AP psych ch 11

Diana Baurmrind's parenting styles

1. authoritarian- parents impose rules and expect obedience. creates a lively, happy, self confident, developed social status children 2. permissive- anxious, withdrawn, do well in school 3. authoritative- poor emotion regulation, rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged, antisocial behaviors

piaget stage theory

1. the sensorimotor period (birth-2 yrs)- coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence 2. preoperational period (2-7 yrs)- development of symbolic bought marked by irreversibility, cent ration, and egocentrism 3. concrete period (7-11 yrs) 4. formal operational period (11 yrs-onward)

strange situation

Mary Ainsworth's experiment with the babies and their moms leaving them

conservation

Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape of appearance.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy (small head, heart defects, hyperactivity, delayed mental and motor development)

midlife crisis

a difficult, turbulent period of doubts and reappraisal of one's life

zygote

a one celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

family life cycle

a sequence of stages that families tend to progress through

placenta

a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother. GERMINAL STAGE

theory of mind

ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others

dementia

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development (language, etc.)

John Bowlby

analyzed attachment in terms of survival value for infants

anxious-ambivalent attachment (AKA resistant attachment)

appear anxious when their mother are near and protest excessively when she leaves, but not particularly comforted when she returns

Jay Beksky

asserted that the nature of children's early attachment experiences depend on the character of their environments and that these experiences chart the course of children's social development in ways that are adaptive for their environmental circumstances.

According to Piaget children progress in their thinking through the complimentary processes of ______ and _____

assimilation and accommodation

stage theory

assumes that 1. individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage 2. progress through these stages is strongly related to age 3. development is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior

gender roles

behaviors that a culture associates with a gender, they vary widely between cultures

animism

belief that all things are living

amygdala

brain's fear center

inhibited temperament

characterized by shy, timidity, and wariness of unfamiliar people, objects, and events

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

children's cognitive development is ruled by social interactions with parents, teachers, older children who can provide invaluable guidance. culture exerts great influence over how cognitive growth unfolds. CHILDREN ACQUIRE COGNITIVE SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES FROM EXPERIENCED MEMBERS

James Marcia

clinical and developmental psychologist, came up with the 4 identity statuses (foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, and identity achievement)

secure attachment

common in most infants. use their mother as a secure base from which to venture out and explore the world. comfortable when mother is present and upset when she leaves

Kübler-Ross's Stages of dying

denial, anger, bargaining with God, depression, acceptance

According to Erikson, what is the psychosocial crisis during retirement years that involves the tendency to dwell on mistakes?

development of despair

maturation

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint

object permanence

develops when a child recognizes that object continue to exist even when that are no longer visible

separation anxiety

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people whom they have formed an attachment

prenatal period

extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

stranger anxiety

fear of strangers

stages of prenatal development (in order)

germinal, embryonic, fetal

teratogens

harmful agents such as viruses and drugs that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

developmental norms

indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

uninhibited temperament

infants who are less retrained, approaching unfamiliar people, objects, and events with little trepidation

cross-sectional design

investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time

longitudinal design/study

investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time

accommodation

involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

assimilation

involves interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them

secondary sexual characteristics

physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but are not essential for reproduction

Erik Erikson's stage theory

psychosocial crisis, personality is shaped by how individuals deal with these psychosocial crises. 8 stages: Stage 1: trust vs mistrust (1st year of life) Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (2nd-3rd yr Stage 3: initiative vs guilt (4-6 yrs) Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (6yrs-puberty) Stage 5: Identity vs Confusion (adolescence) Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation (early adult) Stage 7: Generativity vs Self absorb (mid adult) Stage 8: Integrity vs despair (late adult)

attachment

refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers

motor development

refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

cognitive development

refers to the transitions in youngsters' patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

avoidant attachement

seek little contact with their mothers and not distressed when she leaves

When does separation anxiety peak/end?

starts at 6-8 months and peaks at 14-18 months

Mary Ainsworth

strange situation experiment. demonstrated infant-mother attachments vary in quality. found that attachments fall into 3 categories: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, avoidant attachment.

age of viability

the age at which a baby can survive the event of a premature birth

prefrontal cortex

the area of the brain that matures fully last

proximodistal trend

the center-outward direction of motor development

germinal stage

the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the 1st 2 weeks after conception. placenta

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners

cephalocaudal trend

the head to foot direction of motor development

irreversibility

the inability to envision reversing an action

embryonic stage

the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the second month. Vital organs and bodily systems begin to form (heart, spine, brain) MOST MISCARRIAGES OCCUR DURING THIS PERIOD

development

the sequence of age-related changes that occur as as person progresses from conception to death

puberty

the stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence

primary sexual characteristics

the structures necessary for reproduction

centration

the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

fetal stage

the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. Muscles and bones begin to form. (sense of hearing)

egocentrism

thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint

Kohlberg's stage theory

three levels of moral reasoning. Right vs. wrong. 6 stages

scaffolding

when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses