built large communities of single-family homes in a short amount of time -new Levitt homes could be constructed start to finish in less than 18 days -many companies copied the Levitt model, and similar communities were constructed around the country during the 1950s and 60s
decentralization
-example: France did this in regard to industrial development funding -to counter the effects of urban primacy, the French government has regulated industrial investment for many years, directing portions of public industrial investment to locations away from metropolitan Paris -regional manufacturing centers such as Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Clermont, and Bordeaux have benefited significantly from this purposeful action
resource-dependent country
-example: copper-mining Zambia -in the case of Zambia, was economically devastated in the early 1980s when one of the largest consumers of copper, the US Mint, decided to switch to cheaper zinc cores for pennies - a move that caused a global crash in the price of copper
supply chain
-exists when parts are assembled into components that are then assembled together to create larger finished products -e.g. automobiles
agglomeration
-exists when similar business activities are found in a local cluster
break-in-bulk points
-fall-line cities were economic these -where ships were offloaded and then packed with outgoing trade
arable land
-farmable land -used to calculate physiologic density
subsistence farming
-farming just enough food -engaged in by pre-agricultural societies
Appalachia
-folk traditions in this region are often realized by the playing of a fiddle, a variant of the European violin, and the banjo- an instrument of African origin -bluegrass is the most popular folk music type in the region -the region stretches from Mississippi to the Maritime provinces
Sikhs
-followers of a syncretic religion, who incorporate principles from both Islam and Hinduism -like Buddhists, reject the concept of a caste-based social hierarchy
spring wheat
-follows the normal growing season -is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer -grown in northern areas such as Minnesota, the Dakotas, Alberta, and Saskatchewan
food preservation
-for long-term consumption and for times of need -done via drying, pickling, cooking, and storage jars -has been a necessity for survival for thousands of years -has also led to many cultural variations in food consumption
oil shocks of the 1970s
-foreign competition, along with this, triggered the deindustrialization in the US, Canada, and Western Europe
donor state
-foreign development aid is money provided by these governments in the First World that is not expected to be given back
guest workers
-foreign migrants that enter the workforce of countries -e.g. Western European countries such as Germany are dependent on these foreign workers
cheek kissing
-formal, non-touching physical greeting in Europe -Paris (France), Serbia, Netherlands, Spain, Austria, Scandinavia, Germany, UK, Italy, and Greece
relic boundaries
-former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning -e.g. Scotland-England border after The Act of Union in 1652
population-weighted centroid
-found by averaging the spatial weight of population across the country -image the country as a flat surface with the population standing on top in their home locations, and this would be the point where you could balance that weighted surface without tipping over
population dynamics
-found by placing a country on the demographic transition model (DTM) -properties that explain the population growth -e.g. migration
economic context
-found by placing a country on the demographic transition model (DTM) -what kind of economy the country has; the economy's development
republics
-free of aristocracy or monarchical control -the governments are fully under control of the "common" people, as opposed to hereditary monarch -e.g. Germany, France, Italy, and the US
cost-to-distance relationship
-from an economic perspective, von Thünen's model explains this in agricultural land use -it can be described as an inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model; the higher the total labor cost, the closer it is to the center, and the lower the labor costs, the farther it is from the center -prices for goods in markets are a product of rent and labor inputs; thus, fruits and vegetables are much more expensive by volume than wheat
international recognition
-from other states or the United Nations -a sovereign state has this
biodiesel
-from soybeans and vegetable oils (even waste oil from fryers) -has become an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel for trucking in the U.S., Canada, and Europe
prehistoric migrations
-from the Indian subcontinent into Europe -the Indo-European concept is derived from linguistic analysis and genetic evidence of this
foreign direct investment (FDI)
-funds to develop infrastructure can come from internal sources, from foreign aid, or from this -money from international private investors of investment firms in other countries who are looking to earn a profit
foreign aid
-funds to develop infrastructure can come from internal sources, from this, or from foreign direct investment -often provides public funding for schools, nutrition, health programs, and other government spending
components of culture
-gives a simpler way of understanding culture in general and how it is expressed -art, architecture, language, music, film and television, food, clothing, social interaction, religion, folklore, land use
durable goods
-goods that are intended for us of more than a year -tend to have greater value and represent a more lucrative form of production
winter wheat
-grown in more southern areas of the Great Plains, where ground freezing is less likely -planted in the fall, lies dormant in the winter, and then grows in the spring to be harvested by the start of summer -Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado make up most of the production in the United States
ecotourism
-has become very popular in the past 30 years -rainforest, marine reef, savannah grassland, and polar habitats have all become destinations for paying tourists
traditional architecture
-has been used for centuries -commercial buildings and folk house designs from different regions of the country
situation
-has to do with a place's relationship with other locations, or its relative location
land survey patterns
-have an effect on the property lines and political boundaries of states and provinces
alternative energy crops
-have become important as oil prices have increased over time -e.g. ethanol and biodiesel
traditional housing style
-have been used for centuries -New England, Federalist or Georgian, the I-house
aerial photographs
-have been used for mapping since the mid-1800s -images of Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase
contemporary culture region
-hearths can represent the core of one of these -a region with a distinct core and wide periphery -e.g. the Mormon culture region of the American West
caste system
-hierarchical -based upon the reincarnation system, in which people are born into a particular social level where they remain for the rest of their lives
plaza
-historically, the Laws of the Indies stipulated that each settlement have a central square known as this -this was to reproduce the style of European cities such as Madrid -surrounding this, the centers of government, religion, and commerce are located -the CBD remains the primary location for business, and is vertically oriented
dependency theory
-holds that most LDCs (including all NICs) are highly dependent on foreign-owned factories, foreign direct investment, and technology from MDCs to provide employment opportunities and infrastructure
double-income no-kid (DINK)
-households with two working members and no children -can contribute to a negative RNI -occur when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, political activity, and urban social networks
ecosystem
-how trees are cut and how fish are caught makes in a difference in terms of overall survival and sustainability of this -plants, animals, habitats
Malthusian catastrophe
-idea that the global population would one day expand to the point where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone -predicted this to happen before 1900, but has not yet happened
comparative advantages
-ie.g. n the 1990s, high-tech markets in software development and computing services began to open up in India due to certain these it has over other NICs -the term means that a country has the ability or resources to produce a good or service at less cost and more efficiently than other states -as such, these advantageous goods and services are selected for industrial production over other possible alternatives
land-rent curve
-if you chart the price of rent for different locations on the von Thünen model, you can draw a line to represent the cost-to-distance relationship for each of the rings -the combined lines create a cost surface upon which you can draw this, a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH)
-illustrates biotechnology's major impact on the productivity of meat and milk -is used widely in both the production of beef and milk in the United States and some other countries -are synthetic hormones that mimic the real growth-stimulating hormones produced by a cow's pituitary glands; the result is that cattle grow bigger and cows produce more milk -from a farmer's perspective, an investment in these drugs can significantly increase meat and milk yields and thus increase farm profitability
sovereign territory
-implied by "state" -is fully independent from outside control, holds territory, and has international recognition from other states or the United Nation
Prebisch thesis
-in 1950, Argentinian economist Raul Prebisch raised concerns about the continuous cycle of dependency Third-World countries get stuck in -detailed the dependency of Third-World economies on First-World loans and investments to pay for the building of new industries and infrastructure -money made by LDCs is then used to pay off loans and investments and to buy manufactured products from the First World -in the end, LDCs are left with little money to show for their productivity, while MDCs grow richer
Schengen plan
-in 1985, when West Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands opened their borders to one another -began the EU's open-border policy
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
-in 2000, the United Nations developed this mandate -it was designed with the intention of eradicating poverty by the year 2015 -these eight development goals seek to promote gender equality and empower women through provision of better women's health care, hunger eradication, basic universal education, and an end to abject poverty -they are still working on it
House of Commons
-in Great Britain, the parliamentary power has steadily increased this, the lower house of parliament -has 650 seats apportioned to local districts across the UK
economic imperialism
-in Prebisch's theory, dominant role of investors in a postcolonial exploitation of the Third World in which MDCs have economically and politically subordinated LDC populations -a modern reference to the European empires of the colonial era
inner crescent
-in Saul Cohen's Shatterbelt Theory, he modified Mackinder's Rimland into this -where Cold War conflicts were most likely to occur -in here were several areas of geopolitical weakness called Shatterbelts
buffer states
-in Saul Cohen's Shatterbelt theory -lands that would protect countries by creating a surrounding buffer of sympathetic countries -the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China attempted to capture conflict areas to create these
reunification
-in a few irredentism cases, nations or culture groups were torn apart into separate states as a result of war or other historical events, but have come back together in this process -cases of note include: (East and West) Germany, Yemen (North Yemen and Yemen Democratic Republic), and the return of the Canal Zone to Panama -some places, such as China/Taiwan and North/South Korea occasionally talk of this, despite the potential for armed conflict
resource-based economies
-in addition to agricultural economies, found in the Third World -have low levels of per-person productivity and a low quality of life
mining
-in addition to energy extraction, can be valuable depending on the global commodity prices -very volatile prices
timber markets
-in addition to fisheries, are not as volatile and mining and energy extraction, but have increased in price and value over the years due to reduced supply -in these heavily regulated and increasingly protected natural resources, companies must use more technology and larger processing facilities to remain profitable and meet growing consumer demand, especially from large and growing newly industrialized markets like China and India
commercial gentrification
