AP Psych - Chapter 1

basic research (term)

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base and decrease uncertainty. -Trying to understand something. -Concerned with discovering concepts on processes and is less practical in nature. -biological, developmental, educational, personality, social

Rehabilitation (subfield)

Researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event. PLACES: -medical rehabilitation institution or hospital -work in medical school -work in university -work in state or federal vocational rehabilitation agency -private practice serving people with physical disabilities

social-cultural psychology (approach)

Study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures How are we alike as members of one human family? How do we differ as products of our environment?

Sports Psychologist (subfield)

Study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, participation in sports and other physical activities. EXAMPLES: -coach education -athlete preparation -research/teaching with clinical/counseling degree... -apply skills to work with individuals with psych problems (anxiety/substance abuse) that interfere with optimal performance PLACES: -part of a team/organization -private capacity

Levels of analysis (term)

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Social psychology (subfield)

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Exploring how we view and affect each other along with social influences on emotion and cognition -Attitudes/beliefs -Ex) marketing/PR EXAMPLES: topics... -attitudes -aggression -prejudice -interpersonal attraction -group behavior -leadership PLACES: -college faculty member -work in organizational consultation -market research -social neuroscience -hospitals -federal agencies -businesses performing applied research

Psychometrics + quantitative (subfield)

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. -Methods and techniques to acquire psych knowledge. -Design, analyze, and interpret data EXAMPLES: -update existing neurocognitive or personality tests -devise new tests for use in clinical and school settings or in a business and industry -administer, score, and interpret tests -quantitative - collaborate with researchers to design, analyze, and interpret results of research programs -be trained in research methods, statistics, and computer technology PLACES: -university/college -testing company -private research firm -government agency

applied research (term)

The scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. -Concerned with providing solutions to problems and is more practical in nature. -I/O, human factor, counseling, clinical, community

evolutionary psychology (approach)

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. the study of how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

Psychiatry (subfield)

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders. Provide psychotherapy.

counseling psychology (subfield)

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being Help people deal with challenges such as academic, vocational, and martial issues and helping to improve their personal and social functioning. -life challenges EXAMPLES: -help with adjustment problems, not severe psychopathology (clinical) -conduct therapy (like clinical) -provide assessments to individuals and groups (like clinical) -emphasize client's strengths -help them use their own skill, interests, and abilities to cope during transition PLACES: -academic setting - faculty member/administrator in college counseling center/community mental heath center/business/private practice -private practice - obtain license (like clinical)

Community psychology (subfield)

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups Focuses on how people interact with social environments and how social institutions affect individual groups. Focus on creating social physical environments that are healthy for all. -How social events affect communities EXAMPLES: -believe that human behavior is influenced by interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments Seek to promote psychological health by... -enhancing environmental settings -focusing on preventive measures and crisis intervention -attention to problems of underserved groups and ethnic minorities -collaborate with public health professionals PLACES: -federal, state, and local departments of mental health, corrections, and welfare -conduct research/evaluate research in health service setting -serve as independent consultant for a private or gov. agency -teach+consult as college faculty member

Clinical psychology (subfield)

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Along with counseling psychologists, they administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and conduct basic and applied research. ex) hospitals -abnormal behavior and psych disorders -psychologist vs. psychiatrist EXAMPLES: -promote psych health in individuals, groups, and organizations -specialize in specific psych disorders, or range of disorders (adjustment difficulties --> severe psychopathology) -research -teaching -assessment -consultation -hold workshops on psych issues for other professionals and public PLACES: -private practice -mental health service organizations -schools -universities -industries -legal systems -medical systems -counseling centers -government agencies -military services TO BECOME ONE: -earn a doctorate from clinical psych program (APA) -in order to have independent practice, obtain license to offer services like therapy and testing

Behaviorism (term)

a theory of learning which states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning - behavior is response to environmental stimuli the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

human factors psychology (subfield)

an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use The interactions of people, machines, and physical environments

biopsychosocial approach (term)

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

John Locke (person)

-"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" - the mind at birth is a "tabula rasa" ("blank slate") - on which experience writes - we are born neither good or evil - born without innate knowledge -Ideas helped form modern empiricism - scientific knowledge comes from experience and observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge.

