AP Psych Final

One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it

did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings

An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the

effectiveness of management training

Of the following, a behavioral psychologist is most likely to study the

effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

In a research study, informed consent is a concern of

ethics

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?

gestalt psychology

In the 1800s, the activist Dorothea Dix led a movement in support of

improving the treatment of patients with mental disorders who were housed in asylums

he mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that

is positively skewed

When the word "walk" is changed to "walked," the suffix "ed" is an example of A morpheme B phoneme C lexicon D syntax E language acquisition device (LAD)

A morpheme

The results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that A contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys B female infant monkeys are more independent than male infant monkeys C female infant monkeys are more obedient than male infant monkeys D food outranked all other factors in the development of the infant monkeys' attachment to the mother E infant monkeys mimic the surrogate mothers 'behavior

A contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's A frequency B amplitude C complexity D timbre E power

A frequency

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by A observational learning B stimulus generalization C latent learning D negative reinforcement E intermittent reinforcement

A observational learning

Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word "mom." Alice answers, only to realize that the sales clerk said "ma'am" to a customer. This inaccurate perception can be attributed to A perceptual expectancy B the Müller-Lyer illusion C Weber's law D figure-ground organization E sound constancy

A perceptual expectancy

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention B confuse information in long-term memory associated with the various tasks they are trying to perform C have a heightened awareness of each task they are trying to perform, so it is difficult for them to ignore one task temporarily in order to complete another task D process information associated with the various tasks at a deep level, so they encode too much information to recall easily and therefore their performance deteriorates E encode information efficiently, but they have a difficult time retrieving it for use on a given task

A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on A the availability heuristic B the conjunction fallacy C the representativeness heuristic D risky decision making E a mental set

A the availability heuristic

The area labeled X in the drawing above denotes which of the following structures? A Dendrites B Nodes of Ranvier C Axon terminals D Mitochondria E Glial cells

C Axon terminals

Participants were asked to rate the importance of achieving honor-roll status. Researchers found that students from smaller families rated the importance more highly than students from larger families. The research team concluded that a student's attitude toward school achievement is the result of family size. Which of the following is the most important error made by the research team?

Assuming that correlation proves causation

Placing group needs above one's own needs is known as A ethnocentrism B prejudice C collectivism D ego defense E cognitive dissonance

C collectivism

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean? A 75 B 77 C 86 D 90 E 99

B 77

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants? A Imprinting B Temperament C Mental set D Instinct E Attachment

B Temperament

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that A emotions are irrational and bear no relation to the stimuli we perceive B there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response C what we perceive automatically triggers physiological arousal, like Tahani's fear response, but the actual emotion we experience depends on the label we assign to the physiological arousal, like when Tahani realized her fear response was irrational D emotions are not long-lasting E the emotions we feel, like fear, are interpretations of our bodily arousal, which is triggered automatically after processing a stimulus

B there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a A behaviorist theory of personality B trait theory of personality C psychoanalytic theory of personality D humanistic theory of personality E social cognitive theory of personality

B trait theory of personality

Which chemical is most closely associated with sleep? A Cortisol B Oxytocin C Melatonin D Testosterone E Estrogen

C Melatonin

Children of authoritative parents tend to be A immature B indecisive C independent D withdrawn E aggressive

C independent

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the A behavior is complex B behavior was very recently acquired C punishment is delivered soon after the behavior D punishment is delivered by someone with authority E punishment is both mental and physical

C punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the A age of children when they speak their first words B speed of an action potential C reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark D factors that make a person feel accepted by others E features of a car that make it easier for a person to operate

C reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark

In vision, transduction occurs within the A optic nerve B visual cortex C retina D lens E cornea

C retina

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems? A Aphasia B Increased aggression C A loss of vision D A loss of motor coordination E A change in personality

D A loss of motor coordination

Which of the following is an example of an individual who demonstrates an internal locus of control? A A woman believes that the reason she is often late to work is because of the traffic in her neighborhood. B A student volunteers at a food shelter because her school club requires community service of its members. C A man thinks that his displays of aggression are due to the extra caffeine he has been consuming lately. D A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school. E A teacher decides that students are noisy in her afternoon classes because of the energy they get after eating lunch.

D A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school.

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience? A Drive-reduction theory B Anorexia nervosa C Basal metabolic rate D Set-point theory E Instincts

D Set-point theory

Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing A hindsight bias B availability bias C social desirability bias D the sunk-cost fallacy E the self-serving bias

D the sunk-cost fallacy

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to A convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels B protect the cochlea C regulate change in the air pressure of the inner ear D transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window E provide information to the vestibular system

D transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to be associated with difficulty in A tasting B hearing C seeing D understanding language E moving arms and legs

D understanding language

The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of A set point theory B framing C locus of control theory D intrinsic motivation E extrinsic motivation

E extrinsic motivation

Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's development theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's A work has been invalidated by changes in the structure of families in the United States B stages are too limited in their critical-period parameters C theory underestimates the capabilities of infants and children D stage do not apply equally well to all racial and ethnic groups E theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

E theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

Metacognition refers to A amnesia B mental retardation C artificial intelligence D thinking without theory E thinking about thinking

E thinking about thinking

There is a strong positive correlation between ice cream sales and instances of snakebites. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this correlation?

