ap psych ch 11 study guide

according to maslow, our need for

adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem.

A drive refers to

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of

an instinct

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of

an instinct

Research on the causes of homosexuality suggests that

genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation

Carlos is so friendly and likable that his job supervisors and co-workers often appraise his work skills and performance more positively than is actually warranted. This best illustrates evaluators' vulnerability to:

halo errors

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as

homeostasis

Hunger controls are located within the brain's

hypothalamus

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of:

incentives

the influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen in the influence of ___________ on motivation.

incentives

which profession is most directly involved in the application of psychology's principles to the workplace?

industrial-organizational psychology

which profession is most likely to be concerned with the effect of supervisors' management styles on worker motivation and productivity?

industrial-organizational psychology

contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider _________ to be a human instinct

infant sucking

An unlearned and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n):

instinct

If interviewers instantly like a job applicant because of his or her good looks, they may judge the person's complimentary remarks as indicating "polite manners" rather than "manipulative flattery." This best illustrates the impact of ________ on the interpretation of interviewees' responses.

interviewers' preconceptions

Those who view their work as a necessary but personally unfulfilling way to make money are said to view work as a:

job

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

learning experiences

Kamil, a 33-year-old lawyer, experiences premature ejaculation. Through behaviorally oriented therapy, he would most likely learn to minimize his problem by

learning ways to control his urge to ejaculate.

compared to gay men, lesbian women are

less likely to engage in promiscuous sex and more likely to enter into a committed long-term love relationship.

When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby

maintain homeostasis

Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by

mass media standards of appearance

Managers with a social leadership style would be most likely to

mediate a personal dispute between two argumentative employees

Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been:

motivation

which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?

need

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

need; drive

food deprivation is to _________ as hunger is to _________.

need; drive

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

need; incentive

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

need; incentive

research on obesity and weight control indicates that

once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it

The practice of 360-degree feedback is most clearly designed to improve

performance appraisal

Developing assessment tools for selecting and placing employees is of most direct relevance to:

personnel psychology

An incentive is a

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

in looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach, researchers have discovered that

rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

reduce tension and anxiety

the time span after orgasm during which male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called?

refractory period

In studies of both secondary school and university students, ________ has been a better predictor of school performance than intelligence scores have been.

self-discipline

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

set point

Isaac, a 25-year-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Chaim, a 21-year-old college senior, is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their

sexual orientation

Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex is called our

sexual orientation

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because:

she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight

people are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience

sleep deprivation

The term homeostasis literally means

staying the same

by scripting specific job-relevant questions to be asked of all those applying for a particular work position, a personnel psychologist is most clearly developing a framework for:

structured interviews

it pregnant sheep are injected with _________ during a critical gestation period, their female offspring will show homosexual behavior

testosterone

women's sexual receptivity differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive to ___________ levels then to estrogen levels.

testosterone

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

About eight months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated father recently forced her to eat a peanut butter sandwich, but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. Shelley most clearly suffers from

anorexia nervosa

A desire to pursue high standards and significant accomplishments is indicative of:

achievement motivation

A small number of the contributors to any field typically produce a disproportionately large share of its accomplishments despite the fact that their less productive professional colleagues are fairly comparable in raw ability. This best illustrates the importance of

achievement motivation

Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept of:

achievement motivation

when researchers monitored the professional accomplishments of more than 1500 highly intelligent individuals, they found that the most successful were more ambitious, energetic, and persistent. this best illustrates the importance of

achievement motivation

according to maslow, our sequence of needs would be that our need for

Love must be met before our need for food

full and clear communication regarding Kelsey's effectiveness as a customer service manager is enhanced by the performance appraisals she periodically receives from fellow managers, subordinates, customers, and her supervisor. This best illustrates the value of:

360-degree feedback

The families of bulimia patients have a higher-than-usual incidence of

childhood obesity

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

a drive

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

a hierarchy of motives

which of the following is most clearly not an example of an incentive?

a low blood glucose level

A need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal

a performance evaluation program revealed that the most effective salespeople in a large company are sincere and energetic in their work. this led the company's psychological consultants to develop a simulation that would assess the extent to which applicants for company sales positions communicate in a forthright and animated matter. this most clearly illustrates the consultants' commitment to

a strengths- based selection system

Chiara, a 14-year-old, is of average height but weighs only 80 pounds. She has lost 30 pounds over the last six months by eating very little and running five miles a day. She is determined not to become overweight and ignores her parents' suggestion that she should eat well-balanced meals. Chiara suffers from

anorexia nervosa

researchers have discovered that "cyber- ostracism" by strangers elicits increased activity in the

anterior cingulated cortex

sexually attractive unmarried teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they

are in an the exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication.

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

arousal theory

Ivan just spent an evening watching movies involving attractive women who actually seemed to enjoy being sexually coerced. This experience is most likely to lead him to

be more willing to hurt women

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs.

belongingness

Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ___ needs

belongingness

Those who engage in spurts of excessive overeating, followed by remorse-but do not binge, purge or fast are said to have

binge eating disorder

the arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

boredom

Sixteen-year-old Jill loves ice cream and other rich foods, but she has become increasingly anxious about gaining too much weight. Jill frequently overeats and then intentionally vomits in an attempt to control her weight. Jill most clearly suffers from

bulimia nervosa

Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from

bulimia nervosa

Andrea views her work as primarily an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder in pursuit of increasingly better positions. Andrea apparently views her work as a

career

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to:

cause the rat to become extremely fat

which of the following is clearly not an example of an incentive?

dehydration

which of the following events would most likely cause an animal to overheat and become obese?

destruction of its ventromedial hypothalamus

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n):

drive

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

drive reduction

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

drive-reduction theory

bulimia nervosa is characterized by

episodes of overeating followed by vomiting

the arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infants urge to

explore

A completely focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills is called

flow

A high level of satisfaction with one's work is most likely to be reported by those who frequently experience

flow

Matt is a college sophomore who often becomes so fully absorbed in his course studies that he completely loses his awareness of how long he has been working. Matt's experience best illustrates:

flow

Work activities that are specifically suited to your strengths are most likely to be those associated with the experience of

flow

after studying artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration, Csikszentmilhayi formulated the concept of

flow

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

food and drink

Danielle, an applicant for a position in corporate financial accounting, was so animated and enthusiastic in her conversations with company officials that they decided to hire her without carefully checking her resumé and past work accomplishments. The company officials should most clearly be informed about:

the interviewer illusion

Mr. Walters has many years of experience as a personnel officer for a large corporation. He does not review most job applicants' reference files because he is confident of his ability to predict their future work performance based on his direct face-to-face conversations with them. Mr. Walters' confidence best illustrates

the interviewer illusion

When meeting job applicants, employers often discount the influence of varying situations on applicants' behaviors and presume that what they observe applicants do and say reflects the applicants' enduring personality traits. This most clearly contributes to:

the interviewer illusion

In a complete sexual response cycle

the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that

the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar.

Most women who experience sexual distress relate it to

their emotional relationship with their partner during sex

Mr. and Mrs. Kohl plan to spend their evening watching X rated sex movies. Watching these films is most likely to increase:

their levels of sexual arousal

individuals who are most vulnerable to anorexia nervosa are those who live in cultures that idealize

thin bodies

Clearly communicating a vision of goals so as to inspire others to follow is most indicative of:

transformational leadership

A homosexual orientation is:

very persistent and difficult to change

Work is most likely to satisfy the higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy for those who

view their work as a calling