-in addition to gentrified homes, this has occurred in many of the same areas -formerly shuttered business places were rebuilt as coffee shops, arts houses, bars, and restaurants -mixed-use development is also common; some old warehouses are converted into stores, office space, and loft apartments in the same building
service-based economies
-in addition to industrialized countries, in the First-World -have free markets, a high level of productivity value per person and thus, a high quality of life
energy extraction
-in addition to mining, can be valuable depending on the global commodity prices -very volatile prices
restrictive covenants
-in addition to redlining, were another means of racial discrimination through the real estate system -at the behest of neighbors and local politicians, homeowners added special covenants to their home real estate titles, restricting future sale of a home to white-only buyers -some also attempted to restrict Jews from buying homes -are illegal today under federal fair-housing laws; however, title research often uncovers covenants in old titles during home sales- by law these must be ignored
agricultural economies
-in addition to resource-based economies, found in the Third World -have low levels of per-person productivity and a low quality of life
industrialized countries
-in addition to service-based economies, in the First-World -have free markets, a high level of productivity value per person and thus, a high quality of life
Spratly Islands
-in addition to the Paracel Islands, are claimed concurrently by China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei -oil is believed to be under this island group -area of potential future armed conflict if arbitration fails
Paracel Islands
-in addition to the Spratly Islands, are claimed concurrently by China, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei -oil is believed to be under this island group -area of potential future armed conflict if arbitration fails
fisheries
-in addition to timber markets, are not as volatile and mining and energy extraction, but have increased in price and value over the years due to reduced supply -in these heavily regulated and increasingly protected natural resources, companies must use more technology and larger processing facilities to remain profitable and meet growing consumer demand, especially from large and growing newly industrialized markets like China and India
market stagnation
-in an LDC product, can be catastrophic to its economy and harm the quality of life of its citizens
quotas
-in communism, communes were assigned these by the government, that detailed exactly how much each farm should produce each year -falling short of this meant government reprisals and penalties, but making it was met with celebrations and awards -the main problem with the communist system, compared to the capitalist system, was that there were no incentives to produce over this or produce other crops or products outside the mandated crop, which usually encouraged monoculture
housing
-in contrast to commercial architecture -one of two patterns in building type expressed by traditional architecture
trade surplus
-in countries where export value exceeds import value (exports > imports) -this is a positive number, and adds value to the economy
trade deficit
-in countries where import value exceeds export value (exports < imports) -this is a negative number, and removes value from the economy
infrastructure requirements
-in general, urban governments and investors are concerned with these of cities -economic growth tends to occur only in urban areas where utilities, transportation, safety, health, and education needs are met in terms of access and capacity
preservation of cultural heritage
-in many cases around the world, cultures are in danger of extinction (because of external cultural influences) if something is not done to help protect and promote this
succession
-in many cities, a distinct social pattern of invasion and this typifies the long-term turnover of neighborhood social and ethnic composition -over time, one ethnic group or economic class leaves a neighborhood and is replaced by another
invasion
-in many cities, a distinct social pattern of this and succession typifies the long-term turnover of neighborhood social and ethnic composition -over time, one ethnic group or economic class leaves a neighborhood and is replaced by another
slash and burn agriculture (swidden)
-in many parts of the agricultural Third World, this type of agriculture has occurred in tropical rainforest regions with farmers shifting from one plot of land to another every few years as soil nutrients become depleted -land abandoned by farmers was allowed to fallow, and natural vegetation would return and increase the nutrient biomass of the area -this cycle of cutting and fallowing has occurred throughout human history and until the population explosion of the 20th century was ecologically sustainable because of the small n umber of active areas; today, it is considered unsustainable due to the large amount of forest land burned
prime minister (premier)
-in most cases in a constitutional monarchy, the leader of the elected parliament and the head of government, with integrated legislative and executive powers -appoints senior members of parliament to be ministers or secretaries of executive-branch departments
organic
-in most places, including the US and Canada, to be labeled this, crops and animals must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on completely organic crops -brings even higher prices than the non-GMO label, since it is far more costly to grow crops and animals without artificial inputs
telecommuting
-in order to maintain their jobs, people who partake in counterurbanization either endure long commutes or participate in the workplace by doing this and working from home
federal home loan programs
-in post World War II United States, homeownership increased significantly as a result of these, such as the G.I. bill -other federal programs such as the Federal Housing Administration and the public finance mortgage corporations Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae radically increased the number of mortgages available to the American public with regulated interest rates and limited processing fees
fallow
-in slash and burn agriculture, land abandoned by farmers was allowed to do this, and natural vegetation would return and increase the nutrient biomass of an area -the cycle of cutting and this make up swidden
counter-commuting
-in some cases, significant amounts of this have been detected from downtown residences to edge city locations
intervening opportunities
-in step migration, attractions regarding work and economic improvement will increase the further migrants travel -attractions at a shorter distance that take precedence over attractions that are further away
fresh milk
-in terms of travel time and distance, the region around a city to which this is delivered without spoiling is known as the milkshed -most of the milk produced in New England
low-income residents
-in terms of urban social change, it is important to know that neighborhood-scale gentrification has a negative effect of driving out these from the community -as the number of gentrified homes increases, so does the price of even non-gentrified real estate in the area -for many urban poor people, rents increase to unsustainable levels
growth boundaries
-in the 1900s, the country board of supervisors of Loudoun County, Virginia, enacted a series of these that set minimums for the lot sizes of new homes -example of a anti-growth movement
command economy
-in the 1980s, Communist states like China and Vietnam began to reform the old soviet-style this in which all economic production was managed and planned by the central government
transportation nodes
-in the Galactic City Model or Peripheral Model of the post-industrial city, these are common locations for suburban CBDs due to their high level of access
outsourcing
-in the Post-Fordist era, is common in auto parts
cycle of dependency
-in the dependency theory, the main problem arises when Third-World countries get stuck in a continuous this on First-World loans to pay for additional economic development needs
truck farms
-in the eastern US and Canada -grow specialty crops during the summer growing season and are important sources o f earnings, since much industrial dairy production has moved to the upper Midwest (Wisconsin) -the name comes from the old term for agricultural exchange of goods -examples of these highly profitable crops are tomatoes, lettuce, strawberries, and tree crops like apples and peaches; these can be sold fresh in stores, canned, or frozen for later use
computer
-in the service economy era, this makes all sectors of the service economy more efficient and capable of handling large numbers of consumers and data
signs
-in the world around us -imprints of the cultural landscape
symbols
-in the world around us -imprints of the cultural landscape
Post-Fordist era
-in this era, car companies changed and became dependent on large networks of regional supply chains that, in the case of Detroit-area assembly plants, stretch throughout the Midwestern United States, with some specialized electronic parts coming from overseas suppliers -outsourcing, supplier products
labor intensive
-in von Thünen's model, land use (the type of farming) is determined by how this the type of farming is -crops or animals that require lots of attention are going to be closest to the town, and the ones that require the least attention will be farthest
first-order world cities
-include New York City, London, and Tokyo
labor-intensive animals
-include dairy cows and egg-producing poultry -dairy cows require twice-daily milking and, being perishable, milk needed to be near markets to prevent spoilage -found in ring 2 of von Thünen's Model
labor-intensive crops
-include fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything that required constant tending or weeding or that needed to be picked for market at a particular time to ensure ripeness -found in ring 2 of von Thünen's Model
primary production
-includes agriculture, mining, energy, forestry, and fisheries -these activities and jobs deal with the extraction of natural resources from the Earth
secondary production
-includes the processing of the raw materials drawn from the primary sector -these activities and jobs also include the fabrication of components and the assembly of finished goods -in sum, reflects all forms of manufacturing
tertiary production
-includes the transportation, wholesaling, and retailing of finished goods to consumers -commonly, can include other types of services that could be categorized as quarternary or quinary
primary economy
-includes timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources -agriculture is one of the activities that makes this up
recycled materials
-incorporated in contemporary architecture, along with nontraditional materials -environmentally friendly
commercial buildings
-incorporates the efficiency and simplicity of modern architecture into a standard building design with squared walls and utilizes traditional materials like stone, brick, steel, and glass -one of two patterns in building type expressed by traditional architecture
Commonwealth of Nations
-independent former parts of the British Empire -most but not all member states retain the British monarch as their head of state; e.g. Canada, Jamaica, Dominica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Belize, Guyana, Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda, and Grenada -members retain some minor political link to the UK (e.g. military support in times of war), but are nonetheless considered independent sovereign states -all members have parliamentary governments -an important supranational organization that provides special trade, education services, government funding, and preferred immigration status between member governments and citizens
modern architecture
-innovative new buildings -developed during the 20th century that expresses geometric, ordered forms such as the 1950s homes of Frank Lloyd Wright or the rectangular steel and glass skyscrapers built in the 1970s and 1980s
contemporary architecture
-innovative new buildings -more organic, with the use of curvature -can also incorporate green energy technologies, recycled materials, or nontraditional materials like metal sheeting on the exterior -e.g. Walt Disney Theater, LA; Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, designed by Frank Gehry
non-durable goods
-intended for use of less than a year
subsistence agriculture
-intensive mixed farming that provides for all of the food and material needs of a household -allows people to settle permanently and subsist without having to migrate seasonally
returns on investment
-investors in new businesses are looking to maximize these, and services are the most valuable investments out there
weight-losing (bulk-reducing) manufacturing
-involves a large amount of input that are reduced to a final product that weighs less or has less volume or bulk than the input -these factories tend to be located near the inputs that lose the most bulk in the manufacturing process, like trees or metal ore