Hot weather is related to both ice cream sales and snake activity.

What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? I. Behaviorism II. Psychoanalysis III. Structuralism IV. Humanism

III, II, I, IV

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study?

Incidence of aggressive behavior

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

It contains the middle 68% of the distribution.

Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?

It holds that development is largely a product of learning.

According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects?

It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research.

Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, "I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives—I want to study behavior directly"?

John Watson

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

Research may not involve deception.

Psychodynamic therapy has its roots in the theories of

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following studies has had the most profound impact on ethical issues in psychological research?

Stanley Milgram's study of obedience

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

a case study

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

maturation

A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?

reliability

−3−3, 3, 0, 3, −3−3 What is the standard deviation of the numbers above?

3

The next questions refer to the following. Rachel plays on the high school basketball team. Her scores for the season are presented in the table below. Question Which of the following is the range of Rachel's scores?

9

According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is A 85 B 95 C 100 D 105 E 115

A 85

Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? A Aggression B Short-term memory C Auditory discrimination D Visual acuity E Pattern matching

A Aggression

Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task? A Aptitude B Interest C Cultural fairness D Achievement E Projection

A Aptitude

Which of the following theoretical perspectives supports the claim that an outgoing personality is a result of reinforcement? A Behavioral B Psychodynamic C Biological D Cognitive E Humanistic

A Behavioral

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support? A Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain. B Bobby is rebelling against his peers because he feels left out. C Bobby's temperament makes him prone to risk-taking behavior. D Bobby's parents have an authoritative parenting style. E Bobby is depressed, as most adolescents are.

A Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Which of the following is true about gender roles in children? A Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles. B Children are often confused about gender roles when parents discourage them to avoid traditional gender roles. C Children often do not develop gender roles that are similar to those held in their society. D Children most often do not develop specific gender roles. E Research indicates there is a large biological basis for gender roles.

A Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles.

Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery? A Computerized axial tomography B Stereotaxic examination C Retrograde degeneration D Biofeedback E Ablation

A Computerized axial tomography

A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A Denial B Projection C Reaction formation D Regression E Sublimation

A Denial

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms? A Denial B Displacement C Projection D Rationalization E Regression

A Denial

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? A Depressant B Narcotic C Psychoactive D Stimulant E Hallucinogen

A Depressant

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. B Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. C Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. D Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. E Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.

A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? A Experimental B Observational C Correlational D Survey E Case study

A Experimental

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence? A Fetal alcohol syndrome B Prenatal maturation C Temperament D Rooting reflex E Sequence of motor development

A Fetal alcohol syndrome

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? A Fixed ratio B Fixed interval C Variable ratio D Variable interval E Continuous

A Fixed ratio

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? A Gate-control theory B Opponent-process theory C Trichromatic theory D Expectancy theory E Phantom pain

A Gate-control theory

Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following is the most likely explanation for his physical response? A His circadian rhythm has been disrupted. B His stages of sleep are out of order. C His delta waves have lost significant amplitude. D He has narcolepsy. E He is experiencing REM rebound.

A His circadian rhythm has been disrupted.

Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use? A Iconic B Procedural C Declarative D Implicit E Echoic

A Iconic

When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is A an opiate B an amphetamine C a depressant D a hallucinogen E a stimulant

A an opiate

Which of the following is the best evidence that environment plays a role in intelligence? A Identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart. B Identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins reared together. C Fraternal twins reared together are more similar than unrelated individuals reared together. D Unrelated individuals reared together are less similar than siblings reared together. E Fraternal twins are less similar than identical twins.

A Identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart.

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stage of development? A Industry vs. Inferiority B Identity vs. role confusion C Autonomy vs. shame and doubt D Integrity vs. despair E Trust vs. mistrust

A Industry vs. Inferiority

Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability? A Jean Piaget's theory of conservation B Lev Vygotsky's theory of zone of proximal development C B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning D Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning E Albert Bandura's theory of social learning

A Jean Piaget's theory of conservation

Which of the following researchers found that ducklings will follow the first figure they see within their first day of hatching? A Konrad Lorenz B Harry Harlow C Mary Ainsworth D Diana Baumrind E Albert Bandura

A Konrad Lorenz

A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule? A Noam Chomsky B Lev Vygotsky C Ivan Pavlov D Albert Bandura E Edward Thorndike

A Noam Chomsky

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? A Occipital cortex B Retina C Optic chiasm D Lens E Cornea

A Occipital cortex

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing? A Operant conditioning B Classical conditioning C Observational learning D One-trial learning E Higher-order learning

A Operant conditioning

The graph above supports which of the following statements? A Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal. B Difficult tasks require higher than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance. C Difficult tasks become easier when arousal is increased. D Performance level is independent of task difficulty. E Easy tasks require lower than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance.

A Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A Priming B Habituation C Conditioned response D Stimulus generalization E Discrimination

A Priming

A man sustains a head injury. After the injury, he is able to tie his shoes, but he does not recall where he lives. Which aspect of the man's memory is intact and which aspect is dysfunctional, respectively? A Procedural and semantic B Procedural and sensory C Semantic and sensory D Episodic and procedural E Episodic and semantic

A Procedural and semantic

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people's personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics? A Psychoanalytic B Behavioral C Humanistic D Cognitive E Social cognitive

A Psychoanalytic

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? A Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors B Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors C Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons D Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons E Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons

A Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing? A Resistance B Exhaustion C Withdrawal D Alarm E Pressure

A Resistance

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? A Retinal disparity B Linear perspective C Motion parallax D Relative size E Texture gradient

A Retinal disparity

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are A SSRIs B benzodiazepines C antipsychotics D antihistamines E stimulants

A SSRIs

Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? A Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns B Cry when left and continue to cry until the mother returns C Not notice when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns D Play happily when the mother leaves but exhibit anger and rejection toward the mother when she returns E Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns

A Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? A Sleep apnea B Narcolepsy C Insomnia D Night terrors E The REM rebound effect

A Sleep apnea

Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an A antagonist B agonist C inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) D excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) E excitatory neurotransmitter

A antagonist

Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. B Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. C Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. D Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. E Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.

A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.

Sara had an argument with her coworker, Adam. That night, Sara had a dream that she was shopping at a mall and Adam was in every store in which she shopped. A psychoanalyst would say that Adam's being at the mall in her dream was an example of which of the following? A The manifest content B The latent content C Memory consolidation D Repression E A hypnagogic hallucination

A The manifest content

Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold? A The movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential. B The neuron hyperpolarizes. C Neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites. D The absolute refractory period of the neuron prevents it from responding. E The neuron's equilibrium potential is reached.

A The movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential.

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario? A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. B The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. C The next day, Janice's coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator. D The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again. E The next day, her boss took away some of Janice's vacation time. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.

A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true? A The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation. B Children have a more difficult time than adults understanding the grammar of the second language. C Articulation of difficult sounds in the second language is easier for adults than for children. D Adults acquiring a second language typically speak with less of an accent than children acquiring the same second language. E For adults, acquiring a second language is as easy as it was for them to learn their native language.

A The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.

Which of the following explains transduction? A The process by which sensory stimuli are converted into neural signals B The degree of stimulation needed for a signal to be detected 50 percent of the time C The difference in signal strength needed for that difference to be detected D The process by which a person's eyes adapt to the dark E The process by which a false negative is identified

A The process by which sensory stimuli are converted into neural signals

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found? A The results are likely to be similar. B The results of both this test and the next are likely to be valid. C Different raters will rate his tests similarly. D Different raters will demonstrate equal validity in their test rating. E Questions on the test will assess similar concepts.

A The results are likely to be similar.

Which of the following assertions is best supported by empirical evidence? A The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks. B Schools should be reformed to better teach skills that are processed in the right hemisphere. C Human brains are fully formed at birth. D Some people are right-brained, while others are left-brained. E People only use 10% of their brains.

A The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks.

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence? A They will be unable to learn a maze. B They will learn a maze as well as mice who have the enzyme. C They will learn a maze only through observational learning. D They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning. E They will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement.

A They will be unable to learn a maze.

In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus? A Touch to the body B Vinegar on the tongue C Salivation to the vinegar D Salivation to the touch E Time interval between the touch and the vinegar

A Touch to the body

Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop A a cognitive map B a prototype C an algorithm D a mental set E functional fixedness

A a cognitive map

Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by A afferent neurons B Schwann cells C T cells D efferent neurons E neuroglia

A afferent neurons

Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to A an increase in the average number of years in school B a decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food C an increase in population D a decrease in genetic mutations E an increase in genetic diversity

A an increase in the average number of years in school

Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as A cortisols B endorphins C glucocorticoids D pheromones E hormones

B endorphins

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe A anterograde amnesia B Broca's aphasia C cue-dependent forgetting D selective amnesia E retroactive interference

A anterograde amnesia

When excitatory neurotransmitters stimulate a single neuron, the neuron A becomes more likely to produce an action potential B becomes less likely to produce an action potential C produces a stronger action potential D produces a weaker action potential E becomes more polarized

A becomes more likely to produce an action potential

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as A closure B proximity C similarity D feature analysis E shape constancy

A closure

Benjamin is five years old. While his mother is making his lunch, he explains to her that he is very hungry and would like a lot to eat. His mother cuts his sandwich into four pieces, and he is very pleased. Benjamin's pleasure at having four small pieces instead of one large piece is due to the fact that he lacks A conservation B object permanence C theory of mind D assimilation E accommodation

A conservation

Parkinson's disease is most closely associated with A decreases in levels of dopamine B reduced availability of acetylcholine C destruction of the myelin sheath D an increase in the number of synapses E stimulation of action potentials

A decreases in levels of dopamine

On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates A display rules B the facial feedback hypothesis C social facilitation D drive-reduction theory E intrinsic motivation

A display rules

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called A electroencephalography (EEG) B computed tomography (CT) C positron-emission tomography (PET) D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A electroencephalography (EEG)

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to A emphasize the libido B emphasize the ego C account for cognitive development D be based on empirical findings E call for the use of group therapy as a mode of treatment

A emphasize the libido

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of A figure-ground B closure C simplicity D constancy E proximity

A figure-ground

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is A green B red C blue D violet E black

A green

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A heuristics B algorithms C syllogisms D propositions E concepts

A heuristics

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the A hippocampus B hypothalamus C medulla D reticular formation E cerebellum

A hippocampus

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of A imprinting B object permanence C observational learning D accommodation E a secure attachment

A imprinting

Many common antidepressants ease symptoms of depression by A inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin more available B inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin less available C releasing endorphins, which makes endorphins more available D inhibiting dopamine reuptake, which makes dopamine more available E inhibiting dopamine reuptake, which makes dopamine less available

A inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin more available

In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of A latent learning B observational learning C avoidance learning D counterconditioning E aversive conditioning

A latent learning

In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of A learned helplessness B social facilitation C retrograde amnesia D the mere-exposure effect E regression to the mean

A learned helplessness

The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the A limbic system B pons C corpus callosum D occipital lobe E parietal lobe

A limbic system

People who have experienced severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to A make and carry out plans B recognize visual patterns C process auditory information D process olfactory information E integrate their multiple personalities

A make and carry out plans

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as A permissive B authoritative C authoritarian D rejecting-neglecting E pessimistic

A permissive

A professor conducts a survey examining the relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems, and the results of her study are depicted in the scatterplot above. Which of the following types of relationship between pessimism and mental-health problems do her data suggest?

A positive correlation

After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C secondary reinforcement D negative punishment E positive punishment

A positive reinforcement

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is A reduced inhibition B anxiety C enhanced memory D psychosis E heightened creativity

A reduced inhibition

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when A responses have no effect on the environment B young organisms fail to imprint at the critical period C a response is reinforced independently D reinforcement occurs on an intermittent schedule E an organism receives negative reinforcement

A responses have no effect on the environment

An example of a primary drive is A sleeping B having a job C earning money D receiving grades E owning a car

A sleeping

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT A smell B hearing C taste D vision E touch

A smell

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of A societal norms and other environmental factors B heredity and other biological factors C both environmental and biological factors D the development of gender identity E the development of gender constancy

A societal norms and other environmental factors

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when A the tone only is presented B the food only is presented C the food and tone are presented together D a different tone is presented with the food E a different kind of food is presented without a tone

A the tone only is presented

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if A they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests B the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse C they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability D other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group E the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures

A they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests

In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds A to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus B to stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus C to the conditioned stimulus the same way as to the unconditioned stimulus D with different types of responses to neutral stimuli E with different types of responses to the unconditioned stimulus

A to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called A transduction B sensory threshold C sensory adaptation D parallel processing E transferred excitation

A transduction

Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control? A Psychoanalytic B Cognitive C Evolutionary D Humanistic E Gestalt

B Cognitive

One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the A universality of facial expressions across cultures B vast differences in facial expressions between males and females C ease with which people can learn to change their facial expressions under differing circumstances D way children's facial expressions differ from adults' E way in which individuals' facial expressions change as they get older

A universality of facial expressions across cultures

Hermann Ebbinghaus tested his memory using combinations of three-letter nonsense syllables. Which of the following graphs best represents his findings about the relationship between forgetting and time? A B C D E

A.

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true? A Infants are not able to perceive taste differences until they are at least twelve months old. B Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food. C The basilar membrane is responsible for sending messages about tastes from the tongue to the brain. D The five primary taste qualities are spicy, sour, salty, bitter, and sweet. E Taste receptors are located exclusively on the tip of the tongue.

B Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that A differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared B participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out C unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage D personality traits do not remain constant across the life span E men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles

B participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which of the following statements is most representative of the id? A "Practice random kindness." B "More, more, more!" C "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." D "Look before you leap." E "Balance is best."

B "More, more, more!"

Colleen received a score of 100 on an IQ test. The mean for the test is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. Assume the test had a normal distribution of scores. Colleen's score on the test was equal to or greater than the scores of what percent of people? A 100 B 50 C 68 D 84 E 15

B 50

The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is A oxytocin B dopamine C norepinephrine D serotonin E gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

B dopamine

Maria is a thirteen-year-old congenitally deaf child who was born to hearing parents living in a remote, rural area. Since birth her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language? A Latent learning B A sensitive period C Cognitive dissonance D Maslow's hierarchy of needs E Egocentrism

B A sensitive period

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? A When scolded by his parents, a college student reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy. B A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances. C A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends. D After exams were graded and returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult. E After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair.

B A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations? A A college student speaks sharply to her room-mate after quarreling with her professor about her grades. B A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend. C A runner forgets the name of the opponent who just defeated her in an event for which she held the record. D A man who dislikes his supervisor believes that his supervisor dislikes him. E An elderly man lights up a cigarette just after learning that he has been cured of a respiratory ailment.

B A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.

The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? A Dopamine B Acetylcholine C Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D Serotonin E Norepinephrine

B Acetylcholine

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth? A Permissive B Authoritarian C Authoritative D Neglectful E Indulgent

B Authoritarian

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence? A Authoritarian B Authoritative C Permissive D Neglectful E Secure

B Authoritative

Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system? AA BB CC DD EE

B B

Areas that have a large prevalence of malaria, such as Africa, have a high frequency of children who have sickle cell anemia or are carriers of the trait. What role does the concept of natural selection play in this trend? A The climate in Africa is particularly suitable for both malaria and sickle cell anemia, and thus both are able to flourish in the region. B Being a carrier of, or having sickle cell anemia is adaptive in this region, because it protects against malaria. Subsequently, children born with sickle cell anemia are less likely to die from malaria. C People with sickle cell anemia are more prone to contracting malaria, which explains why the incidence of both is so high. D Having malaria as a child changes women's genetic makeup, making them more likely to pass on the sickle cell gene to their child. E Areas with a large prevalence of malaria often do not have adequate medical care and thus there are higher frequencies of a large number of diseases.

