AP PSYCH FINAL 2018
levels of analysis
-The various ways of observation in psychology -Biological, cognitive, and sociocultural
Biopsychosocial Approach
Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
biopsychosocial approach
Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
personality psychology
Investigating our persistent traits.
Cognitive Psychology
To explore scientifically the ways we perceive, process, and remember information.
cognitive psychology
To explore scientifically the ways we perceive, process, and remember information. Someone working from the cognitive perspective might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking.
materialism
You are your stuff
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2 years experience world through senses, actions
Humanistic Psychology
●When you are close to your ideal self, you are close to self-actualization (perceived vs. ideal vs. real self) ●Focuses on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization ●Have our needs for love and acceptance satisfied ●Looks at whole person ●Accept who we are ●View of yourself is continually changing/growth process ●Bad: downplays human cruelty, concepts are vague and emotional
Charles Darwin
●Wrote On the Origin of Species which explained diversity of life by proposing the evolutionary process of natural selection -Natural selection shapes behaviors + bodies. -Variation + Adaptation + Evolution -Nature vs. Nurture issue
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
-1859 wrote On the Origin of Species which explained this diversity of life by proposing the evolutionary process of natural selection -Natural selection shapes behaviors + bodies. -Variation + Adaptation + Evolution -Nature vs. Nurture issue
psychiatry
-A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders -Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
-A teacher, nurse, humanitarian, and social reformer for the mentally ill -Campaigned across the nation. -Worked to reform American prisons: called the penitentiary movement.
Aristotle (384-322 bc)
-Ancient Greek + Plato's student -Prescientific Psychology -Had a love of data -Focused on logic and systematic observation -Knowledge is not preexisting but grows from the experiences stored in our memories -There is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses -Placed emphasis on the power of reason
clinical psychology
-Assess & treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders -Administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
-Developed the influential psychoanalytic theory of personality -Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior.
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
-Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." -Studied how consequences shape behavior. -Behaviorist -Championed psychology as the science of behavior -Worked with Rayner and demonstrated conditioned responses in a baby who became famous as "Little Albert." -Classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
-Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior." -Studied how consequences shape behavior. -Behaviorist -Skinner Box
G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)
-Established the first psychological laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in the 1880s. -Was appointed as the first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
-Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879 -Birth of psychology at Leipzig in 1879 with Wundt and 2 helpers: Reaction time experiment; psychology's 1st experiment -Measure "atoms of the mind"—the fastest and simplest mental processes. -Teacher of Edward Bradford Titchener -Inner sensations, images, and feelings. -Psychology is the science of mental life -Based his research on the scientific method.
natural selection
-From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. -Shapes behaviors as well as bodies.
William James (1842-1910)
-Functionalist -Focused on evolutionary or adaptive views of behavior. -He tutored Calkins alone. -Engaged in introspective examination of the stream of consciousness and of emotion. -Psychology should explain how people adapted-or failed to adapt-to everyday life outside the laboratory. -Published "The Principles of Psychology" in 1890, Psychology's first textbook.
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
-Gestalt psychologist -Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures. -Examine a person's total experience (whole experience is often more than the sum of the parts of the experience) -Relevant in the study of Sensation and Perception
counseling psychology
-Help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning. -Administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research.
E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)
-Introduced the early school of structuralism -Aimed to discover the structural elements of mind. -Engage people in self-reflective introspection (looking inward) -Founded the organization of experimental psychologists -Inner sensations, images, and feelings.
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
-James admitted her into his graduate seminar and the other students (all men) dropped out. -James tutored her alone. -She finished requirements for Harvard Ph.D. Harvard denied her the degree, offering her instead a degree from Radcliffe College. She refused the degree. -Distinguished memory researcher and American Psychological Association's (APA's) 1st female president in 1905.