Abraham Maslow (person)

-A person's behavior is influenced by their psychological human needs and how satisfied their needs are. -Growth potential

Carl Rogers (person)

-A person's behavior is influenced heavily by how they view/value themselves, their environment, and their need for acceptance. -Growth potential

Mary Whiton Calkins (person)

-Distinguished memory researcher. -APA's first female president despite sexism -Feminist psychologist award in 2002. -First female to get PhD

G. Stanley Hall (person)

-Established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University. -Wundt's student.

Margarot Floy Washburn (person)

-First woman to receive a psychologist PhD. -Wrote "The Animal Mind" - animal behavior research

William James (person)

-Influenced by Darwin -Considered the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. -Consciousness serves as a function to help us consider our past, adjust to our present, and plan for our future -Encouraged explanations of emotions, memories, habits, etc... -Explored how mental and behavioral processes promote genetic fitness - "functionalism" -Taught Mary Whiton Calkins

Francis Bacon (person)

-One of founders of modern science. -The human understanding supposes a greater degree of order and equality than it finds. -We notice and remember events that confirm our existing beliefs - "confirmation bias" -Novum Organuum -Induction - built theories using EVIDENCE + OBSERVATIONS

Aristotle (person)

-Plato's student. -Derived principles from observation. -Knowledge is not preexisting - it grows from the experiences stored in our memories. -More scientific. -"Monism" - mind and body=together

B.F. Skinner and John Watson (person)

-Psych should be an objective science - empiricism (observation/data) -Rejected introspection - varied from people - observed and recorded BEHAVIOR, not FEELINGS -Behavior influenced by learned associations - "conditioning - ex) Pestle and techno music - stimulus w/ another stimulus - not controllable

B.F. Skinner (person)

-Psychology is a science which should be rooted in recorded observable behaviors. -Conditioning

John B. Watson (person)

-Psychology should be scientific, observable behavior. -Behavior is influenced by associations previously learning. -Conditioning

Wilhelm Wundt (person)

-Psysiological Psychology (1874) - establishes psych as a science (the mind is not a location, but a measurable and observable process) -1879 - first lab for experimental psych in Leipzig - considered birth of psych - sought to measure "atoms of the mind" - simplest mental process -experimented w/ identifying sound and light through - showed how though processes take more time = beginning of psych (people hearing a ball and pressing a key)

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (person)

-Rejected behaviorism and Freudian psych -Believed environmental influence can help or hinder growth - "humanistic psychology" - people=naturally good+want to improve - need for love and acceptance

Plato (person)

-Socrates' student. -Knowledge is innate - it is born within us. -The mind is separable from the body and continues on after our bodies die - "dualism" -Derived principles by logic.

Edward Titchner (person)

-Student of Wundt. -Sought to find building blocks of psychological experiences/structure of the mind - "structuralism" -Wanted to know how people felt about stimuli - "introspection" (to search for mind's structural elements) (Attempted to train them on "self-reflection" and wanted to look inward on their sensations and feelings) -subjects had to be trained to be expressive - highly unreliable - descriptions varied from person-to-person

Renes Descartes (person)

-The mind is entirely distinct from body and survives body's death. -Existence of innate ideas. -"Animal spirits" flow between brain and muscles(dissected animals - fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits" - they flowed through the brain through what we call nerves (which he thought were hollow) to the muscles, provoking movement) -Memories formed as experiences opened "pores" in the brain. -Deductive reasoning - establish truth through logical premises; use facts to validate theories (disprove counter of your idea) - if relevant premises are correct, conclusions are correct. -Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)

Socrates (person)

-The mind is separable from the body and continues on after our bodies die - "dualism" -Knowledge is innate - it is born within us. -Applied logical processes through questioning to answer questions.

