AP Human Geography Unit 2- Chapter 3

Laws of Migration

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a shorter distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. (Ernst Ravenstein).

Genocide

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.

Distance Decay

Effects of distance on interaction (Greater the distance, less interaction).

The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)

Established by the United Nations, the UNHCR is an international organization responsible for the protection of refugees worldwide.

Quotas

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.

Chain Migration

Flows along and through kinship links.

Forced Migration

Imposition of authority/power, producing involuntary migration movements that can't be understood based on theories of choice (Political Persecution; DO NOT have opinion).

Migration

Involves a degree of permanence (may never return home).

Periodic Movement

Involves longer periods away from home (College attendance, military service, transhumance).

Cyclic Movements

Involves shorter periods away from home (Commuting, seasonal movement, nomadism).

Islands of Development

Port cities that become islands of economic development within larger undeveloped regions.

Selective Immigration

Practice in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering.

Gravity Model

Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.

Military Service

Relocation of military personnel and family for certain periods of time.

Step Migration

Series of stages that make up a migration stream (route).

Guest Workers

Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.

Immigration Laws

Made by Congress to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California.

International Migration

Movement across country borders (Transitional Migration).

Voluntary Migration

Occurs after migrant weighs options and choices (DO have opinion).

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People who have been displaced within their own countries.

Kinship Links

Where family and friends have already found success.

Activity Spaces

Where people travel to and through daily.

Repatriation

The process of returning refugees to their homeland once the conflict has stopped and conditions improve.

Asylum

The right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives.

Immigration

The act of a person migrating into a new country or area.

Host Country

The country to which a refugee relocates.

Explorers

A person examining a region that is unknown to them; includes surveyors and cartographers, played a huge part in mapping the world.

Asylum Seeker

A person who has moved across international borders in search of protection and filed a claim for asylum with the host country's government.

Refugees

A person who leaves their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, political views, or membership in a social group.

Migrant

A person who moves to a foreign country for various reasons (employment, education, to reunite with family) usually for a year or more.

Colonization

A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place bringing their government and people with them.

Russification

A policy that sought to assimilate all the people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture (expanding eastward).

Transhumance

A system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures.

Deportation

Being sent back home.

Pull Factors

Circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places, the decision of where to go (May depend on perceptions).

Push Factors

Conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place (Individual considerations- work, retirement conditions, cost of living, personal safety and security; environmental catastrophes- weather, climate).

Nomadism

Constantly moving from one place to the next; Purposeful and takes place along long-familiar routes repeated time and again.

Remittances

Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Regional Scale

Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting.

Emigrant

One who migrates out; subtracts from population.

Migrant Labor

Migrants come and work for a certain time period, then return home.

Internal Migration

Migration that occurs within a single country's borders.

Reverse Remittances

Money flow from an immigrants home country to it's host country (Mexico to the United States).

Intervening Opportunity

Nearer opportunities that diminish farther opportunities.

Immigrant

One who migrates in; adds to population.

Immigration Wave

Swells in migration from one origin to the same destination.

Global-Scale Migration

Takes place across international boundaries.