B Being a carrier of, or having sickle cell anemia is adaptive in this region, because it protects against malaria. Subsequently, children born with sickle cell anemia are less likely to die from malaria.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process? A Manny decides that he is overweight and goes on a diet. B Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race. C Bert eats nothing but fruits and grains for a week before a huge holiday dinner. D Edesa stays up later than normal to study for a test. E Lian becomes angry after sitting in traffic for an hour and a half.

B Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense? A Frontal lobes B Cerebellum C Medulla D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

B Cerebellum

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between classical and operant conditioning? A Classical conditioning involves the acquisition of voluntary responses, whereas operant conditioning involves reflexes. B Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences. C Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Edward Thorndike's studies with cats, whereas operant conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov's studies with dogs. D Classical conditioning involves a learner's active response in order to obtain reinforcement, whereas in operant conditioning the learner is passive. E Classical conditioning relies mostly on negative reinforcement, whereas operant conditioning relies mostly on positive reinforcement.

B Classical conditioning involves the formation of associations between two stimuli, whereas operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences.

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? A Shape constancy B Color constancy C Perceptual adaptation D Interposition E Absolute threshold

B Color constancy

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following? A Convergent thinking B Divergent thinking C Spatial awareness D Interpersonal intelligence E Intrapersonal intelligence

B Divergent thinking

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia? A Acetylcholine B Dopamine C Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D Norepinephrine E Serotonin

B Dopamine

In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions? A Schizophrenia B Epilepsy C Narcolepsy D Obsessive-compulsive disorder E Major depressive disorder

B Epilepsy

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? A Fixed-interval B Fixed-ratio C Variable-ratio D Variable-interval E Continuous

B Fixed-ratio

Martine needs a hammer but cannot find one. As she looks around her apartment, her gaze passes over a metal paperweight and some other objects that could potentially serve as a makeshift hammer. However, she is so focused on these objects' typical uses that she does not think to use any of them as a hammer. Martine is experiencing which of the following? A The fundamental attribution error B Functional fixedness C Blindsight D The Hawthorne effect E Repression

B Functional fixedness

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following? A The resting potential of neurons in the optic nerve B Gestalt principles of closure and continuity C The inverted and reversed image that a visual stimulus produces on the retina D The opponent process theory of vision E The trichromatic theory of vision

B Gestalt principles of closure and continuity

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively? A Grandmother's house; fear B Grandmother's house; falling C Fear; grandmother's house D Falling; anxiety E Anxiety; fear

B Grandmother's house; falling

John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred? A Sensitization B Habituation C Accommodation D Signal detection E Conduction deafness

B Habituation

Steve's cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred? A Classical conditioning B Habituation C Generalization D Operant conditioning E Sensitization

B Habituation

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? A Basilar membrane B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup C Auditory nerve D Temporal lobe E Central sulcus

B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following? A Phobias B Heart disease C Bulimia nervosa D Multiple personality E Antisocial personality

B Heart disease

Which of the following most accurately characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger? A It primarily responds to such environmental cues as the sight and smell of food. B It acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety. C It monitors stomach contractions through the cranial nerves to determine the extent of hunger. D It is effective in triggering, but not in depressing, the sensation of hunger. E It produces a sense of satiety to counter hunger feelings that arise from stomach contractions.

B It acts with the endocrine system to control hunger and satiety.

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? A It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D It has a large amplitude. E It has a small amplitude.

B It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Juana accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand? A It was initiated in the motor cortex. B It was initiated in the spinal cord. C It was a voluntary behavior. D It was due to instructions from the brain. E It was an operantly conditioned response.

B It was initiated in the spinal cord.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A Remembering events specific to one's life B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E Becoming classically conditioned

B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? A Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. B Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. C Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. D Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. E Because Jenny can memorize every book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.

B Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? A Trichromatic theory B Opponent-process theory C Retinex theory D Color constancy E Convergence

B Opponent-process theory

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? A Functional fixedness B Perceptual set C Inattentional blindness D Bottom-up processing E Context-dependent memory

B Perceptual set

Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms? A Prefrontal cortex, occipital lobe, cerebellum B Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland C Proprioceptors, thalamus, somatosensory cortex D Medulla, thalamus, pituitary gland E Cerebral cortex, motor cortex, adrenal glands

B Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A Authoritative B Postconventional C Concrete operational D Conventional E Egocentric

B Postconventional

According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Concrete operational D Post-conventional E Pre-conventional

B Preoperational

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Postformal D Concrete operations E Formal operations

B Preoperational

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect? A Mnemonic B Primacy C Recency D Secondary E Clustering

B Primacy

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? A After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital. B Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away. C Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. D When Clara smells a certain cologne it makes her smile because it reminds her of her first boyfriend, but other colognes do not have that effect on her. E After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.

B Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles? A Locus of control B Reciprocal determinism C Implicit personality theory D Learned helplessness E Modeling

B Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following is true of analogies in supporting problem solving? A Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. B Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies. C Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. D Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies E Relevant analogies neither help nor hinder people when solving problems.

B Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies.

A test author most interested in ensuring that individuals receive similar scores on a personality test every time they take it is attempting to increase which of the following? A Validity B Reliability C Experimenter-expectancy effects D Standardization E Statistical significance

B Reliability

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot? A Thematic Apperception Test B Rorschach Test C Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 D Halstead-Reitan Battery E Bender-Gestalt II

B Rorschach Test

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? A The method of loci B Schemas C Association networks D Sensory memory E Context effects

B Schemas

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? A Sensory adaptation B Selective attention C Perceptual constancy D Weber's law E Functional fixedness

B Selective attention

John walks into art class and is overwhelmed by the smell of paint. However, the longer he stays in the room, the less noticeable the smell becomes. Which of the following appears to be operating in this instance? A Subliminal perception B Sensory adaptation C Absolute threshold D Signal detection E Perceptual set

B Sensory adaptation

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? A Accommodation B Sensory adaptation C Weber's law D Assimilation E Phi phenomenon

B Sensory adaptation

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly? A Proximity B Similarity C Closure D Good continuation E Common fate

B Similarity

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. D To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. E Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.

B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

Researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study? A The drug B Sweetened water C The immune system weakening in response to the drug D The immune system weakening in response to the water E The immune system getting stronger

B Sweetened water

What hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior? A Estrogen B Testosterone C Melatonin D Insulin E Leptin

B Testosterone

Every day Haiying tells her parents something new she would like to be when she grows up. Haiying's parents listen carefully and provide encouraging words. Even if Haiying's ideas are fanciful and impractical, her parents never pass judgment or suggest that she is being irrational. Haiying's parents' responses to their daughter demonstrate which concept? A Scaffolding B Unconditional positive regard C An authoritarian parenting style D Accommodation E Cognitive restructuring

B Unconditional positive regard

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A Occipital lobe B Wernicke's area C Auditory cortex D Parietal lobe E Basal ganglia

B Wernicke's area

The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called A the axon B a dendrite C a neurotransmitter D the synaptic cleft E the soma

B a dendrite

A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as A a hallucinogen, because it has the reverse effect of an agonist B an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter C an antagonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter D a reuptake inhibitor, because it increases activity of the central nervous system E a stimulant, because it increases activity of the central nervous system

B an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in A cognitive states B autonomic arousal C parasympathetic functioning D motivational level E neurotransmitter level

B autonomic arousal

Psychodynamic theorists believe that the development of personality is largely influenced by unconscious motivations. The theories are most often criticized because they A do not take into account the importance of the superego B cannot be disproven C explain only superficial behaviors D focus too little on the role of repression E focus too heavily on achieving homeostasis

B cannot be disproven

Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for A Alzheimer's disease B cardiovascular disease C schizophrenia D substance abuse E anorexia nervosa

B cardiovascular disease

The graph above depicts the results of an experiment in which rats learned to navigate a maze in one of three conditions. According to the results, the food reward given to group C revealed A higher-order conditioning B cognitive mapping C secondary reinforcement D observational learning E assimilation

B cognitive mapping

As Susie left for work, she said "goodbye" to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing "goodbye" followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say "goodbye." In this scenario, hearing the word "goodbye" is the A unconditioned stimulus B conditioned stimulus C conditioned response D unconditioned response E positive reinforcer

B conditioned stimulus

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their A rods B cones C lens D optic nerve E occipital lobe

B cones

Harry Harlow found that when infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they preferred a cloth surrogate mother over a wire mother who had food. The baby monkeys' response indicated that A the amygdala develops earlier in rhesus monkeys than in humans B contact comfort was more important to them than food C rhesus monkeys do not develop normally with artificial food sources D being raised with a terry cloth mother leads to an insecure attachment style E they had not developed object permanence

B contact comfort was more important to them than food

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive A patterns B depth C size constancy D shape constancy E different hues

B depth

Samuel became ill after eating pepperoni pizza and refuses to eat it now. However, he still enjoys plain pizza. Samuel's eating behavior illustrates A negative reinforcement B discrimination C shaping D generalization E chaining

B discrimination

In memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the A enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list of words B enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words C enhanced recall of items in the middle of a list of words D diminished recall of items at the end of a list of words E diminished recall of items at the beginning of a list of words

B enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to A have a tantrum when the mother left the room B express happiness when the mother returned to the room C prevent the mother from leaving the room D try to play with the stranger when the mother left the room E not notice when the mother returned to the room

B express happiness when the mother returned to the room

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that A can be detected 5 percent of the time B falls below the threshold for conscious detection C activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses D has been transformed into neural impulses E triggers a diminished response due to constant activation

B falls below the threshold for conscious detection

The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of A proximity B figure-ground C closure D common fate E simplicity

B figure-ground

Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of A identity diffusion B gender-role development C preconventional morality development D classical conditioning of sex roles E evolutionary determinism

B gender-role development

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be A learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her B going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out C feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her D thinking she has to rely on luck to work things out with her roommate E waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away

B going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

Infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respirations decrease. This is an example of A sensory adaptation B habituation C dishabituation D generalization E transference