weight-gaining (bulk-gaining) manufacturing
-involves a number of inputs that are combined to make a final product that gains bulk, volume, or weight in the production process -these factories tend to be located closer to consumers because the cost of transporting the finished product is more than the cost of transporting the inputs, like refrigerators
Saltbox
-irregular roof housing style with one long pitched roof in front and a sort of low-angle roof in the back -New England housing type
gerrymandering
-irregular shaped districts that are highly elongated and prorupt -named after Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry who first attempted irregular shaped districts in 1812
New Urbanism
-large mixed-use developments have been referred to as this -this has forced cities to re-examine the sustainability of their zoning codes, and many cities have added new zoning categories that allow for mixed-use development and special planning districts where housing, public transit, and office space is more spatially integrated -the criticism is similar to that of gentrification: the purchase and rental prices of many new downtown housing units are so high that only the upper-middle class income earners can afford to live there; to combat this issue, some cities require that a certain percentage o f new construction be prices specifically for lower- to middle-income buyers and renters
relocate
-later, in the 1970s, the combination of middle-class flight from the inner city and the deindustrialization of urban manufacturing economies prompted even more and larger service providers to do this to suburban areas
middle-class flight
-later, in the 1970s, the combination of this from the inner city and the deindustrialization of urban manufacturing economies prompted even more and larger service providers to relocate to suburban areas
monoculture
-less secure than the multi-cropping approach -became common in the era of early political civilization and empires, when farms produced a staple crop
chakras
-levels of existence in Hinduism, from the lowest animal forms to human forms and then higher animal forms, which are considered sacred -as a soul is reincarnated it can be elevated to a higher chakra, if the soul has a positive karmic balance
processed dairy
-like cheese and yogurt -production has continually moved westward over the last 150 years, to "America's Dairyland," Wisconsin, and other parts of the upper Midwest because of the wider availability of cheap land and the need for larger dairy farms
superimposed boundaries
-lines laid down for political reasons overtop cultural boundaries -e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa after the Berlin Conference of 1884; Yugoslavia and Iraq after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles (each of these resulted in recent conflicts)
subsequent boundaries
-lines resulting from conflict or cultural changes, such as war and migration -e.g. German-Polish border after 1945; Kaliningrad to the USSR in 1946
Royal Naval Observatory
-located at Greenwich in London -where the 0 degree longitude mark was fixed for practical purposes
folk song
-lyrics often incorporate cultural stories and religious tradition, which can be described as folklore -tends to be "unplugged" as well, without electronic instruments
multinational states
-made up of a number of different nations who have migrated and intermixed around the world -most common in the Americas, where there are no nation states
value-added processing
-manufactured goods are farm products and natural resources that have been taken through this -the more complex and technology-driven the manufacturing is, the higher the value applied to the finished product (other factors like its utility and demand can also influence its value)
maquiladoras
-manufacturing production locations in northern Mexican border communities -northern factory cities like Tijuana, Mexicali, Nogales, Ciudad Juarez, and Monterrey -have grown rapidly in terms of both population and manufacturing output as a result -better-paying jobs and increased services in these cities have improved the quality of life for many residents -however, growth has been so rapid that many employed people still lack permanent housing and access to services such as clean water
internal investment
-many efforts of Third-World governments to break the cycle of dependency were focused on keeping the money made from industrial production in the country, to be used later for this in local development projects
white flight
-many people including social scientists have described the phenomenon of people leaving inner city areas of the United States as this -myth/misnomer
appellation
-many value-added products are advertised by their this, the local or regional geographic name for the product -these place names bring higher prices at market -e.g. Napa or Sonoma wines from California are associated with a particular high quality that consumers are willing to pay for
total volume
-measured by the GDP
level of development comparisons
-measures of development, or economic indicators -per capita are these d one by dividing the volume of the economy by the population
Gini coefficient
-measures the level of income disparity between the country's richest and poorest population groups on a scale of 0 to 100 -higher numbers indicate a wide gap between the rich and poor and suggest major issues with poverty and the distribution of wealth in the country -lower numbers indicate the existence of a large middle-class population where the nation's wealth is more equitably distributed
racism
-merely scientific ideas of race that were used crudely -within society, has lead to oppression, suffering, and war throughout the world
population control
-methods mandated by governments -e.g. large-scale family-planning and contraceptive programs -if not mandated, neo-Malthusians warn that natural resources will be depleted
nonrenewable products
-minerals and fossil fuel energy are considered to be these -once they are extracted, the Earth cannot reproduce them
microchip
-miniature processor circuits that have made desktop computers possible as well as smaller handheld and wireless devices
corporate agriculture (agribusiness)
-modern commercial agriculture has radically changed the organization of farming -the dominant form today is this -where large-scale extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals are controlled by a single regional business
travel time
-modifies range -rang is calculated not in terms of distance but in the this that a consumer needs to get to a service location
festival landscapes
-more recently in the era of deindustrialization, many American and Canadian cities have rebuilt former industrial areas into these, converting the spaces and buildings into parks, museums, sports stadiums, arenas, convention centers, and outdoor concert venues -e.g. the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Skydome in Toronto, and Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta
deindustrialization
-more recently in the era of this, many American and Canadian cities have rebuilt former industrial areas into festival landscapes
multi-cropping
-more secure than single-crop monoculture -if one crop failed or was damaged by pests, another crop would provide a backup food supply
Islamic buildings
-mosques can take on a variety of forms, though many have central domes -giveaway feature of a mosque is one or more minarets, narrow towers that are pointed on top -almost all mosques are built on an angle that places the main prayer area toward Mecca
Hmong
-mountain peoples who have existed in rural highlands isolated from others in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and southern China -a stateless nation whose aligning themselves with the U.S. in the Vietnam War caused many families to leave their traditional homeland -today, have resettled in the upper Midwestern states of Wisconsin and Minnesota -immigrants are featured in the 2008 film Gran Torino
folk music
-music that is original to a specific culture -traditions often incorporate instruments unique to that region or have orchestrations that are specific to that culture
planned capital cities
-new capitals which are located in places where cities did not previously exist -e.g. Washington, D.C., U.S.; Brasilia, Brazil; Canberra, Australia; Abuja, Nigeria
suburban CBDs
-new these were emerging in post-World War II cities, and as suburbs spread outward, service industries followed -service providers came to the suburbs to be closer to their consumers and stay near members of the service workforce -represented in the multiple-nuclei model
central places
-nodes of human activity -most often the centers of economic exchange
Demographic Transition Model
-non-spatial model -uses population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space
unionized-labor states
-northern states such as Michigan and Ohio that had higher payroll and benefit costs which were ingrained into state workforce regulations
secular
-not directly governed in a religious manner -e.g. non-theocratic Islamic states instead often utilize French or British legal tradition and government structure: Jordan, Turkey
thematic maps
-number of different map types -express a particular subject and do not show land forms for other features
physiologic density
-number of people per unit of arable land -very high in much of the Third World compared to the First World
Industrial Revolution
-occurred in the 1800s in Western Europe and in the United States in Canada -a time when countries like the United States and Great Britain were newly industrialized countries (NICs)
Green Revolution
-occurred in the 1950s and 1960s -when tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used in Third-World agriculture -its impact has made for far greater amounts of crop production on small plots of land, and has also enabled the expansion of populations in Third-World countries
soil salinization
-occurs in dryland and desert regions -the evaporation of water traps mineral salts on the surface soil layer, the amount of which can build to toxic levels and poison crops -this, along with deforestation and overgrazing, can lead to desertification
deglomeration
-occurs when a location is overloaded with similar firms and services -if local resources or the labor pool are fully utilized or over-utilized, some firms may seek alternate locations to expand to or may move all operations completely
state terrorism
-occurs when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own people -e.g. Nazi Germany (20th century), the Stalinist Soviet Union (20th century), Pol Pot's regime in Cambodia (20th century), and the 146 B.C.E. Roman Empire
crop rotation
-occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years -will vary back and forth due to one or more factors -e.g. in North America, soil nitrogen quality: nitrogen-dependent corn and nitrogen-"fixing" soybeans are rotated, saving farmers money since they won't have to buy as much fertilizer
extensive subsistence agriculture
-occurs when there are low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land -more likely to occur in less populated regions such as South American or in less habitable areas where pastoralism is common, such as Siberia or Sahelian Africa (the dry grassland area just south of the Sahara Desert)
area of influence
-of a functional region or market area, the greater area that is affected -expands beyond the local area and neighboring cities -people in this area travel longer distances but make a fewer number of trips
threshold
-of a service, the minimum number of people required to support a business -modified by income; partly calculated based on the earnings of the local population
circular settlements
-of clustered patterns -are generally a circle of homes surrounding a central open space -examples can be found in medieval-era German and English towns as well as the enclosed villages of tribal herding communities in Sub-Saharan Africa
off-shoring
-of computing services from the US to NICs in recent years -e,g, Dell has opened several customer service and technical assistance phone centers in India; Microsoft has partnered with a number o f Indian sub-contracting firms to write software for existing products like word processing and spreadsheet programs that need upgrading
growing areas
-of crops and livestock, expanded as domesticated varieties were traded and diffused across the landscape -for plants, usually defined by the amount of rainfall and temperature range -additionally, cultural limits to crops and animals that did not meet the tastes of certain societies
corporate culture
-of footloose industries, often corporate executives are interested in a location for a number of particular qualities that compose a "best fit" for this
market areas (hinterlands)
-of settlements in the central place theory, overlap one another at different scales
multiple-nuclei model