Sigmund Freud (person)

-The ways our emotional responses to childhood experiences and our thought process influence our behavior. father of psychodynamics

Charles Darwin (person)

-Thinking developed because it was adaptive and contributed to our ancestor's survival - "evolutionary" -Natural and sexual selection

psychodynamic psychology (approach)

A branch of psych that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psych disorders. how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts How can someone's personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

Developmental psychology (subfield)

A branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. The study of our ability to change from "womb-to-tomb" - these changes include, social, cognitive, and personality changes EXAMPLES: -educational psych -school psych -child psych -gerontolgy -child-care reform -maternal and child health -attachment and adoption -- specific stage of life span PLACES: -educational institution -day care -youth group program -senior center

biospychosocial (approach)

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Forensic Psychology (subfield)

Applies psych to legal issues involving police work, public policy (mental health), and court and correctional settings. EXAMPLES: -create public policies related to mental health -help law-enforcement agencies in criminal investigations -consult on jury selection and deliberation process -provide assessment to assist legal community -expertise in social + cognitive PLACES: -university psych department -law school -research organization -community mental health agency -law enforcement agency -court -correctional setting

Conditioning (term)

Classical conditioning - learned associations between stimulus and response Operant conditioning - learned associations between. behavior and outcome *under behaviorism

Human psychology (term)

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth Environmental influences can help or hinder growth

School Psychologist (subfield)

involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings. They diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children's learning or overall functioning at school EXAMPLES: -collaborate with teachers, parents, administrators - make recommendations to improve student learning PLACES: -academic setting -federal/state government agency -child guidance center -behavioral research laboratory

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology (subfield) (term)

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces Using concepts and methods in the workplace to help companies make selections on employees and train them, increase productivity, design products, implement systems, and boost morale. -Job satisfaction -Human factors - how machines+people interact ex) engineering/social media EXAMPLES: new ways to... -increase productivity -improve personnel selection -promote job satisfaction in an organizational setting -organizational structure and change -consumer behavior -personnel selection and training -conduct workplace training -provide organizational analysis and development PLACES: -business -industry -government -college -self-employment as a consultant -work for management consulting form

Empiricism (term)

the idea that knowledge originates in experience, and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Cognitive Neuroscience (term)

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Natural selection (term)

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations An evolutionary that was stated by Darwin in "On the Origin of Species" - It states that from among chance variations, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

cognitive psychology (approach)

the scientific study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. It deals with how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Solving problems? EXAMPLES: focus on... -perception -language -attention -problem solving -memory -judgement and decision making -forgetting -intelligence research... -design computer-based models of thought processes -identifying biological correlates of cognition PLACES: -professor -industrial consultant -human factors specialist in educational/business setting

Psychology (term)

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Positive psychology (subfield)

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Focuses on positive emotions, positive traits, and enabling situations. Focus on what contributes to a goof life and promoting strengths to help community thrive.

biological psychology (approach)

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences How do pain messages travel from the hand to the brain? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Investigating persistent traits + individual differences and perception by others

Experimental Psychology (term)

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method EXAMPLES: -comparative methods of science, motivation, learning, thought, attention, memory, perception, and language -subfield -- like cognitive psych PLACES: -academic setting -teaching courses and supervising students' research in addition to conducting your own research -research institution -zoo -business -government agency

Educational psychology (subfield)

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning EXAMPLES: -basic research on topics related to learning -develop innovative methods of teaching to enhance learning process -design effective tests - measures of aptitude/achievement PLACES: -school/gov agency -designing and implementing effective employee-training programs in business setting

behavioral psychology (approach)

the study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning how do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? what is the most effective way to alter out behavior, say, lose weight?

Health psychology (subfield)

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health concerned with psych's contribution to promoting health and preventing disease EXAMPLES: help individuals lead healthier lives by.... -designing, conducting, and evaluating programs to stop smoking, lose weight, improve sleep, manage pain, prevent spread of STIs, or treat psychosocial problems associated with chronic and terminal illnesses -researches and clinicians -identify conditions and practices associated with health and illness to help create effective interventions -improve government policies and health care systems PLACES: -hospital -medical school -rehabilitation center -public health agency -college -private practice (clinical psych)

Functionalism (term)

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function and how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Structuralism (term)

Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

humanistic psychology (approach)

How we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment How can we work towards fulfilling our potential? How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?

"Nature works on what nature endows"

Humans have the natural or biological ability to learn and adapt and every response that humans might have is a psychological affect of their nature.

Neuropsychologists (subfield)

Investigate relationship between neurological processes (structure and function of the nervous system) and behavior EXAMPLE: -assess, diagnose, or treat central nervous system disorders (Alzheimer's disease or stroke) -evaluate individuals for head injuries -evaluate individuals for learning and developmental disabilities (autism spectrum disorder) + ADHD PLACES: clinical neuropsychologist... -hospital's neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatric unit -academic settings - conduct research and teach