AP Human Geography Unit 7: Cities, Unit 6: Economic Geography extension taken from AP YouTube Livestreams (with FRQ Terminology and Examples)

Globalization and the environment

"The impacts of globalization as currently practiced has almost certainly degraded local and global environments seriously" "Globalization has created space for the expression of concern with this situation" Climate change, global warming

Situation

How a site is connected to other places/location of a place related to others

Cultural enclaves developing in edge cities in suburbs

Chain migration, people coming from foreign nations to join others

What led to rapid growth of cities?

Changes in transportation (the epochs), population growth, migration, economic development, government policies

Cities are created for 2 reasons

Resource node, Transport node

Development and industrialization will contribute to

larger growth (India, China, Indonesia)

In ____________________________ regions, concrete measures to improve living conditions of the urban poor _________________________________________________________________________________________ and faster pace of _______________________________________.

less-developed, lacked in countries with higher proportion of slum dwellers, urbanization

Public services

provide security and protection to citizens and businesses

Top 10 cities by estimated annual GDP growth

BAN 8.5% DHA 7.6 MUM 6.6 DEL 6.5 SHE 5.3 JAK 5.2 MAN 5.2 TIA 5.1 SHA 5.0 CHO 4.9

Role of Transportation and Communications in Urbanization and Suburbanization

Borchert's Epochs of Human Growth/Urban Evolution

Top 10 megaregions in the world

Bos-Wash Par-Am-Mun Chi-Pitts Greater Tokyo SoCal Seoul-Busan Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Austin (Texas Triangle) Beijing, Tianjin Lon-Leed-Chester Hong-zhen

Reasons for a city to be settled

Break-of-bulk, head of navigation, entrepot, railhead, security and defense

Infrastructure Factors

Health-care facilities, advanced communication system, major int'l airport. The need for clustering of services in large cities was expected to be reduced by technology, but this did not occur

Bigger city = more functions

Higher order place within society

Connectivity (situational) of NYC

Clustering of major interstates, very high, close to other major cities

How do geographers rank global cities?

Geographers divide global cities into three levels: alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha is subdivided into (most to least important): Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha, and Alpha -. They use a combination of factors to identify and assign these ranks.

Financial institutions

Global cities are centers for finance, and attract HQs of major banks, insurance companies, and specialized financial institutions where corporations obtain/store funds for expansion of production

Global cities

Global cities are urban settlements that play an especially important role in global business services. They can be subdivided according to a number of criteria.

Political Factors

Hosting int'l organization HQs and capitals of countries that are influential leaders in international events

Negative effects of rural to urban migration

Housing issues (overcrowding)

World city network

Levels of scale - cities as nodes - world economy as the supranodal network level - advanced producer service firms formal a subnodal level - Latter create an interlocking network through their global location

World Economic Forum (10 most magnetic cities in the world)

London NYC Tokyo Paris Singapore Seoul Hong Kong Amsterdam Berlin Vienna

What types of government services need to be provided in a city with an increasing old-age dependency ratio?

Medicare services

Since 2007

More people living in urban areas in the world than rural areas for the first time

1950 largest cities

NYC 12.3 TKY 11.3 LON 8.4 PAR 6.5 MOS 5.4 BUE 5.1 CHI 5.0 KOL 4.5 SHA 4.3 OSA-KBE 4.1

Top 10 cities by GDP 2035

NYC 2.5t TOK 1.9t LOS 1.5t LON 1.3t SHA 1.3 BEI 1.1 PAR 1.1 CHI 1.0 GUANGZHOU 0.9 SHENZHEN 0.9

Lawyers, accountants, and other professional services

Professional services cluster in global cities to provide advice to major corporations & financial institutions. Advertising agencies, marketing firms, other services concerned with style & fashion locate in global cities to help corporations anticipate changes in taste and to help shape those changes.

