AP psych behaviorism test

list some other key players of behaviorism

Albert Bandura, BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

one of the most famous of the behaviorists, he is known as the founder of operant conditioning

BF Skinner

conditioned response

CS

conditioned stimulus

CS

the subject doesn't respond in the way that we want yet because we haven't conditioned it

UCR

the stimulus before conditioning

UCS

initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

acquisition

unproductive or destructive behavior-

antisocial behavior

learning that certain events occur together is....

associative learning

behaviorists don't care about the "why"--they care about......

behavior

works for operant and classical conditioning, focuses on changing harmful behaviors (aversive conditioning, exposure therapy)

behavioral therapy

psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of learning and experience in determining behavior (nurture-based)

behaviorism

it was once believed that conditioning incurred the same in all animals

biological predispositions

was believed that you could associate any neutral stimulus with a response

biological predispositions

an INVOLUNTARY behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it is....

classical conditioning

when someone can be "conditioned" or trained to elicit an involuntary response toward a stimulus

classical conditioning

work for or against conditioning (alcoholic-medication example)

cognitive processes

list some of the criticisms of behavioralism

deemphasizes the role of internal thoughts and feelings in behavior; presents humans as lacking free will, ignores biological predispositions

when reinforcement takes time...

delayed

the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli

discrimination

list some examples of the behaviorist therapies we know of

exposure therapy, aversive conditioning

diminished response to the conditioned stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS

extinction

when you get sick after eating something, and can no longer eat that thing again because you get sick when you see it

garcia effect

the tendency to respond o any stimuli similar to the CS

generalization

positive= what?

giving something

(sometimes known as secondary conditioning)- we can begin to associate secondary stimuli with a certain CS

higher-order conditioning

reinforcement happens right away means that it is....

immediate

why is punishment not always the best

it breeds anger in the recipient, doesn't provide an alternative behavior so the behavior only goes away when the punisher is around, reinforcement is usually better, IMMEDIATE reinforcement is usually better than delayed

behaviorism was founded by

jon watson

taking something good away to punish

negative punishment

taking away something bad to reward

negative reinforcement

albert bandora said that behavior does not have to be reinforced or conditioned; it can be observed and mimicked

observable behavior

learning through reinforcements and punishments

operant conditioning

rewards and punishment; a VOLUNTARY behavior is determined by the anticipation of something that FOLLOWS it

operant conditioning

this is voluntary, and the behavior comes in anticipation of what comes AFTER it (unlike classical conditioning)

operant conditioning

explain Pavlov's dog experiment

pavlov paired a a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a meat powder (which made the dog salivate). eventually the dog salivates to the bell alone

reinforced pigeons with food so that they learned the game

pigeon ping-pong

giving something bad to punish

positive punishment

giving something good to reward

positive reinforcement

a reinforcer that is biological in nature, such as food or drink (always work best FIRST)

primary reinforcer

constructive behavior=

prosocial behavior

a bad thing that happens because of behavior (meant to stop it)

punishment

a good thing that happens (think reward)

reinforcement

reinforcement schedules: continuous

rewarded every time

reinforcement schedules: partial

rewarded sometimes, but not every time

a non-biological reinforcer (work best AFTER primary reinforcer)

secondary reinforcer

reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio

set number to be reinforced

creating a desired effect in "steps". in other words, reinforcing behavior slowly

shaping

explain jon watsons little albert experiment

showed the orphan a white rat. no fear. made a noise. fear. showed the rat with the noise. fear. repeated this

a chamber when pigeons would peck if they wanted food. he recorded the number of pecks on a machine tied to the box. he varied the why he reinforced them with food (continually, sporadically, etc) to see which was more effective

skinner box

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest

spontaneous recovery

negative= what?

taking something

you avoid a taste of something because it makes you sick

taste aversion

developed by edward thorndike; suggested that rewards reinforce behavior; punishments stop behavior, essentially the backbone for operant conditioning

thorndike "law of effect"

motivating an entire GROUP through reinforcement

token economy

reinforcement schedules: variable interval

unpredictable amount of time

reinforcement schedules: variable ratio

unpredictable number of responses is reinforced