behavioral psychology
-Look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. -Emphasis on environmental influences. Someone working from the behavioral perspective might attempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
-Pioneer of humanistic psychology with Abraham Maslow -Rebelled against Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic) and behaviorism. -Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. -Client-centered therapy.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
-Pioneer of humanistic psychology with Carl Rogers -Rebelled against Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic) and behaviorism. -Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. -Hierarchy of needs.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
-Pioneered the study of learning -Behavioral perspective -Classical conditioning When dogs heard the bell, that meant they got food. He taught the dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell even if they didn't get food.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
-Prescientific Psychology -Existence of innate ideas (nature) and mind's being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive its death. -Human sensations and behaviors were based on activity in the nervous system. -Cartesian Dualism Mind and body are in constant interaction. Essence of the mind is thought. Mind is a substance distinct from the body. Believed only humans have minds.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
-Prescientific Psychology -His ideas led most directly to the view known as empiricism -One of the founders of modern science -Fascinated by the human mind and its failings -Foresaw research findings on our noticing and remembering events that confirm our beliefs
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) [MAN]
-The last century's most influential observer of children -Described developmental stages of childhood and adolescence -Most famous cognitive psychologist
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
-When Harvard denied Calkins the claim to being psychology's 1st female psychology Ph.D., this woman because the 1st. -Functionalist -Synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind. -2nd female APA president in 1921. -She was barred from joining the organization of experimental psychologists.
Rosalie Rayner (1899-1935)
-Worked with John B. Watson -Demonstrated conditioned responses in a baby who became famous as "Little Albert."
John Locke (1632-1704)
-Wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in which he famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa—a "blank slate"—on which experience writes. -This helped form modern empiricism
former operational stage
12 - adulthood abstract reasoning
preoperational stage
2 - 7 years mental representations with words & images; intuitive, rather than logical, reasoning
concrete operational stage
7 - 11 years thinking logically about concrete events; understand concrete analogies & mathematical operations
Gardner's multiple intelligences
8 independent intelligences: includes a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.
Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span, with a focus on three major issues: ●Nature and Nurture -Interaction b/t gene combination from mom/dad + experiences -Bio, psych, and social-cultural forces interact ●Continuity and Stages -Experience/learning = slow, continuous development -Biological = developmental stages/steps (everyone passes through the stages in the same order) ●Stability and Change [both are a factor] -Temperament is stable -Cannot predict all our eventual traits based on the early years of life -Changes can occur w/o changing a person's position relative to others of the same age.
structuralism
A historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought-sought to find the "elements" of conscious experience
functionalism
A historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their evolutionary adaptive purposes and functions
gestalt psychology
A historical school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning. Believed that percepts consist of meaningful wholes
evolutionary psychology
A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction Someone working from the evolutionary perspective might analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors' genes
Evolutionary Psychology
A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction.
psychometrics
Branch of psychology devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits.
basic research
Builds psychology's knowledge base.
humanistic psychology
Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. Someone working from the humanistic perspective (a historically important approach) might have been interested in understanding how angry feelings affect a person's potential for growth and personal fulfillment.
Experimental Psychology
Explore behavior and thinking with experiments
experimental psychology
Explore behavior and thinking with experiments
Social Psychology
Exploring how we view and affect one another.
social psychology
Exploring how we view and affect one another.
Human Factors Psychology
Focus on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments.
human factors psychology
Focus on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments.
dualism
Mind separate from body
Plato & Socrates (428-347 b.c.e.) and (469-399 b.c.e.)
Plato: -Student of Socrates -Teacher of Aristotle -Humans possess innate knowledge: origins of what would later be referred to as the "nature" side of the "nature vs. nurture" debate. Socrates: -Teacher of Plato -Knowledge: awareness of one's own ignorance. -Virtue: focus on self-development, not on accumulating possessions. Both: -Ancient Greeks -Prescientific Psychology -Concluded that mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate—born within us. -Descartes agreed with them -Dualists (mind separate from body)
SQ3R study skills
Study method: -Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review -Distribute your study time -Learn to think critically -In class, listen actively -Overlearn -Be a smart test-taker
Educational Psychology
Studying influences on teaching and learning.
educational psychology
Studying influences on teaching and learning.
psychodynamic psychology
The clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories and conflicts Someone working from the psychodynamic perspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility
Psychodynamic Psychology
The clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories and conflicts.