-of urban structure, proposed by geographers Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 -represents another evolutionary step in the conceptualization of Anglo-American city -the first recognition of suburban business districts forming on the urban periphery -includes: 1. manufacturing and warehousing, 1a. new manufacturing/industrial park, 2. working-class housing, 3. middle-class housing, 4. upper-class housing; old CBD and new CBD -like the sector model, attempts to practically represent the urban landscape with neighborhoods and commercial corridors -the main difference is that instead of all commerce being focused on the center of the city as in the sector model, the plural of nucleus or center implies that there is more than one commercial center within the city landscape -suburban CBDs -new areas of industrial development were locating on the urban periphery, and expansion to the suburbs was necessary
sector model
-of urban structure, was first proposed in 1939 by theorist Homer Hoyt -also applies to cities in the US and Canada -in the model, the concepts of the industrial corridor and neighborhood are combined for practical purposes -these result in a much more realistic urban representation compared to the concentric zone model -also used to depict ethnic variations in the city -theoretical categories: 1. central business district, 2. industrial corridor, 3. lower class-housing, 4. middle-class housing, 5. upper-class housing -practical descriptions: 1. central business district, downtown, 2. rail yards, riverfronts, or harbors, 3. ethnic neighborhoods, 4. suburbs, WASPS, 5. elite corridor or "The Boulevard" -a standard central place model with the CBD at the center -outside of the core business district, industrial space tended to be organized as a linear corridor surrounding a main transportation line -a corridor of upper-class housing extended outward from the CBD of several cities -working-class neighborhoods also radiate out from the CBD along the industrial corridor -the middle-class areas of the city are broken down into wide, separate areas radiating outward from downtown
elder population
-old folks are on top in a population pyramid -this part of the population significantly declines (shrinks quickly) from increased mortality from disease and old age
periodic movement
-on an annual or seasonal basis -e.g. agricultural workers coming from Mexico to the United States for different harvest periods and then returning home to help out during harvest on their family farms
profit-sharing agreements
-one LDC effort that attempted to increase capital accumulation within Third-World national economies -foreign companies are given permission to built new factories on land leased to them by the government; in exchange, the foreign companies agree to share a portion of the factory's profits with the government, which are then used for further internal investment by government-owned companies -found in China and Vietnam
nationalization of natural resource-based industries
-one LDC effort that attempted to increase capital accumulation within Third-World national economies -foreign ownership of natural resources robs the national government and local companies of potential earnings -if these resources are "nationalized", kicking out the foreign companies but keeping their infrastructure, the money made from the production of publicly owned resources can then be used for local economic development
import substitution
-one LDC effort that attempted to increase capital accumulation within Third-World national economies -instead of buying simple First World-made consumer products, this approach calls for building factories and producing it within the LDC -the manufacturing profits can then be sent to LDC banks and reinvested locally
technology development programs
-one LDC effort that attempted to increase capital accumulation within Third-World national economies -some countries have used their limited public funds to invest in high-technology equipment and worker training for locally owned manufacturers -these companies can then compete globally for contracts to produce goods as sub-contractors to First-World corporations -the factory profits then stay with locally owned companies
nation-states
-one culture group is represented by a singular government, or -a term applied theoretically to multinational states where the state has come to represent a singular and contemporary culture, as opposed to the ancient cultures from which the population originates
lateral commuting
-one effect that edge city growth has had in many large metropolitan areas is the large increase in this between suburbs and edge cities
urban hierarchy
-one of Christaller's theoretical principles -a hierarchy of places (seven levels, from a small hamlet to a larger regional service-center city) across the landscape that followed a regular pattern
comparative advantage
-one of Rostow's assumptions was that each country has at least some form of this that could be utilized in international trade and thus fund the country's economic development over time
chemical fertilizers
-one of the bigger changes that came in the mid-1800s to early 1900s -developed in the Second Agricultural Revolution -replaced lost nitrogen in soils, mainly for corn and wheat farming
mechanization
-one of the bigger changes that came in the mid-1800s to early 1900s -developed in the Second Agricultural Revolution -in the form of trucks, tractors, and pumps
chemical pesticides
-one of the bigger changes that came in the mid-1800s to early 1900s -developed in the Second Agricultural Revolution -included insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and nematocides
hybrids
-one of the bigger changes that came in the mid-1800s to early 1900s developed in the Second Agricultural revolution -specialized breeds
monetary union
-one of the five main purposes of the modern EU -began in 2000 when the first EU members began converting to the Euro and phasing out their old forms of money -eliminated the costs of currency exchange fees -however, 12 members retained their own currencies -events like the world financial crisis of 2008 forced countries to question the desirability of using the Euro currency
open-border policy
-one of the five main purposes of the modern EU -between EU member states, there are no longer any border controls stations for immigration or customs inspections; people and commercial vehicles cross internal EU borders without stopping -began with Schengen plan -allows workers to take jobs in other EU states without applying for work permits (although, some professions may be protected from this)
free-trade union
-one of the five main purposes of the modern EU -no taxes or tariffs are charged on goods and services that cross the international borders of the EU -allows European businesses to save money and be more economically competitive with the U.S. and Japan
legislative and regulatory bodies
-one of the five main purposes of the modern EU -the 751-seat EU Parliament was established to propose and approve laws within the union -the European Commission is a separate council with one seat for each member state. Each year, the presidency shifts to one member state, allowing it to set the year's policy agenda. The Commission also acts as the executive branch of the union to enact programs and enforce regulations set by the EU Parliament and Council. The EU Commission president is appointed by the European Council.
judicial union
-one of the five main purposes of the modern EU -the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg provides a legal venue for cases between litigants in separate EU member states -a European Court of Human Rights has been established to preserve civil rights regardless of their member states' local laws
Melanesians
-one of the four small populations of physical anthropological groups identified within the Pacific Islands -found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji -so named because of their dark skin coloration -have comparatively thin bodies and angular facial features, with a curly hair shaft
Aboriginals
-one of the four small populations of physical anthropological groups identified within the Pacific Islands -in Australia -have light brown skin, a medium body type, and wavy hair sfats
Polynesians
-one of the four small populations of physical anthropological groups identified within the Pacific Islands -living in Tonga, Samoa, New Zealand, Tahiti, and Hawaii -have a lighter brown skin color, heavyset body shape, and curly hair shafts
Micronesians
-one of the four small populations of physical anthropological groups identified within the Pacific Islands -the name comes from the small island atolls of the Marshalls and Caroline Islands -have a light brown skin color, medium body shape, and curly hair shafts
Marxism
-one of the main goals was to create a class-free society where there were no inequalities in terms of wealth or power -to do this, the state would own all land and industry, the government would direct economic productivity, and everyone regardless of labor position would earn the same amount of money -aka communism
Carl Sauer
-one of the many human geographers who debated and opposed the environmental determinists to change the scientific perspective -he, along with other geographers, proposed the revised concept of possibilism
military officer class
-one of the three classes of Soviet citizens -had a similarly high quality of life to the Communist Party in comparison to the regular working class
Communist Party
-one of the three classes of Soviet citizens -members made up about 6% of the USSR population and enjoyed any perks such as special stores, nicer homes, and personal cars
proletariat
-one of the three classes of Soviet citizens -the regular working class -a class of workers, as Marx had envisioned
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
-one of the two parts in the border system under UNCLOS -exclusive economic rights from shore out to a 200-nautical mile limit -within 200 nautical miles of its shores, a state controls all aspects of natural resource exploration and extraction
territorial sea
-one of the two parts in the border system under UNCLOS -sovereign territory includes the area of sea from shore out to the 12-nautical-mile limit. Within 12 nautical miles, all the laws of a country apply.
greenhouse gases
-one of the two scales of environmental impact of air pollution from cars -globally, carbon dioxide emissions from cars are a significant source of these that contribute to the problem of global warming
smog
-one of the two scales of environmental impact of air pollution from cars -locally, this from vehicle emissions is harmful to public health and can create an unsightly haze
threshold
-one of two factors that defines the market area of a city -of a service, the minimum number of people required to support a business
range
-one of two factors that defines the market area of a city -the maximum distance people are willing to travel to gain access to a service
sustainable use
-our ability to continuously rely on a resource depends on the this of the resource -e.g. fish cannot be taken from the sea in an amount that they cannot replace themselves
food web
-our ecological relationship to the land can be conceived of as this, in which each type of crop and animal is dependent on a number of human inputs, soil and climate conditions, and other crops
contagious diffusion
-pattern that begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines -could be used to describe a disease
expansion diffusion
-pattern that originates in a central place and then expands outward in all direction to other locations -the distance does not have to be equal in all directions
uneven development
-patterns of this in the world economy
population densities
-people crammed into densely packed urban areas -observed at the regional scale
mulattos
-people who have mixed African and European heritage -this term has fallen out of favor and use because of its history as a derogatory term
squatters
-people who settle on land that they don't own -found in Latin America -usually settle on idle land available on the urban periphery that is owned by either governments or agricultural landowners
standard of living
-per capita measurements indicate a relative this measured by the services that a country's collective wealth or productivity provides for the population
political influence
-personal and corporate -instead of the aristocracy, wealthy businesspeople and corporations that have replaces them in terms of the control of money, land, and resources -overshadows that of many thousands of private citizens -favoritism can influence the setting of regulations in republics, which is a constant problem
toponym
-place name assigned to a location of human importance -reveals the historical interrelatedness of location places
autonomous republics
-places in Russia granted limited local self-governance by the Russian Federation -there are over 26
gateway cities
-places where immigrants make their way into a country -as a result, tend to have significant immigration populations -e.g. New York City, Miami, Toronto, Vancouver, Rotterdam, and Hamburg
