AP Human Geography Unit 2 Notes

1 child policy in China

-1 child policy (1979) China's population has slowed down, because of the policy -Rise in female infanticides or abandonment -population pyramid is lopsided (millions more men than woman) -forced marriage, kidnapping, rape -spoiled and fat boys- "little emperors" -now china allows 2 children per couple

What side of the equator do most people live on? (and other facts about were people live)

-90% of all people live north of the equator (mostly because most land mass is north of the equator) -More than half the people live on 5% of the Earth -Most people live close to sea level -people mainly congregate around bodies of water

Why do children die?

-Baby's death mostly occur during 1st year -The child is often badly nourished (Stage 1 and 2 countries -SIDS(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) USA 2nd highest mostly premature births and low birth rate babies -Child mortality deaths 1-5 very high in Asia

Little the no farming in what areas?

-Dry land- areas are too dry for farming -Is 20% of Earth's surface -Dry lands have oil -Wetland-Combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and hinders agriculture -Cold land-ice on land; you can't grow crops or animals can't survive there -High Lands- High mountainous are snow covered and steep

How do Governments have an influence on their countries population? (3 ways)

-Expansive-Government encourage large families through incentives and cash subsides for each birthed -Eugenic-Government favor 1 racial or cultural sector of the population over another -Restrictive-Government wants to reduce population -Limitations-Sweden promotes family friendly policies to boost fertility rates. Only a temporary boost as the economy slowed down so did the number of births -Contradictions-Church and religious views can oppose the government's programs or goals

Demographic Transition: Stage 2

-High Growth (industrial and agricultural revolution) -Better farming and more food supply which supported a higher population -Better medicines and waves of migration had allowed from the population to increase (not all countries follow the pop. model)

What are types of diseases?

-Infectious disease-malaria or AIDS take millions of lives annually (Africa) -AIDS- Identified in Africa in early '80s. population pyramids for AIDS infected countries is more like a chimney -Chromic and Genetic disease- Heart disease or nemophilia (in old people) -Health and well being-related to location and environment around you -(natural hazards e.i. hurricanes, tsunamis, tornatos etc. decrease population as well)

Demographic Transition: Stage 4

-Low Growth -Higher education (correlation is high between high growth rates and low stand of woman. When men dominate birthrates are high) and job levels encourage woman to delay marriage and children -More access to contraceptives and abortion. -Steady or negative population growth occurs (not all countries follow the pop. model)

Demographic Transition: Stage 1

-Low growth -High birth rates and equally high death rates -Plagues and epidemics with low medical knowledge. -Famine limits population growth and war wipes out populations (not all countries follow the pop. model)

How India is solving population problem and the effect

-Men are responsible for the family and woman john husband's family. She is is no longer part of birth family. Money is paid to the husband and his family thus woman are economic liability -India has encouraged families to have fewer kids (they don't show signs of slowing population

Demographic Transition: Stage 3

-Moderate Growth Mature industrial economy and urbanization occurred Less children were conceived because more were surviving to adulthood, because of improved healthcare. -Smaller families were possible because of birth control and the population growth slows (not all countries follow the pop. model)

Demographic Transition: Stage 5

-No growth -This is a prediction of future population -Countries will reach its stationary population level (SPL) (Not all counties follow the pop. model)

How does race and ethnicity affect distributions of population?

-People often live in the same area as people with similar race and ethnicity

When do populations increase and decrease?

-Populations increase or decrease according to various conditions -Population decrease in times of war, disease and famine -Population increases in times of peace, health and plenty

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

-Race is people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important, and Ethnicity is less based on physical characteristics and more on cultural heritage

Migration

-Some of the immigrants are illegal, but most are legal -Many agricultural laborers are from other countries and they go there for seasonal jobs -After 9/11 legal and illegal migration became tighter

How are diseases transmitted?

-vectored- transmitted by a vector- mosquito, fleas, flies, worms etc. deliver the disease -non-vectored- transmitted by direct contact between host and victim - Kiss, handshake ex. cold/flu

What are the factors that determine activity space?

1) Age group 2)Ability to travel 3)opportunities to travel-If a family is self-sufficient there is no desire to travel far away 4)Awareness of space- Knowledge of opportunity locations beyond the normal activity space is minimal. Poverty and physical isolation may contribute to the lack of awareness space

What are the historical stages of immigration?

1)Colonies-before 1840- Majority of immigrants are from Europe and the forced migration of African People to slavery 2)Europe emigration-Between 1835-1935-About 75 million European emigrants went to many countries, but largest amount went to US 3)Immigration After WWII-After 1945- immigration has slowed significant but is very steady. Many countries immigrate to the US but the government has limited the number and origin 4)Began 1970's and continue from today-Migrants mostly from Latin America and Asia -most have migrated for economic reasons

Reasons to explain why diseases are coming back in stage 5

1. Evolution- Disease microbes have evolved and changed in response to environmental pressure by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides 2.Poverty- Diseases that can be treated but is too expensive for the poor to afford 3. Improved Travel- Disease cannot be contained as our society is extremely mobile

Is population distributed evenly?

No -1/3 people live in China or India, but there are places in those countries where no one lives (mountains) -people tend to go where they can grow food (correlation between arable land and population density People cluster in major cities