Nature-Nurture Issue
The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience. Do our human traits develop through experience, or are we born with them?
nature-nurture issue
The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience. Do our human traits develop through experience, or are we born with them?
introspection
The process of reporting one's own conscious mental experiences
biological psychology
The psychological perspective that searches for the cause of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system and endocrine system -Natural selection of adaptive traits -Genetic predispositions responding to environment -Brain mechanisms -Hormonal influences Someone working from a biological perspective might study brain circuits that cause us to be "red in the face" and "hot under the collar," or how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament.
Biological Psychology
The psychological perspective that searches for the cause of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system, and endocrine system -Natural selection of adaptive traits -Genetic predispositions responding to environment -Brain mechanisms -Hormonal influences
developmental psychology
The psychology perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan.
social-cultural psychology
The psychology perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning and a cultural perspective. How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. -Presence of others -Cultural, societal, and family expectations -Peer and other group influences -Compelling models (such as in the media)
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and emotional state
psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and emotional state
Behaviorism
The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
behaviorism
The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns. Someone working from the behavioral perspective might attempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts.
empiricism
The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
Use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems.
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
Use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems.
Applied Research
Use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human/practical problems.
applied research
Use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human/practical problems.
Spearman's general intelligence
a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas. *there is not a single general intelligence factor: it is too diverse
Sternberg's triarchic
intelligence is classified as 3 areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical
Visual Spatial
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of physical space and is very aware of their environment. Taught through drawings, verbal and visual imagery.
Logical -Mathematical
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of reasoning, calculating. Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to see and explore patterns and relationships. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic questions. They can be taught through logic games, investigations, mysteries.
Musical
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of rhythm and sound. They love music, but they are also sensitive to sounds in their environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, tapping out time.
Intrapersonal
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of understanding one's own interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away from others. They're in tune with their inner feelings; they have wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence and opinions. They can be taught through independent study and introspection.
Interpersonal
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of understanding, interacting with others. These students learn through interaction. They have many friends, empathy for others, street smarts. They can be taught through group activities, seminars, dialogues.
Linguistic
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms of using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading, playing word games, making up poetry or stories. They can be taught by encouraging them to say and see words, read books together.
Bodily-kinesthetic
one of the multiple intelligences that suggests someone who thinks in terms using the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body awareness. Taught through physical activity, hands-on learning, acting out, role playing.
Thurstone's primary mental abilities
seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.
Gardner's multiple intelligences
this theory says we are individuals who differ in strength of intelligences which we use to perform and accomplish different tasks.
Piaget's Criticisms
underestimates children's abilities, fails to acknowledge the value of direct instruction, little evidence of stage-like progression
Psychiatry
●A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders ●Medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
Clinical Psychology
●Assess & treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders ●Administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research.
Natural Selection
●From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. ●Shapes behaviors as well as bodies. 1. Compete for survival 2. Increased reproduction and survival chances in certain environments. 3. Pass on genes 4. Population characteristics change
William James
●Functionalist ●Focused on evolutionary or adaptive views of behavior. ●Engaged in introspective examination of the stream of consciousness and of emotion. ●Psychology should explain how people adapted-or failed to adapt-to everyday life outside the laboratory. ●Published "The Principles of Psychology" in 1890, Psychology's first textbook.
Counseling Psychology
●Help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning. ●Administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research.
Carl Rogers
●Humanistic psychology with Abraham Maslow ●Rebelled against Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic) and behaviorism. ●Emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied. ●Person-centered therapy ●People are basically good ●"Growth-promoting Climate: "Core Conditions" ~ genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), empathy
Abraham Maslow
●Humanistic psychology with Carl Rogers ●Studied healthy and creative people ●Rebelled against Freudian psychology (psychoanalytic) and behaviorism. ●Hierarchy of needs: have earlier, more important needs Very Top: Self-Transcendence (find meaning/identity beyond self)
Behavioral psychology
●Look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. ●Emphasis on environmental influences.
Sigmund Freud
●Psychoanalytic theory ●Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior. ●Layers of Mind: Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious ●Parts of Personality: Id, Ego, Superego ●Psychosexual Stages ●Repression
Levels of Analysis
●The various ways of observation in psychology -Biological, psychological, and sociocultural