interplanting
-planting fast-growing crops alongside slow-growing crops -allows a farmer to harvest the fast-growing crop before the slow-growing crop shades it out
anti-growth movements
-political movements concerning suburbs -have emerged in the US and Canada -these groups push for new laws and regulations that slow suburban development and limit approval of new suburban roads and highways -is especially strong in places where the surrounding rural areas are environmentally sensitive or have historical significance
acculturation
-popular, dominant culture influencing the smaller, less dominant folk culture -e.g. folk traditions accepting the influence of popular music; electronic instrumentation in folk music
homogeneous characteristic
-possessed by formal regions -a single shared aspect or trait among the region
uniformity
-possessed by formal regions -similarity/cohesiveness/homogeneity
antibiotics
-prevent bacterial diseases from spreading in large flocks -have made large indoor egg farming operations possible, along with other factors
ethnic cleansing
-process in which a more powerful ethnic group removes a less powerful one to create an ethnically homogeneous population -e.g. Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Burundi
conservation
-process of not excessively consuming natural resources such as clean water, endangered plant and animal habitats, and nonrenewable energy sources (oil) to keep them from depleting -encouraged by neo-Malthusians
United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS)
-proposed standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states, and was fully ratified in 1994 -the border system is in the following two parts: territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
S-curve
-rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the area's carrying capacity -e.g. in the DTM, the population line has a distinct shape to it until stage four
diffusion of disease
-reduced due to medical advances in more urbanized and developed economies -the spreading of something
Federalist (Georgian) style
-refers to the housing styles of the late 1700s and early 1800s in Anglo-America -often two- or three- story urban townhomes connected to one another -architectural elements around windows and rooflines feature classical Greek and Roman designs and stone carvings -as stand-alone buildings, these are symmetrical homes with central doorways and equal numbers of windows on each side of the house
rank-size rule
-related to the primate city concept is this theoretical notion -there is an urban hierarchy of city populations -the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the country's largest city -few countries have city populations that precisely follow the rule -close approximations include the hierarchy of cities in the US or in Russia
Fordist production (Fordism)
-relied on a single company owning all aspects of production -in the case of cars, owned from steel manufacture to advertising
commuter zone
-represents a wealthy area of people who own large tracts of land outside the city
bid-rent curve
-represents the cost-to-distance relationship of real estate prices in the urban landscape; related to the concentric zone model -very similar to the land-rent curve related to von Thunen's model -a cost function that shows the exponential increase in land prices as one moves closer toward the peak land value intersection (PLVI) -memory trick: downtown commercial rel estate is sold or leased by the square foot; by comparison, land in the suburbs is sold by the acre
labor-extensive crops
-require far less tending -crops like wheat, barlet, and rye require little tending other than planting and harvest (grasses, which tend to dominate their growing environment, choking out potential weed invaders) -large plots of land are required to grow these staple food crops that are needed in much larger volumes than vegetables -ring 4 of the von Thünen model; this ring covers a very wide area
Walter Christaller
-research in the 1920s performed by this German theorist showed that there is a hierarchy of places (seven levels, from a small hamlet to the large regional service-center city) across the landscape that followed a regular pattern -used hexagons to represent individual market areas, then overlapped smaller-scale patterns with larger scale layers of hexagonal market areas
commercial crops
-result of cash-cropping -are transported, sold at other markets, and finally preserved or processed into other goods for sale
French Creole
-result of pidgin language evolving into its own individual language group over time -spoken in Haiti -incorporates continental French with African dialectal sounds and vocabulary
bid-rent curve
-result of the modification of the concentric zone model to create a graph showing the cost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices -explains why land prices are relatively low in suburban areas, but exponentially higher in the central business district (CBD)
mixed farming
-resulted when early crop farmers added domesticated animals to their holdings -a.k.a. general farming
age distribution
-revealed by population pyramids -people of different ages that make up a population
gender distribution
-revealed by population pyramids -people of different genders that make up a population
suffrage
-right to vote -has varied historically from state to state in terms of age, race, and gender
infrastructure
-roads, ports, power plants, water systems, railways -facilitate the construction and operation of factories -NICs are in a constant process of building this
high-benefit services
-sectors in which pay tends to be salaried and includes considerable fringe benefits like health, dental, vision, vacation, sick days, and retirement reimbursements -examples include: business services, health care, government, and education
low-benefit services
-sectors in which the labor force tends to be hourly employees who receive few if any additional benefits, like paid vacation or health insurance -examples include: hotel and food services, retail, customer services, contract agricultural labor, and construction
cultural landscape
-seen in the form of signs and symbols in the world around us -there are different ways customs are imprinted on the several components of culture
border states
-separate the Dixie from the American Northeast or Midwest -one part of the state is decidedly Southern and another part seems more Northeastern
topographic maps
-shows the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with road, building, river, and other natural landscape features -highly accurate in terms of location and the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area -used for engineering surveys and land navigation, especially in wilderness regions
Garifuna
-significant group of mixed Native American and African peoples -live in the Caribbean islands of St. Vincent, Dominica, and Trinidad, a s well as the coast of Honduras, including Roatan Island
pidgin
-simplified forms of the language that use key vocabulary words and limited grammar -e.g. English used by Hindustani Indian migrants to Britain, Canada, and the United States
ethanol
-since the 1970s, corn has been used to make this, an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner -in the last few years, demands for wholly alternative vehicle fuels have opened markets for corn-based E85 this fuel to replace gasoline and be used in "flex-fuel" vehicles
language families
-small number of major ones -represented by the early or prehistoric language roots -Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Altaic, Japanese, Tai-Kadai
Cape Cod
-small one-story pitched roof housing style -New England housing type
North versus South analogy
-some economists use this in describing the developed world (North) and less developed countries (South) -problematic geographically in two ways: one, Australia and New Zealand are First-World countries that like in the southern hemisphere, south of many LDCs; furthermore, most of the world's less developed economies sit at or north of the equator
gentrification
-some inner city housing areas today have been replaced or renovated through this process -the economic reinvestment into existing buildings
reapportions
-state governments draw new congressional district border lines to ___________(s) districts into equal sized populations -the U.S. does this every 10 years following the census to the 435 seats of of the House of Representatives -generally causes changes to the number of congressional seats, and, as a result, the number of electoral votes a state has
Rimland
-states that bordered the Heartland and were potential invaders of -e.g. German Empire, The Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Romania -consisted of landwolves and seawolves
mini-mills
-steel plants that are much smaller operations that focus on specialized steel products -run by companies such as NUCOR or Arcelor Mittal -have a number of building materials, vehicle parts, and high-tech steel alloys for medical and aerospace sectors -some are located in old steel-producing cities, but others have been constructed i n Southern states where land and labor are less expensive and there are fewer regulations
medicinal crops
-such as herbs, were grown along with vegetables in town market gardens for local sale -found in ring 2 of von Thünen's Model
free-trade zones
-supranational examples include the EU and NAFTA -have made regional economies of multiple states much stronger and have opened the doors of development for less developed neighbors
Gender-Related Development Index (GRDI)
-takes the same indicators used to calculate HDI but replaces GDP per capita with income; then, the data between men and women is mathematically compared by dividing the female score by the male score -the closer the score is to 1.00, the higher women's roles are in society; the closer the score is to 0.00, the more subjugated and fewer rights women have in the country
tariffs
-taxes on goods that cross international borders -NAFTA, signed in 1991, went into full effect in 2001 with the full removal of these between all members
Hindu buildings
-temples and shrines tend to have a rectangular-shaped main body and feature one or more short towers of carved stone -the towers often feature stepped sides and display carvings of the heads and faces of deities
Buddhist buildings
-temples and shrines vary depending on which Buddhist tradition is followed in the region -Nepal and Tibet: temples are stupas, with a dome or tower featuring a pair of eyes -in East Asia, the tower-style pagoda has several levels, each of which features winged roofs extending outward -in China and Shinto Japan, temples and shrines feature one- or two- story buildings with large, curved, winged roofs -often guarded by large lion statues -temples in SE Asia tend to have several towers with thin pointed spires that point outward at an angle
linear settlements
-tend to follow along a road or stream front, such as the French long-lots
more developed countries (MDCs)
-term used to describe the relative economic differences between states -First- and Second-World countries generally tend to fit in this category
less developed countries (LDCs)
-term used to describe the relative economic differences between states -Third, Fourth, and Fifth Worlds tend to fit into this category, even if they are NICs
deindustrialization
-the 1997 Asian economic crisis was the trigger for this in the Old Asian Tigers
verticality
-the CBD contains the highest this of buildings -e.g. the tendency to build skyscrapers that maximize the use of one parcel of urban land
peak land value intersection (PLVI)
-the CBD contains this -the downtown intersection surrounded by the most expensive pieces of real estate
renewable products
-the Earth can reproduce them once they are extracted -energy sources that do not run on fossil fuels are generally this if managed properly
income disparity
-the Gini coefficient measures the level of this between the country's richest and poorest population groups on a scale of 0 to 100
five pillars of Islam
-the Koran emphasizes these, which guide followers with a moral system -five daily prayers; Islamic Creed; alms to the poor; observance of Ramadan; the Hajj
few labor and environmental regulations
-the New Asian Tigers offered cheap labor and low-cost land and resources, as well as these that had become costly for businesses in the First World
low-cost land and resources
-the New Asian Tigers offered cheap labor and this, as well as few labor and environmental regulations that had become costly for businesses in the First World
cheap labor
-the New Asian Tigers offered this and low-cost land and resources, as well as few labor and environmental regulations that had become costly for businesses in the First World -e.g. China also had a large available labor force
transportation costs
-the amount of money to move a resource -e.g. the US Steel's plant in Gary found that by not having to transport ore from Lake Erie to Pittsburgh by rail, they were able to cute these
spatial margin of profitability