B habituation

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be A high in introversion B high in neuroticism C high in conscientiousness D low in agreeableness E low in openness to experience

B high in neuroticism

A group of friends watched a recent episode of a crime investigation show and concluded that they would have been able to figure out who was responsible for a crime more proficiently than did the television investigators. The friends' overestimation of their ability to determine who committed the crime is most likely due to a reasoning error known as A the availability heuristic B hindsight bias C confirmation bias D cognitive dissonance E actor-observer bias

B hindsight bias

Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called A mechanistic B homeostatic C reductionistic D genetic E instinctual

B homeostatic

The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the A pancreas B hypothalamus C adrenal glands D pineal gland E thyroid

B hypothalamus

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage A initiative versus guilt B integrity versus despair C generativity versus stagnation D identity versus role confusion E intimacy versus isolation

B integrity versus despair

An animal will gain weight when A it establishes homeostasis B its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged C it reaches its set point D its basal metabolism rate increases E releasing factors are present

B its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in A priming B levels of processing C proactive interference D procedural memory E episodic memory

B levels of processing

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a A longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time B longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did C cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers' sense of smell improved with age D cross-sectional study on 200 smokers to determine whether smokers' sense of smell stayed the same over time E a survey asking 100 participants how long they have been smoking and how many packs of cigarettes a day they smoke

B longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did

The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for A pairs of twins reared together is greater than the correlation for pairs of twins reared apart B pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins C pairs of fraternal twins is greater than the correlation for other pairs of siblings D adopted children and their adoptive parents is greater than zero E adopted children and their adoptive parents is greater than the correlation for the same children and their biological

B pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as A punishment B positive reinforcement C negative reinforcement D differential reinforcement E primary reinforcement

B positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent A stimulus, response B response, reinforcement C stimulus, reinforcement D response, stimulus E stimulus, stimulus

B response, reinforcement

An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the A left visual cortex B right visual cortex C right side of the left retina D left side of the right retina E sensory cortex

B right visual cortex

The Flynn effect refers to the A correction factor required when two raters do not agree B rise in average IQ scores over time C influence of face symmetry on raters' judgment of others D deterioration of attachment and bonding due to early environmental deprivation E evolution of different terms over time to capture the complexities of neurological conditions

B rise in average IQ scores over time

Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of A the pragmatics of language B semantic encoding C maintenance rehearsal D convergent thinking E shallow processing

B semantic encoding

Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's A attachment style B temperament C cognitive development D physical development E external locus of control

B temperament

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of A the Gestalt principle of closure B the cocktail party effect C sensory adaptation D bottom-up processing E the just-noticeable difference

B the cocktail party effect

During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is A the terminal button B the myelin sheath C a dendrite D the soma E the synaptic cleft

B the myelin sheath

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in A the need for affiliation B the need for achievement C the need for power D self-monitoring skills E ego strength

B the need for achievement

When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as A stroboscopic movement B the phi phenomenon C autokinetic motion D binocular vision E induced displacement

B the phi phenomenon

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as A the latent stage B the refractory period C the reticular formation D depolarization E the neurotransmitter

B the refractory period

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to A when there is insufficient statistical support to confirm a test's reliability B the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate C when an interviewee demonstrates a consistently negative response set D the influence of an interviewer's personal bias on the outcome of an interview E the influence of distracting test conditions on a test taker's performance

B the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

The occipital lobe of the human brain contains the centers for A hearing B vision C olfaction D tactile sensation E taste

B vision

What is the best way to ensure that results of a study are generalizable to a population?

By using a random selection of people in that population

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class? A "Spanish is a difficult subject that I am very poor at." B "I sure hope that my Spanish professor is better than my high school Spanish teacher." C "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." D "If I spend more time studying, I'm sure I will do better than in high school." E "I need to find a good tutor to help me learn Spanish; I can't learn it on my own."

C "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

12, 3, 3, 4, 8 What is the mean of the set of numbers above? A 3 B 8 C 6 D 12 E 4

C 6

Which of the following correctly describes the firing of neurons? A A protoplasmic transfer of ions B A finely graded response C An all-or-none response D An osmotic process E A symbiotic function

C An all-or-none response

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing? A Avoidance-avoidance B Approach-avoidance C Approach-approach D Unconscious E Interpersonal

C Approach-approach

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities? A Drive-reduction B Incentive C Arousal D Evolutionary E Expectancy

C Arousal

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate? A Individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry. B Most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period. C Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures. D Most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation. E Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry.

C Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood? A The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him. B The change in flight altitude helped decrease Mark's stress. C Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently. D Mark helped several passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was. E Mark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during the flight.

C Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

The next questions are based on the following. In the figure above, where do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have their initial effect? A A B B C C D D E E

C C

Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study? A Children who have been diagnosed with a language-specific impairment B Children who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69 D Children who have an IQ between 100 and 125 E Children who get C's in their classes

C Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69

Caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs? A Marijuana B Valium C Cocaine D Alcohol E Peyote

C Cocaine

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition? A Loss of feeling in her limbs B Confusion about right and left directions C Dizziness and loss of balance D Inability to recognize her body parts E Inability to determine the position of her joints

C Dizziness and loss of balance

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was A Albert Bandura B Martin Seligman C Edward Tolman D B. F. Skinner E Ivan Pavlov

C Edward Tolman

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? A The nodes of Ranvier B The myelin sheath C The terminal buttons D The soma E The axon

C The terminal buttons

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time. E Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remember.