Compare

Provide a description or explanation of similarities and/or differences

Explain

Provide information about how or why a relationship, process, pattern, position, or outcome occurs, using evidence and/or reasoning

Describe

Provide relevant characteristics of a specified topic

Urbanization impacting transition to stage 3/4 DTM

Pulling people from rural to urban areas, development allows them to earn more money and feel more secure, impacting growth, birth, and death rate (access to health care)

Transportation Factors

Railroads (19th century) and the motor vehicle and airplane (20th century) enabled quick delivery of inputs, products, and people. Decentralization of industry has been made possible by modern communications and transport, but these things have reinforced the preeminence of global cities in the global economy instead

Urban Hierarchy

Rank order of cities based on the population in the nationally defined statistical urban area. National and global scales 1. Some grow very large 2. No perfect-sized city 3. Cities are part of inter-connected network influencing growth

Overall MDC and LDC responses

Regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth boundaries, farmland protection policies

Relationship of market gardening to large urban areas

Relationship to central market- transportation costs, perishable foods (close to market due to this)

California Gold Rush (1849)

Resource Node: Sacramento Transport Node: San Francisco

New Centers of international migration growth are experiencing

Rural to Urban migration

2015 largest cities, 2030 largest cities

Tokyo 38 Tokyo 37.2 Delhi 25.7 Delhi 36.1 Shanghai 23.7 Shanghai 30.8 Sao Paulo 21.1 Mumbai 27.8 Mumbai 21.0 Beijing 27.7 Mexico City 21.0 Dhaka 27.4 Beijing 20.4 Karachi 24.8 Osaka-Kobe 20.2 Cairo 24.5 Cairo 18.8 Lagos 24.2 New York 18.6 Mexico City 23.9

Transport Node

Towns/cities are founded at the intersection of 2 or more lines of transport

Resource Node

Towns/cities are founded based on proximity to natural resources

Chicago is a ___________________ node

Transport: Great Lakes, hub for raw materials and animals

Security and defense

Walls, former forts, etc. Ancient cities old walls began as defense operations when protecting certain lands (ie fort worth in the United States)

India will shift into 2nd largest economy due to

has many of the world's fastest growing cities, rapid urbanization, has many of the world's fastest growing cities

The transportation Epochs

increase connectivity, population, and development, cause population to become healthier

Asia's GDP %

increase to 35% by 2030

Urban areas in nations on the periphery are growing at _________________ _________________

rapid rates. See Urban attraction FRQ writing These people are disadvantaged and need the city

Urbanization is ____________________________

rapidly growing

Consumer services

service to individuals who desire/can pay for them

Egypt goes form 21st

to 7th

Resource node must be connected through ____________________

transport

NYC is a ____________________ node

transport. Close to ocean, Hudson River (water), connected to Midwest via Buffalo/Erie Canal. No need for Mississippi

Situation is the relative location and

uniqueness of a site. Site is the terrain, patterns, water, roads, agriculture, founded for protection, sustenance, leaves cultural footprint and causes regional influence

Economic Factors

# of headquarters for globally influential (in terms of economy) multinational corporations, financial institutions, and law firms

Why is there such a large population growth in developing countries?

Lack of education for girls and women, lack of information and access to birth control, religious beliefs

Megacity clusters with 10+ million by 2030

W Africa, India, China, Japan

Connection by land and

connection by land- internet

New centers of international migration growth

- Rio, Paulo, Alegre, Aires (S America) - S Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe) - Mumbai to Delhi stretch (Pakistan and Southeast Asia) - Japan (same as below) - E China coast, Philippines, SE Asia (Eastern and Southeastern Asia) - Tijuana, Mexico city (from Ctrl America)

Identify

1-2 sentences, Indicate or provide information about a specified topic, without elaboration or explanation

Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe

Large developing corridor/network rivaling Tokyo/Yokohama.

1. Sail-wagon epoch

1790-1830 Very slow, ships and wagons. Period of expansion with primitive overland and waterway circulation - leading cities northeastern ports heavily oriented to European overseas trade - Hinterlands barely accessible.

3. Steel Rail Epoch

1870-1920 long haul railroads and a national railroad network. Major advancement from Industrial Revolution, steel rails speed up transportation

4. Auto-Air Amenity Epoch

1920-1970 Period of maturation of national urban hierarchy, key elements were airplane and automobile, expansion of white-collar services jobs, growing pull of amenities (pleasant environments) stimulating urbanization of the suburbs.

5. High-Technology Epoch

1970-present Advanced cars, commercial airlines, jets, satellites modern technology has facilitated suburbanization and metropolitan decentralization. expansion of service & information industries (not originally part of model)

Communications Factors

19th century invention of telegraph and telephone and 20th century invention of the computer enables immediate worldwide communication with customers, coworkers, clients

Positive effects of rural to urban migration

Access to stable food sources, health care, and education

Global network connections

Air, land, water (flights, ships, trucks, trains, cars, etc.)