-the area where local demand for a service creates revenue higher than the local costs of doing business -this concept is used in economic geography to define areas of maximum profit
Mediterranean agriculture
-the areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe that surround the Mediterranean Sea have a warm, dry climate with short periods of rain in winter and spring -in this region, the domestication of plants have specialized certain varieties of crops that today bring significant value to farmers -crops include: citrus, nut trees, palms, olives, artichokes, avocados, and grapes (not exclusive to this region and climate) -other parts of the world with climates similar to the Mediterranean have also adopted these specialized crops; e.g. Southern and Central California, Central Florida, South Texas, Southern Australia
mass transit
-the benefits of this, such as having fewer cars on the highway, reduced emissions, and increased accessibility for low-income citizens, have become important for almost all cities -there are many public and political supporters of subways, dedicated busways, and street-level light rail networks -these systems use up less land than highways, but property owners still complain about their losses from these projects -the cost of construction and vehicles is more than what can be raised from rail and bus fees alone -who should pay to subsidize this is a contentious issue; it often falls to local governments to find other sources of tax revenue to pay for it
personal space
-the bubble surrounding someone where they feel comfortable -varies from country to country
capital flight
-the colonial legacy and other barriers to development such as government corruption or this are not accounted for in Rostow's theory -occurs when factory earnings are sent to banks back in the First World where they cannot be used to further local development in the LDC
government corruption
-the colonial legacy and other barriers to development such as this or capital flight are not accounted for in Rostow's theory
official languages
-the common tongue of a country -designated by the federal government
lebensraum
-the concepts of Nazism proposed by Hitler in the 1920s and put into practice in the 1930s were in part based on Ratzel's concept of this -the living space for each distinct nation was based upon the optimal physical geography of the culture group
Dixie
-the culture region of the American South -cultural phenomena = NASCAR fans, country music, but these phenomena are not limited to the culture region
gross domestic product (GDP)
-the dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year -measures the total volume of a country's economy, without adjusting for international trade; therefore, it measures only the domestic economy - = goods + services
gross national income (GNI)
-the dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country, plus the dollar value of exports minus imports in the same year -also measures economic value -it adjusts for the "national" wealth lost when imported goods are purchased from abroad - = goods + services + (exports - imports) -economists argure that this is a much more accurate measure of economic volume compared to GDP
pastoralism
-the domestication of herd animals led to this -agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again -a.k.a. nomadic herding
sectors
-the economy can be divided into different categories known as these -what composes one of these can vary depending on what is being categoized
total fertility rate (TFR)
-the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45) -not an annual statistic -replacement rate = 2.1
separation of powers
-the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of a government are held by separate groups of people that keep each other in check -generally found in republics -unlike parliamentary systems that assign legislative, executive, and judicial power to the same people -may seem less efficient, but it reduces the potential for corruption of the whole government
agglomeration economies
-the first word refers to the concentration of human activities in a cluster or around a central place -these exist where firms with related or similar products locate together in clusters or regions -together, the firms enjoy the advantages of a shared skilled-labor pool, specialized suppliers, and service provides and can share (or steal) technical knowledge on production or marketing
varna
-the five levels within the human chakra that define the caste system in Hinduism -from highest to lowest: 1. Brahmans, 2. Kshatriyas, 3. Vaisyas, 4. Sudras, 5. Dalits
post-industrial city
-the galactic city model or peripheral model represents this with its several, dispersed business districts -in the last half of the 20th century, urban geographers noticed that many of the new suburban CBDs in the US and Canada had become specialized toward a particular industrial or service sector -contains: possible suburban CBD specializations (1. light industrial park, 2. research and development park, 3. air transportation hub, 4. high-technology and computing service, 5. retail center or mall), airport, highways -represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production -manufacturing has declined significantly and become specialized, which has meant that new manufacturing facilities tend to be much smaller and require low-cost land to afford to operate; therefore, these new facilities tend to be in specially designated industrial parks on the urban periphery and are often subsidized by local governments to reduce costs and increase employment opportunities -suburban retailing often occurs in multiple locations around the city
space
-the geometric surface of the earth -central concept in geographic research and theory -abstract concept
planned economy
-the key to Communism/Marxism -does not rely on supply and demand like capitalism
United Nations
-the largest supranational organization with 193 member states -purpose is primarily diplomatic -also provides a number of services internationally through its many units (organizations, programs, forces, and other smaller directorates)
spatial analysis
-the main capability of the GIS -a way of understanding space
range
-the maximum distance that people are willing to travel to gain access to a service -modified by travel time
megalopolis
-the merging of the urbanized areas of two or more cities, generally through suburban growth and expansion -this name was given by French geographer Jean Gottmann following his travels through the NE US during the 1950s -e.g. NE US (Boswash), Ruhr Valley, Tokaido, Randstad, Keihanshin -possible future examples: Pearl River Delta and Southeastern Brazil
service firms
-the more common way to classify these, as opposed to by the level of pay and benefits they provide employees, is by the type of activity performed as part of the service
staple food crops
-the most common of technologies of ancient culture hearths is the domestication of this -very important in the ancient world, as they fed the conquering armies of empires, provided sustenance for the labor force, and were the primary commodity for commercial trade networks -e.g. wheat, corn, potato, rice, yams
Wailing Wall
-the most holy place in Judaism -the Western Wall of the former Temple of Solomon, next to the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem -the old foundation walls feature large rectangular stone blocks where Jews pray and place written prayers in the cracks between the blocks -is a remnant of the original Temple of Solomon and the subsequent Second Jewish Temple
bluegrass
-the most popular folk type music in the Appalachia region -originated in Kentucky (known as the ______ state after both the plant and the music) -fiddle and banjo are the lead instruments
mixed-use buildings
-the most popular new approach for targeting idle downtown land is these that contain both housing and commercial space -several large developments have been constructed in recent years -these types of developments have been referred to as the New Urbanism
counterurbanization
-the movement of inner-city or suburban residents to rural areas to escape the congestion, crime, pollution, and other negative aspects of the urban landscape
suburban business district
-the multiple-nuclei model first recognized the formation of these on the urban periphery
rare commodities
-the multitude of high-paying technology jobs in recent decades had driven local real estate prices to astronomical levels -as these, standard three-bedroom homes in Palo Alto can cost upwards of $1.6 million, and a one-bedroom apartment can rent for over $2,000 a month
cash cropping
-the opposite of intensive subsistence farming -to sell farm goods at market -a form of extensive agriculture in which harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit -the credit is then used to buy equipment or seed for the next planting season and, in part, to buy food, clothing, and other necessities for the farm family -the commercial crops are transported, sold at other markets, and finally preserved or processed into other goods for sale -can be small-scale or large-scale (corporate) -e.g. farming under communism was non-subsistence, with much of the food grown being produced collectively in farm communities and distributed across the country
suitcase farmers
-the owners of other exurban homes (other than country estates) might be described as these, who worked in the city but kept farms outside of the towns -not only could these people afford large homes in the early 1900s, but they could also afford a personal vehicle or daily train ticket into town
historical preservation
-the pattern of gentrification began in many historic areas in the 1970s, when people in this movement began renovating homes in places such as Greenwich Village in NYC and Georgetown in DC -many of the renovations were attempts to recreate homes and buildings near to their original form
indigenous population
-the people who originally settled in an area -for many parts of the world, identity is based on a single race being this
female-headed households
-the percentage of these in urban areas has increased significantly in recent decades as remaining city populations have changed and adapted to the new urban economic landscape -working mothers are an important demographic group and are currently the subject of geographic research
race
-the physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage -the concept was developed by physical anthropologists in the late 1800s -researchers categorized racial groups based on a number of variables including skin color, bone structure, and the shape of hair shafts (straight, wavy, or curly)
retail services
-the precise location of these is spatially dependent on the relationship between variable cost and revenue surfaces based on local geography -business owners look to find locations where they can maximize profits
vegetative planting
-the prevailing theory of early farming -where shoots, stems, and roots of existing plants were collected and grown together -later became seed agriculture
acculturation
-the process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one's original culture -usually, a two-way street, with both the original and the incoming culture group swapping cultural traits
natural food products
-the public and consumers are resistant to GMOs, skeptics of artificial hormones, and concerned about animal welfare, rejecting many of the farming practices used by business and other farmers; this has caused a large market for these -many small family farms have restructured their operations to meet the rapidly increasing demand for such products
animal welfare
-the public and consumers are resistant to GMOs, skeptics of artificial hormones, and concerned about this, rejecting many of the farming practices used by business and other farmers; this has caused a large market for so-called natural food products -concerns over this and loss of flavor in agribusiness-produced meats and eggs have led to increased consumer demand for free-range poultry, eggs, and beef
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
-the public and consumers are resistant to these, skeptics of artificial hormones, and concerned about animal welfare, rejecting many of the farming practices used by business and other farmers; this has caused a large market for so-called natural food products -these is no evidence that these cause harm to humans, but many consumers have health concerns regarding these -worry about interbreeding and contamination, thus doing potential long-term harm
ethnic neighborhood
-the result of immigration to industrial cities over previous decades -other theorists recognized lower-class housing areas in the sector model as being generally these
possibilism
-the revised concept proposed by Sauer and other like-minded geographers -this ideology states that cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environment and the material resources available to them. however, culture groups have the ability to adjust and modify the environment.
