AP Psych AP classroom midterm review

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is

reduced inhibition

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

-.90

In data set A, the mean is

11

A psychologist administered the most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet IQ test to 50 students and their scores are shown in the chart above. How many students earned scores higher than two standard deviations above the mean?

2

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?

A loss of motor coordination

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

The following item refers to a snake frightening Ted. Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with Ted's fear response?

Amygdala

Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement?

As income increases, the likelihood of dental problems decreases.

A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?

Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

Which of the following scatterplots illustrates the weakest correlation coefficient?

B

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?

Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors?

D

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?

Difficulty with speech production

Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above?

Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C.

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates

Sensory adaptation

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance?

Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?

Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve?

Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?

Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

Fixed ratio

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmothers house; falling

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? I. Opponent process II. Frequency III. Place

II and III only

The sociocultural perspective is best reflected in which of the following research findings?

In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening.

Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines?

Industrial-organizational psychology

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning?

Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates social learning theory?

Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it.

Which of the following occurs during long-term potentiation?

Memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities?

Neuroplasticity

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull?

Schemas

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?

Selective attention

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Question is based on the following. Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The slamming of the door

Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?

They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?

When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing

alcohol tolerance

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

behaviorism

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as

closure

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

The graph above depicts the results of an experiment in which rats learned to navigate a maze in one of three conditions. According to the results, the food reward given to group C revealed

cognitive mapping

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

Which of the following perspectives suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood?

psychoanalytic

The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in

digesting food

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following?

divergent thinking

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

encoding

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

The "Little Albert" study demonstrated that

fear can be conditioned in humans

On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of

functional fixedness

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

hippocampus

Brain lateralization refers to the

inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that

is positively skewed

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of

latent learning

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is

limited in capacity

In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development?

longitudinal

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is

made up of only cones

A person uses the availability heuristic to

make a decision quickly by using the first information that comes to mind

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires an oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switching classes each semester to avoid giving presentations. Scott's behavior has been

negatively reinforced

Dr. Naum is studying the function of the medial temporal lobe of the brain by examining the case study of J.S., an individual who incurred damage in this area during a motor vehicle accident. Dr. Naum administers a battery of tasks multiple times over the course of several weeks to assess J.S.'s cognitive abilities. The graph below shows J.S.'s performance on three different tasks. The bar on the left shows his accuracy forming new memories in a lab context, the middle bar shows his accuracy on a driving course, and the bar on the right shows his accuracy on a third task.

remembering events that occurred shortly before his accident

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention

requires more automatic processing than selective attention does

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent

response, reinforcement

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

reticular formation

A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from

retroactive interference

Standard deviation is a measure of how much

scores in a group differ from the mean of that group

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

shaping

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT

smell

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory, such behavior is known as

stimulus generalization

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

A prototype is best defined as

the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category

Achariya is lost. She quickly scans the crowd and decides to ask an elderly woman for directions because she believes the woman will be kind. Which method of problem solving did Achariya most likely use?

the representativeness heuristic

The results of a correlational study involving student volunteers in a psychology laboratory might not apply to the general population because

the sample is not randomly chosen and therefore may not be a representative sample

Metacognition refers to

thinking about thinking

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

transduction

Marjorie's little brother tends to bother her when he is bored. Marjorie wants to figure out which toy will keep her brother occupied the longest so he will not bother her. She conducts a study where each day at 6P.M. for a week she gives her brother a different toy and on one of the days she gives him no toys to play with. She measures the amount of time he spends playing with each toy before he comes to bother her. Which of the following is the independent variable in this example?

type of toy

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision