AP Human Geography Unit 5

How did increases in agricultural productivity affect societies and the environment during the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Increases in productivity and improvement in the means of transporting surplus food led to better diets, increased population, longer life expectancies,

How has technology increased economies of scale and carrying capacity in agriculture?

increased economies of scale and agricultural carrying capacity.

What are the global patterns of diffusion for domesticated plants and animals?

- The Columbian Exchange is the interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americans - Globalization drives modern fusions, extending the process begun by prehistoric peoples and continuing through the Columbian Exchange to the present.

What are the negative consequences of the Green Revolution on human populations and the environment?

- expense of mechanization difficult for poor farmers - loss of subsistence farming and an associated loss in plant diversity,

What are the positive consequences of the Green Revolution on human population and the environment?

- led to increased crop productivity for cereal grains grown by farmers using high-yield seeds. - substantially decreased world hunger - made the use of agricultural land and resources more efficient.

What are the effects of major agricultural practices on a rural landscape?

-Agricultural practices and rural land-use patterns complement each other to make up the agricultural landscape. -Each intensive agricultural practice has a distinctive imprint on the landscape.

How do changes in agricultural practices affect society?

Agribusiness on a global scale has changed consumer diets on a local scale. The continuing mechanization of agriculture affects women's roles in developing countries.

What is climate, and how does it influence agriculture?

Climate is the average pattern of weather over a long period of time. Climate influences the type of agriculture that a farmer chooses.

How do commodity chains affect agricultural practices?

Commodity chains are created and used by large corporations or agribusinesses that provide goods and services to support the agricultural industry.

What is domestication?

Domestication is the multigenerational process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for plants and animals taken from wild populations to create genetically distinct species, known as domesticates.

How do agricultural practices alter the landscape?

Draining wetlands for cultivation decreases biodiversity by destroying habitats. Irrigation technologies, such as large dam construction and deep groundwater extraction, increase the amount of land under cultivation in arid areas and alter the landscape.

What are export commodities, and how do they affect countries?

Export commodities are crops, such as sugar or coffee, that are produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption.

How does bid-rent theory explain the relationship between land cost and intensive and extensive agricultural practices?

Extensive agricultural practices that produce non-perishable products on large tracts of land can locate at some distance from markets where demand for the land is low.Intensive agricultural practices are established close to markets where demand for land is high because perishable products need to reach markets quickly.

Where are the early hearths of domesticated plants and animals?

Hearths or centers where new practices develop and from which the new practices spread.

How did technologies and innovations increase agricultural productivity during the Second Agricultural Revolution?

New technologies such as the seed drill, steel plow, mechanical reaper, and gasoline-powered tractor increased agricultural productivity. The development of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides led to increased production of food crops.

How do farming practices interact with the physical environment?

Soil Landforms climate.

How are subsistence and commercial agricultural practices distributed across the world?

Subsistence farming is spatially distributed in less economically developed regions. Commercial agriculture practices are concentrated in more developed regions of the world.

What are the underlying assumptions of the von Thunen model, and how does it apply to historic patterns of agricultural land use?

The four primary zones are (I) dairy farming and market gardening, (II) forest for wood, (III) grains and field corps, and (IV) ranching.

How do agricultural practices and land use impact the environment?

The increased use of agrichemicals has affected humans and wildlife, causing reductions in animal and bird species and human health problems.

What are the three primary rural settlement patterns?

The three primary rural settlement patterns are clustered, disbursed and linear.

What are the three rules survey methods?

The three rural survey methods are metes and bounds, township and range, and long - lot survey.

What are the different types of agricultural practices?

There are two broad categories of agricultural practices: intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture.

What are the three primary characteristics of the Green Revolution?

Three characteristics of the Green Revolution are the development and use of high-yield seeds, the increased use of synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and increased irrigation and mechanization.