transhumance
-the seasonal migration for food and resources or owning livestock -engaged in by pre-agricultural societies
morphology
-the shape of a state -helps you to identify it on a map, and it impacts its society and external relations with other countries -: compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, perforated, landlocked
extensive pastoralism
-the shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures -has remained popular in several arid parts of the world, especially Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia, where dry grassland is the common landcover -the contemporary problem is similar to that of rainforest destruction, since too many people and too many animals are placing population pressure on too little land
personal space
-the space in which a person makes a claim to privacy -amount decreases as population densities increase -too little of this can lead to social unrest and, potentially, armed conflicts
constitutional monarchy
-the supreme aristocrat remains head of state, but the leader of the elected parliament is the head of government, with integrated legislative and executive powers -sometimes the monarch retains the power to dismiss parliament; appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officials; is commander and chief of the military; and retains significant land holdings and estates -however, the monarch's political power is mostly diminished to a symbolic role, and he or she holds a small but important position in dictating policy and proposing laws -e.g. Great Britain, Belgium, The Netherlands, Japan, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, Thailand, Luxembourg, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain, Monaco, Cambodia
absolute monarchy
-the supreme aristocrat, a king, prince, or duke, is both head of state and head of government, and therefore does not share power with anyone -only a few exist today: Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Morocco (limited power-sharing), Emirates within the UAE
commodity of conflict
-the thing that countries were willing to fight over -in Mackinder's model, he states that land was the primary this
House of Lords
-the upper house of parliament in Great Britain, which also serves as the supreme court, where aristocratic peers traditionally sat -numbers more than 760 members -when the king or queen elevated someone to the peerage, a new seat was added, and they eventually had too many members -beginning in 1999, Queen Elizabeth II reformed the house with two types of members: hereditary peers and life peers
product cycle
-the useful life of a product -at the end of this, larger economies of scope are especially useful when the product is replaced by a new model or alternative device
incentives
-there were none of these in communist system, compared to the capitalist system, to produce over the quota or produce other crops or products outside the mandated crop, which usually encouraged monoculture -a lack of these resulted in a system with no surplus food available and not much variety available to consumers
Communist
-these countries make up the Second World -only two "hard line" states remain today: Cuba and North Korea -these states still have centrally planned economies
local economic development
-these programs have been focused on the attraction of "creative" firms and laborers
free-market democracies
-these systems generally rely upon balancing the relationship between the elected representative government, its citizens, and business interests -e.g. generally, countries with elected representative parliamentary systems such as the US, the UK, commonwealth countries, and other constitutional monarchies or republics -aka laissez-faire
green energy
-these technologies are incorporated in contemporary architecture -renewable/ sustainable
decentralized network
-this approach keeps fresh products in stores longer by reducing transportation time -bread, milk, and other perishable products tend to be manufactured in many individual plants that serve the local regions
edge city
-this concept was first put forward by journalist (and honorary geographer) Joel Garreau in 1991 -he recognized the importance of suburban CBDs to the new service-based economy in the US and Canada, and also noticed that some suburban CBDs had grown to immense size and economic prominence -has the following characteristics: minimum of 5 million square feet of office space; minimum 600,000 square feet of retail space; no city government, except where built atop an existing town; high daytime population, low nighttime population; located at transportation nodes or along commuter corridors -e.g. Tyson's Corner, Virginia
site
-this concept, in terms of urban origins, has to do with the physical characteristics of a place or its absolute location
world city
-this designation signifies a metropolitan area as a global center for finance, trade, and commerce
Moroccan
-this folk food tradition utilized a number of regional ingredients from the Mediterranean and North Africa -main dishes incorporate familiar meats such as chicken and lamb -meat is often served with couscous, chickpeas, and root vegetables -food is flavored with a variety of spices including cinnamon, turmeric, and saffron and is often cooked in a traditional clay pot known as a tajine -tahini is blended with other ingredients to make hummus, which is increasingly popular in Europe and Anglo-America as a dip served traditionally with toasted pita bread
William Denevan
-this geographer's work was one of the most important bodies of research on the destruction of indigenous culture groups -focused on the depopulation of Native Americans in the early colonial era after 1492 -collected years of archaeological research on the extend and productivity of agriculture by Native Americans and found that the pre-Columbian population of North and South America combined was approximately 54 million people -their research into colonial census data, collected journals, and colonial government reports revealed that the total native population had declined to around 5 million people by 635 -found that diseases of European origin were the main culprit behind the decline (influenza, measles, and cholera) -- these diseases were unknown to the Americas prior to the arrival of European colonists, and Native Americans had no immune system defense against these pathogens -resulted in deadly epidemics
grazing
-this land is the least labor-intensive -domestic herd dogs helped in this -like grain farming, lots of land was required for this -in this intensive form of pastoralism, animals have to be moved periodically to keep from overgrazing meadows and pastures, which could destroy native grasses and lead to erosion -ring 5 of the von Thünen model
ultra-high temperature (UHT) pasteurization
-this milk preservation method was devised in the 1980s -here milk is flash-pasteurized at very high temperatures and under pressure to keep the water in it from turning to steam; this is then stored in a sterile box container that is sealed in plastic to prevent contamination -these packages can keep milk fresh for up to a year; as a result, this type of milk has a global milkshed
Heartland-Rimland model
-this model is the main geopolitical model in the AP Human Geography course that encompasses both world wars and the Cold War -by 1904, British geographer Halford Mackinder proposed this -was an effort to define the global geopolitical landscape and determine areas of potential future conflict -identified agricultural land as the primary commodity that state were interested in -states with limited land wanted to expand their territory, like they did by expanding their colonial empires, but also eyed one another's European farming areas
irrigation
-this practice opens up more land to cultivation than would normally be possible in arid climates -this agriculture is responsible for close to 3/4 of world freshwater used and up to 90% of freshwater use in the most poverty-stricken countries of the world -governments often heavily subsidize this agriculture, with the result that the crops produced are often worth less than the water; e.g. Nile Valley, Egypt -the water for these farms comes from aquifers, which are being depleted at a rapid rate
urban primacy
-this situation is sometimes blamed when there is uneven economic development within a country -due to its high population, the primate city can receive a large majority of a country's economic development and investment
footloose industry
-this term has come to describe businesses whose locations are not tied to resources, transportation, or consumer locations
domestication of plants
-this took place as, over time, early farmers rejected the poorly growing crops, and took cuttings or seeds from the more productive, better-tasting plants to grow future generations -led to early forms of horticulture
Parmigiano-Reggiano
-this type of cheese can carry the specific appellation only if it is made in the area surrounding the city of Parma in Italy -violators will face litigation similar to that imposed by the French government concerning the labeling of Champagne
armed conflict in Africa
-this was widespread in Rwanda -the Eastern Congo is seen by many researchers to be the next area of this, widespread
foreign competition
-this, along with oil shocks of the 1970s, triggered the deindustrialization in the US, Canada, and Western Europe -Asian Tigers created a significant market share in the American automobile and electronics markets
suitcase farmers
-those farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas -also tend to engage in specialty crop farming for added personal earnings and to keep old family traditions and farms alive
suburbanization
-though many people live in suburban apartments and townhouses, the detachted single family home is the dominant feature on the American suburban landscape -the suburbs are predominantly middle-class, economically; however many upper-class suburbs exist, as do some lower-class suburban neighborhoods -the first single-family homes appeared in the 1890s; one early example is Riverside, Illinois, outside Chicago, which was designed by Frederick Law Olmstead -the original American suburbs were culturally populated by WASPs; this changed between the later 1960s and the 1980s when suburbs become more integrated with Catholic and non-white middle-class populations, who formerly lived in inner-city areas -in the 2010 census, just over 50 percent of the U.S. p opulation lived in suburban areas -suburbs continue to expand outward and are the largest zones within urban models
land tenure
-through tactics, squatters attempt to achieve this -legal right or title to the land upon which they build their homes -it can take years if not decades to formalize property ownership; until then, there is always the risk that squatters could be run off the land
feudal
-throughout much of human history, wealthy landholders and aristocrats (in these type of political economies) owned most of the arable land -5% of the population owned most of the arable land -upwards of 90% of the population farmed land that they never owned -peasants were forced to pay rent to farm land that sustained their families and produced foods for land owners -in the late 1700s, both the American and French rejected this system that had created a large income disparity between rich and poor
World Bank
-to help develop the necessary infrastructure to attract FDI, some NICs seek international development loans from organizations like this one
just-in-time production
-to minimize inventory costs and keep factories efficient, car companies today utilize these methods -in which, suppliers send parts to assembly plants on an as-needed basis -these practices minimize potential cost-overruns due to over-supply and save space and money by not requiring warehouse and handling facilities for parts -prevents wasted production cost as car models change design frequently
specialized farm products
-to survive the farm crisis in rural areas, farmers either had to go into agribusiness, or stick with their current farm and get into these -alternative and nontraditional crops achieved by giving up the technological advancements of the Second and Third Agricultural Revolutions
animal domestication
-took place in different areas at different times in history -just as with plants, wild breeds were first taken captive, and the most productive of these were purposely interbred or hybridized to be reproduced through animal husbandry -the diffusion of hybrids was specific to certain regions that the animals thrived in
transport nodes
-towns and cities that were founded as settlements due to their location of two or more lines of transportation -lines of transportation can include oceans, rivers, bays, trails, roads, and rail lines -an example of these is airports, another example is San Francisco, California (port)
resource nodes
-towns and cities that were founded due to access of natural resources -an example is Sacramento, California (gold)
Christian buildings
-traditional houses of worship tend to have a central steeple or two high bell towers in front of the buildings -the steeple is typical of smaller churches, and bell towers are found in larger churches and cathedrals -basilicas have central domes similar to the US Capitol building -symbolically, older churches, cathedrals, and basilicas feature a cross-shaped floor plan
irredentism
-two definitions: when a minority ethnic group desires to break away from a multiethnic state and form its own nation-state, or break away and align itself with a culturally similar state -e.g. groups in Russia seeking independence or annexation by a neighboring sovereign state that is culturally similar
aquifers
-underground water tables where the water for irrigation farms comes from -are being depleted at a rapid rate and large-scale grain producing countries such as India, China, and the United States are examples of those caught in this predicament
medieval cities
-urban centers that predate the European Renaissance, roughly 1400 CE -e.g. Paris, Rome, London + Cologne (GER), Marseille (FRA), York (ENG), Instanbul (TUR), Samarkand (UZB), Kyoto (JAP), Beijing (CHI)
traffic congestion