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Regions connections by air

Connect the US, Europe, and East Asia (China) mainly, also Brazil

NYC trade lines

Connect to all over, especially Western Europe. All railroads terminate into NYC

Another large developing network/corridor region

Connects Europe with the rest of the world, high-speed rail Amsterdam-the Hague-Delft-Utrect-Zaanstad

3 types of services

Consumer, business, public

The Epochs can be connected to the

DTM

Borchert's Epochs of Human Grown/Urban Evolution

Five distinct periods in the history of American Urbanization Cities arose because there was an advantage in living close to centers of information exchange and places where most transactions were easier to complete Modern roads, cars, etc, in partnership with digital communications have bolstered suburbanization

2. Iron Horse Epoch

Development of stream trains and steamboats, provided nation-wide transportation system, NYC primate city by 1850 1830-1870

How does urbanization change traditional cultural practices?

Difficulties of holding onto traditional cultural practices in an ever-changing world where you are met with a lot of different people

Connection= efficiency/processing=

ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE!

Six factors used to compile the ranking of global cities

Economic factors, political factors, cultural factors, infrastructure factors, communications, transportation

Railhead

End of rail line, goods loaded, unloaded, transported (rail lines all come into one point, cargo distributed to other rail lines, trucks, container storage facilities, mains of connectivity to other states and the distribution of cargo)

Megacity breakdown by region

Europe: London, Paris, Moscow, Istanbul Americas: New York, LA, Lima, MEX, Rio, Sao, Buen Africa and the Middle East: Lagos, Cairo, Tehran China: Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Wuhan India: Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata Remaining Asia Pacific: Manila, Jakarta, Dhaka, Bangkok, Karachi, Ho Chi Minh City, Seoul, Tokyo, Osaka

Site

Everything in a location- Human & physical characteristics of a place

Types of business services located in Global Cities

Financial institutions, headquarters of large corporations, and Lawyers, accountants, and other professional services

Largest amount of migration growth

India and China, Eastern side of Africa, Mexico

Top 10 cities by future population

JAK (sinking) 38m TOK 37.8 CHONGQING 32.2 DHA 31.2 SHA 25.3 KAR 24.8 KINSH 24.7 LAG 24.2 MEX 23.5 MUM 23.1

Indonesia economy triples

Jakarta projected to become world's largest megacity by 2030

Look at

Kearney Global city index, Swiss KOF index

Site and situation influence

Origin: Why are they there? Resource vs transport Function: How do the fit the entire economy? NYC allows things to operate. Growth: CONNECTIVITY = GROWTH

Shenzhen and Hong Kong are

POLLUTED (bridge between it and Shenzhen, facilitating cooperation between the two areas

Entrepot

Port/city/center to which goods are brought for import, export, collection, and distribution (breaking down imports and exports)

Why does the site and situation of a place influence its role in a globalized world?

Ports/access to trade routes, resources, other parts of the world

Cultural Factors

Presence of educational institutions (colleges, universities), famous cultural organizations/institutions, sports facilities, and well-known, powerful media organizations in the city

Globalization

Process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture. on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Countries coming together

Headquarters of large corporations

Shares of corporations are bought and sold on stock exchanges in global cities. Timely obtaining of info is needed to buy & sell shares at attractive prices. Executives of manufacturing firms meet far away from the factories decide what to make, how much to produce, what prices to charge. Support staff far away from factories account for flow of money and materials to and from factories. All this is done in offices in global cities

Relationship between population and growth of megacities in less developed countries

Stresses include poverty issues, squatter settlement growth, infrastructure challenges, work finding issues. Will continue as long as city grows

Head of navigation

The farthest point of travel possible by one means of transportation, i.e. farthest inland a vessel can go

Primate city

The largest city in population and usually the economic, cultural, and political center; commonly found in states with strong central governments (Paris, London, Tokyo). lot of global cities are primate cities

Areas where megacities are increasing in number and growing rapidly

West Africa, India, China, Japan,

Megaregions

a large network of metropolitan regions that share several or all of the following: environmental systems and topography, infrastructure systems, economic linkages, settlement and land use patterns, and/or culture and history (megacities sprawl and merge)

Break-of-bulk

act of unloading, transferring, or distributing part or all of a shipment (truck, air, ship, rail), large amounts of cargo enter in larger cities

Urban

dense area of human settlement with an infrastructure of a built environment (roads, infrastructure, etc.)

Business services

facilitate activities of other services