ap psych 456

Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory?

A young child's memory of a day at the beach

The best example of a biological predisposition to learning is which of the following?

After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi.

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal?

Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree

An example of a failure of source monitoring is

Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story

Annette, who lives in the United States, experienced menarche at age ten, while her great-grandmother experienced it at age fourteen. Which of the following most likely explains the difference between the age that Annette and the age that her great-grandmother experienced menarche?

Annette has better nutrition and medical care than her great-grandmother did.

After surveying 100 parents, researchers concluded that 90 percent of babies can walk by the age of 10 months. Why is this an inappropriate conclusion?

At 10 months, ninety percent of toddlers have not reached the developmental milestones to walk.

Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true?

Automatic processing requires little mental effort.

Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence?

Creative intelligence

Which of the following statements is true regarding the application of operant conditioning to learning?

Immediately reinforcing correct responses enhances student learning, because immediate reinforcement has shown to be most effective with regard to learning.

Which of the following is an example of a key element of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Catherine finally realized her grandfather is her father's father.

Studies have shown that identical twins raised together are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than identical twins raised apart. Studies have also shown that identical twins are more similar in relation to when they meet normative physical milestones than ordinary siblings. What research method and explanation best fit the studies and their results?

Correlational research, because both heredity and environment are important in development.

Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal's children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise's children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children's attachment to their mothers?

Crystal's children will have better socialization skills.

Which of the following describes sexual orientation?

Developing an inherent attraction or romantic relationship with a given gender or genders

Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?

Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Gender identity is when children begin to do which of the following?

Identify as either male, female, or some blend of male and female

Molly is potty training her daughter, Mia. Every time Mia begins to urinate in her diaper, Molly says the word "bathroom" in the hope that Mia will begin to urinate when she hears this word while sitting on the toilet. Molly's efforts most resemble the studies of

Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Jimmy, an infant, is learning about the world by exploring with his hands and his mouth.

It is not possible to randomly assign the participants in Lawrence Kohlberg's studies on moral development into groups because

Kohlberg compared people of different ages

Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?

Logical-mathematical

Lawrence Kohlberg sampled 72 boys ages 10-16 years, the majority of whom he followed up with every 3 years for 20 years. He conducted interviews with the participants in which he presented them with a series of moral dilemmas. The participants judged the actions as right or wrong and provided their reasons for their decision. What type of research was Kohlberg conducting, and what were his findings?

Longitudinal; adolescents are typically in the conventional stage of moral reasoning

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus?

Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach.

Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents?

Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew.

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates stimulus generalization?

Markus was stung by a wasp, and now he is scared of not only wasps but also bees.

Which of the following describes the concept of schema?

Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the acquisition of a fear of snakes?

Randolph's brother frequently startled Randolph whenever he approached a snake, which caused Randolph to develop an intense fear of them.

An example of divergent thinking is

Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is

Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad

Which of the following scenarios best describes the relationship between temperament and child-parent relationships?

Sammy has a difficult temperament, but his parents love and care for him anyway.

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory?

Self-reference

Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?

Seven

Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior?

She is overregularizing her use of the past tense.

Esther is looking back on her life and feels she has had a good life overall but that there are some things she could have done better. How would Erik Erikson explain Esther's thoughts?

She is weighing whether she has succeeded in life, which is common in later adulthood.

Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique?

She thought his findings about men are not generalizable to women.

Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes biofeedback?

Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate.

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect?

Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list.

Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing?

The imaginary audience phenomenon

Which of the following is the best example of social learning?

Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school.

Rogelio has a number of health problems and would like to avoid medication as much as possible. He is considering biofeedback as an alternative form of treatment. Biofeedback would most benefit which of Rogelio's health problems?

Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax

If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember?

The arm position to throw the ball

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

Tanya is trying to remember a phone number, so she repeats it until she remembers it. Which of the following best explains why Tanya has chosen this way to remember?

The information processing theory, because this theory addresses encoding and storing information.

Which scenario best illustrates what Erik Erikson would predict would happen in middle adulthood?

Timothy has worked at a bank for many years, where he feels rather stifled. He then decides to volunteer to read books to young children because he finds this volunteerism fulfilling.

An example of state-dependent memory is

Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as

an algorithm

The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into

an association network

A mental set is

an established way of thinking about or perceiving something

Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of

behaviorism

For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be

believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years

Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of

confirmation bias

Explicit memories are

created in the hippocampus

Becky just watched a video of a child hitting a doll. According to Albert Bandura's research, Becky will now

hit her own doll

As a teenager, Amy often changed her wardrobe, her hair color, and the decorations in her bedroom. These actions are most strongly connected with Erik Erikson's theory of

identity development

Consolidation can be described as the process of

long-term memories being formed from short-term memories

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using

maintenance rehearsal

Short-term memory is best described as

memory that can hold only a small amount of information

Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of

modeling

Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by

removing an unpleasant stimulus

Cheryl has difficulty making friends. She frequently argues with her peers and is mean to them. Her poor peer relationships can be explained by the fact that

she has a tense relationship with her parents

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is

test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice

John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through

the availability heuristic

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using

the method of loci

Gender typing is best defined as

the process by which children become aware of their gender and thus behave accordingly by adopting attributes of members of the gender that they identify with

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is

the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was

within the middle 68% of people who took the test

Several researchers from an introductory psychology course observed infants, toddlers, and young children at a day care for one week. Over the course of the week, the researchers observed the gross and fine motor skills of all the children. After reviewing the data, the researchers were able to conclude that

young children master gross motor skills more quickly than fine motor skills