AP human unit 5

Plantation farming

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Metes and Bounds

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.

Neocolonialism

A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Swidden/Sawah

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Township and range

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

dispersed settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Which of the following statements best explains fair trade agriculture as shown for the products on the map?

A system where consumers in mostly more developed countries purchase goods from producers mainly in less developed countries, with the intent to reduce the disparity in income between different regions

grain farming

A type of commercial agriculture, is considered extensive and mechanized, that produces mainly wheat.

shifting cultivation/Slash and burn

- cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings using a natural rotation system - the forest vegetation is cleared by cutting and burning - the result is a layer of ash that contributes to the soil's fertility - farmers move to another parcel of land when the soil becomes infertile

Vertical farm

A crop grown vertically instead of horizontally on the ground. Also known as a farmscraper.

Subsidy

A government payment that supports a business or market

food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

livestock ranching

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? Responses

Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Based on the map above, explain the degree to which lettuce production takes place in the United States

Lettuce production in the United States is an example of commercial farming. Most lettuce is produced, processed, and packaged for sale in supermarkets that are a significant distance from where the product was grown.

Hybrid

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Types of intensive agriculture

Plantation, Market gardening, Mixed crop and livestock dairying, and the Mediterranean

Local-food movement

Produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed

Which of the following types of agriculture are considered commercial?

Ranching, Mediterranean agriculture, dairy farming

Types of extensive agriculture

Shifting cultivation , pastoral nomadism ranching and grain

Sawah, swidden and slash and burn techniques are all types of _______________ techniques. This type of farming is found in __________ agriculture.

Shifting cultivation, subsistence

Slash and burn agriculture involves the burning of the physical landscape to increase _______________ and _____________.

Soil fertility, productivity

Milkshed

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers?

The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.

Aquaculture

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Which of the following best explains the significance of similarities between the farming practices for apple orchards and grape vineyards?

Both farming practices require considerable labor input because the fruit is picked by hand, making it a product of intensive agriculture.

aggregated

Collected; gathered into a whole

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? Responses

Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries?

Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Sustainable agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.

Green(third Agr) Revolution

Genetic modifications to organisms

GMO

Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism.

Using the data shown, which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women's roles in food production and food preparation? Responses

In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.

Market gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

Cool chain

The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants

In 2017, the United States exported approximately $500 million of beef to Mexico, and Mexico exported approximately $500 million of beef to the United States. Which of the following best explains this international supply chain?

United States and Mexican producers rely on each other's market to sell certain beef products.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication?

Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Which of the following best explains the degree to which subsistence and commercial agriculture in West African countries such as Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire cultivate the land? Responses

While some farmers are engaged in subsistence agriculture practices, there is significant commercial farming focused on luxury goods for export, such as coffee and cocoa.

What is a potential consequence of the disparity in nitrogen fertilizer use between Sub-Saharan African countries and Western Europe/Asia?

Widening of the agricultural productivity gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Europe/Asia

dairy farming

a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas

Long lot system

a land distribution system that gave settlers a few hundred feet along a bayou but as much land inland as they chose to cultivate

Mix crop and livestock farming

combination of cash crops and livestock to complement land and labor demands across the year

Fair trade Subsidies

concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability

feedlots

confined space used for the controlled feeding of animals

Refrigerated ships and railroad cars are part of the

cool chain

Global food distrubusion

developed countries in the Northern Hemisphere tend to produce a surplus of food and export it to developing countries in the Southern Hemisphere

Value added farming

e gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

urban agriculture

establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near an urban or city-like setting

Economies of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

agriculture

farming

Bid rent

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the market increases.

Intensive agruculture

higher levels of input and output per unit

Clustered settlement

houses are grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets

The inventions of the second agricultural revolution led to the Industrial Revolution. In turn, several social changes occurred. Which of the following were social changes associated with the second agricultural revolution?

increased urban dwellers and longer life expectancies

Fallow

plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed

Pastoral Nomadism

seasonal migration of domesticated livestock, usually fixed territory between highlands & lowlands

Commodity chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Extensive agruculture

small inputs

Which of the following environmental issues are long term effects of crop irrigation?

soil salinization, waterlogging and reduced downstream river flows

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

Comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Deforestation

the action of clearing a wide area of trees.

Vertical integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

Supply chain

the connected chain of all of the business entities, both internal and external to the company, that perform or support the logistics function

Monoculture

the cultivation of a single crop in a given area at that time

Desertification

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

Domestication

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

Organic farming

the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops

Double cropping

to grow two or more crops on the same land

Second Agricultural Revolution

tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

First Agricultural Revolution

Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

Agritourism

Agriculture-based tourism that includes farms, ranches, and wineries. It provides rural areas with a means to attract tourists.

Which of the following explains an economic benefit of cattle production using feedlots rather than grass pastures?

Agricultural technology has increased the economy of scale and the carrying capacity of feedlots, increasing profits for the farmer.

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family