-urban transportation is a frequent topic of environmental sustainability discussion -this plagues many cities in the US and Canada, and there is public pressure on local politicians to come up with solutions -local leaders are often restricted in what they can do in terms of building highways because of the high cost of road construction and federal clean air regulations that limit emissions
cartograms
-use simplified geometries to represent real-world places -e.g. political boundaries = polygons; roads = lines with basic angles -more about the data being expressed than they are about landscape
birth rates
-used in the demographic equation -people being born -adds to the increase in population
death rates
-used in the demographic equation -people dying -adds to the decrease in population
immigration statistics
-used in the demographic equation -people migrating into a country -adds to the increase in population
emigration statistics
-used in the demographic equation -people migrating out of a country -adds to the decrease in population
human ecology
-used to describe human interactions with nature -the term has fallen out of favor and now the broader term "human-environment interactions" is more commonly used to describe forestry techniques, fisheries, and environmental regulation in addition to farming practices
place-specific
-used to describe the culture, society, local politics, and economy pertaining to a place -these characteristics are contributed to by several different historical layers
fall-line cities
-used to described the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships -this is where a river's tidal estuary transitions to an upland stream at the first set of river falls -in the early part of the Industrial Revolution, the waterfalls on these rivers could be harnessed for hydropower -many of these became both centers of trade and manufacturing in the 1800s -e.g. Boston, MA; Albany, NY; Montreal, Quebec
Navstar satellites
-utilized by the Global Positioning System (GPS) -when a measurable radio signal is available from three or more of these, a GPS receiver is able to triangulate a coordinate location and display map data for the user
global positioning system (gps)
-utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal -when three or more Navstar satellites emit this signal, a GPS receiver is able to triangulate a coordinate location and display map data for the user
animist tradition
-various ethnic, tribal, and forms of nature worship -the belief that items in nature can have spiritual being, including landforms, animals, and trees -e.g. Native American and Voodoun (Voodoo)
population structure
-visualized by the population pyramid -the gender and age distribution of a population
crimes against humanity
-war crimes -several political and military leaders were charged with these for their war crimes in Bosnia
staple crop
-was commonly produced by farms in the era of early political civilization and empires when monoculture was common - in large order to feed whole societies and armies with a basic carbohydrate -grains dried on the stalk and could be preserved; these, along with tubers and root vegetables could be kept in dry storage for many months before being cooked or ground into flour to make bread
Human Development Index (HDI)
-was designed by the United Nations to measure the level of development of states based on a number of social indicators in addition to economic production -an indexed score from 0.00 to 1.00 is calculated for countries by combining GDP per capita, the adult literacy rate, average level of education, and total life expectancy -the intent is to provide a more balanced measure of development and indicate some of the factors that illustrate the negative impact of poverty on economic potential in Third-World countries
Latin American city model
-was first presented by Larry Ford and Ernst Griffin in 1980; was updated in 1996 -1. the spine (or commercial spine), 2. zone of elite residences, 3. zone of maturity, 4. zone of in situ accretion, 5. zone of peripheral squatter settlements -the Spanish Laws of the Indies dealt specifically with the planning and the layout of colonial cities -the wealthiest people live close to the CBD
concentric zone model
-was first published in 1923 by theorist Ernest Burgess -the model represents the Anglo-American city of the US and Canada during the height of industrialization -practical classifications: 1. central business district, 2. manufacturing and wholesaling, 3. lower-class housing, 4 middle-class housing, 5. upper-class housing -alternate terms: 1. CBD, downtown, 2. industrial zone, factory zone, 3. working-class, blue collar, inner city, 4. professional-class, white collar, suburbs, 5. country estates, exurbs -theoretical classifications: 1. central business district, 2. zone of transition, 3. zone of independent workers homes, 4. zone of better residences, 5. commuter zone -density classes: 1. high-density commercial, 2. low-density commercial, 3. high-density residential, 4. low-density residential, 5. very low-density residential
managed forest
-was needed to meet the energy and lumber needs of the community -due to wood's weight and bulk, these trees were located close to town to minimize transportation costs -found in ring 3 of von Thünen's Model
European Union Constitution
-was proposed for ratification in 2004 in terms of further expansion of the EU system of governance -a complex 65,000 word document that was poorly understood by the citizens and members of parliament who had to vote on the constitution, resulting in it being voted down, forcing the European Commission to go back to the drawing board
economic indicators
-we use these to help understand the variable levels of development and measure the degrees of uneven development between states -in these figures, we can see the country-level economic differences created by gaps in development, technology gaps, and the poor standards of living created by the effects of colonialism, war, and disasters
carrying capacity
-when a population reaches or exceeds this, rapid population growth plateaus or declines -the most important concept to understand about the sustainability of the global population -how many people the Earth can sustain without triggering a Malthusian catastrophe
allocational border disputes
-when a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what? -e.g. Mexico-United States river allocations for irrigation and drinking water on the Colorado River and Rio Grande (Rio Bravo)
definitional border disputes
-when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states -e.g. Russian-Japanese Kuril Islands under Soviet control in 1945
operational border disputes
-when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem -e.g. new passport requirements for entry into the U.S. after September 11, 2001
forced migration
-when migrants move involuntarily from location to location -e.g. by government orders, war, disasters, or fear of government repression
displaced elderly persons
-when rents increase to unsustainable levels, this is especially hard on elderly residents who have lived in these neighborhoods all of their lives -finding new homes often becomes difficult, and these can become a costly social welfare program issue for city governments
centralized production
-when shelf life is not an issue for weight-gaining manufacturing, production tends to be this withing larger consumer market areas -e.g. frozen foods
armed conflict
-when the balance of forces in a country shifts too far in the category of centrifugal forces, there is an indication of the likelihood of this, in the form of an internal civil war or even an external cross-border war
locational border disputes
-when the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up -e.g. India-Bangladesh territory along the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Delta
primate city
-when the largest city in a country has at least twice the population of the country's next largest city, it can be designated as this -e.g. Bangkok, Thailand
contemporary culture hearths
-when there is more than one origin of a culture -exist in today's world -independent invention
plow
-when we look at agriculture's long history, the development of this is the technical advancement that revolutionized farming and radically increased the amount of land that could be cultivated
land invasion
-when, to avoid retributions from landowners and local police, squatters generally settle a new area overnight with a large number of families -can give squatters some legal protections
transhumance
-where groups moved seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, but to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit -this activity is associated with stage one of the DTM -occurred in hunting and gathering societies
garden city movement
-where homes were designed to look like European farmhouses with front lawns, and were built for the growing urban middle class of Chicago -Riverside was the design of Frederick Law Olmstead, and is an example of the Victorian-era this
transportation nodes
-where markets are often located -provide accessibility to and from these points
fusion cuisine
-where more than one global tradition is incorporated in dishes -proponents include Wolfgang Puck and Roy Yamaguchi
ethnic cleansing
-where people of one ethnic group are eliminated by another, often under threat of violence or death -e.g. Croats and Serbs of the former Yugoslavia
seat of government
-where political power is centered in a state -usually in a capital city
theocracies
-where religious leaders hold the senior positions of governance -demonstrated by a few countries in the Middle East: Iran, formerly Afghanistan under the Taliban
hunting and gathering societies
-where, in prehistoric times, the earliest forms of agriculture emerged from -these peoples traveled the land, making seasonal migrations to areas where food and water were periodically abundant -moved seasonally (transhumance) not only to avoid harsh climates, but to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit -associated with stage one of the DTM
WASPS
-white Anglo-Saxon Protestants -before WWII, the socio-cultural makeup of middle-class areas tended to be dominated by these -would continue to be the majority in suburban middle-class neighborhoods until the late 1960s, when middle-class inner city residents, including many white Catholics, began to move out in large numbers
epidemics
-widespread diseases -in the case of Native Americans, William Denevan's research illustrates that diseases like the flu, which normally has very low mortality, resulted in deadly _______ with very high rates of mortality among indigenous groups
relocation diffusion
-with the conquest of main-land Central and South America in the early 1500s, a number of domesticated New World crops made their way to the rest of the world through this type of diffusion -called the Columbian exchange
alternative energy
-with the exception of hydroelectricity, sources such as solar, wind, nuclear, tidal, and geothermal power tend to be more expensive to harness than fossil fuels and are thus less common -are renewable resources -new forms are being developed and used to shift energy usage away from nonrenewable sources such as coal and oil
expanded food production
-without this, the rapidly growing populations in the post-WWII developing world would have led to disastrous global food shortages, as opposed to the periodic regional famines that occur within some countries, often initiated by drought or civil war -resulted from the Green Revolution
urban hierarchy
-world cities are ranked in levels of importance, and provide an example of this at a global scale
The Communist Manifesto
-written by Friedrich Engel in 1848 -armed with knowledge from Karl Marx and this, peasants staged uprisings in Eastern Europe that called not only a rejection of aristocracy and landlords, but of the whole capitalist system
constitutions
-written documents of governments, that need to be flexible enough to allow governments to deal with political and other crises when they occur -e.g. U.S.'s Articles of Confederation -can be refined over time by the addition of amendments
Johann Heinrich von Thünen
-wrote his book The Isolated State in 1826 -in i t, he described the pattern of agricultural land use surrounding a theoretical European town, village, or city -in terms of context, he was writing about the agrarian geography of Europe, despite publishing his work in the early industrial period
equator
0 degrees latitude
Prime Meridian
0 degrees longitude
North Pole
90 degrees latitude
South Pole
90 degrees latitude
Tyranny of the Map
Africans refer to the superimposed, European-set boundaries in Africa that do not match the cultural boundaries as this
Friedrich Ratzel
Anthropogeographie, father of human geography
stupa
Buddhist temple in Nepal and Tiber with a dome or tower featuring a pair of eyes
Anglo-America
English/British America
global lingua franca
English; dominates different forms of popular culture media, the Internet, and the business world
merchant ships
Switzerland can register and flag these, but due to its landlocked morphology it has never had a navy
cultural survival
a concept that is used to describe the efforts to research, understand, and promote the protection of indigenous cultures
human settlement
a congregation of humans in a region implying a degree of permanence
nation (ethnicity)
a cultural concept that can represent the culture region in addition to language
exclave
a fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the state's territory
Holocaust
a genocide of Jews at the hand of the Nazis in World War II where six million were killed
swidden
a "slash and burn" style of agriculture seen in forest regions
cosmology
a belief in the structure of the universe
postmodern
a category within contemporary that means the design abandons use of blocky rectilinear shapes in favor of wavy, crystalline, or bending shapes in the form of the home or building
primate city
a city with a population much larger than others in the same country or the surrounding region
handshake
a common physical greeting in the West
prorupted state
a compacted state with a large projecting extension, like Florida