C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion? A Observation of the external stimulus B Recollection of similar past experiences C Experience of physiological changes D Appraisal of cognitive factors E Initiation of a fixed-action pattern

C Experience of physiological changes

A psychologist has just developed a new test that he hopes will be a good measure of intelligence. At the surface level, the questions appear to be the types of puzzles and problems that would provide an intellectual challenge and give insight into someone's intellectual abilities. Unfortunately, when he distributes the test to a classroom of college students, it does not appear to perform similarly to existing measures of intelligence. The test does not predict student GPAs and in fact is better at predicting performance on a measure of anxiety than intelligence. Which of the following characteristics does the new intelligence test possess? A Construct validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test measures what it is intended to measure. B Discriminant validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test is related to a test that measures anxiety. C Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence. D Convergent validity, because the test predicts performance on other tests. E Predictive validity, because the test predicts future academic performance.

C Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence.

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. The show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A Continuous B Fixed ratio C Fixed interval D Variable ratio E Variable interval

C Fixed interval

Which of the following is the best example of the cognitive process Jean Piaget called assimilation? A When her father cuts her single slice of pizza into three pieces, Megan thinks she has more than her sister, who has a single slice. B When her mother leaves the room, Lillian continues playing with toys without becoming anxious. C Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!" D David, who previously called all animals "doggies," sees a horse and says, "Horse!" E After his favorite toy car is accidentally kicked under a bed where he cannot see it, two-year-old Arturo crawls under the bed to retrieve it.

C Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!"

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior? A His parents had an authoritarian parenting style as he was growing up, so he is confused. B He is having a difficult time getting along with peers. C He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience. D The neural pathways in his cerebellum are not fully developed. E He is the middle child in his sibling group.

C He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium? A Opponent-process B Plasticity C Homeostasis D Incentive E Natural selection

C Homeostasis

Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work? A Autonomy versus shame and doubt B Initiative versus guilt C Identity versus role confusion D Intimacy versus isolation E Generativity versus stagnation

C Identity versus role confusion

Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have? A Intelligence is not fixed but rather is a dynamic and changing capacity. B Intelligence is not fixed and can be cultivated through education. C Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity. D Creativity is the most predictive sign of intelligence. E Memory is the most predictive sign of intelligence.

C Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity.

Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping? A Jasmine decides it is pointless studying, because she thinks her teacher is unfair. B Jasmine decides to put off going to a party until she studies for two hours. C Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress. D Jasmine sets aside an hour each night to study for her exam and goes to the instructor's extra study session. E Jasmine notices that the best student in the class makes flash cards to study, so she makes flash cards.

C Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress.

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? A Fear B The cat C The slamming of the door D The person who slammed the door E The room in which the door slamming took place

C The slamming of the door

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father? A Mary Ainsworth's theory of attachment, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment B Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure insecure attachment C Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development D Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development E Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of the Oedipal complex

C Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood? A Frances was a good student who socialized mostly with other good students, but recently she has started socializing with a different crowd and places less importance on her grades. B Liz has tried to do things independently but has not been successful, so now she feels bad about herself. C Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating. D Thomas has a difficult time trusting people. E Jazmin feels like she is unfulfilled and living a mundane life.

C Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that A Nandini's id, ego, and superego are imbalanced, and that imbalance is leading to psychological distress B Nandini has unresolved issues with her parents, which are preventing her from feeling fulfilled C Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs D Nandini has a personality disorder, which is harming both her satisfaction with life and her marriage E Nandini must overcome the feelings of isolation and anxiety she has held since childhood

C Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs

Primary sex characteristics include which of the following? A Deepened voice in males B Breast development in females C Presence of ovaries D Body hair E Menopause

C Presence of ovaries

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken? A Hypothalamus B Frontal lobe C Reticular formation D Amygdala E Thalamus

C Reticular formation

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision? A Bipolar cells→rods and cones→ganglion cells→optic nerve B Optic nerve→rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells C Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve D Ganglion cells→bipolar cells→rods and cones→optic nerve E Rods and cones→ganglion cells→bipolar cells→optic nerve

C Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

A researcher who considers top-down processing to be essential for understanding emotional experiences would most likely agree with which of the following theories? A Facial feedback B Opponent-process C Schachter two-factor D Cannon-Bard E James-Lange

C Schachter two-factor

Laura is in transition from Erik Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage into the identity versus role confusion stage. Which of the following is most likely what Laura is experiencing? A She is less affected by self-esteem and more interested in initiative. B She is more concerned with autonomy than feelings of guilt. C She is less interested in accomplishing things and more interested in defining herself. D She is more affected by matters of trust and is not spending much time thinking, "Am I good or bad?" E She is more interested in doing things for herself than relying on others.

C She is less interested in accomplishing things and more interested in defining herself.

Which part of the brain represented above is indicated by A? A Cerebellum B Prefrontal cortex C Somatosensory cortex D Wernicke's area E Broca's area

C Somatosensory cortex

Barbara is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design? A Linguistic B Musical C Spatial D Naturalist E Interpersonal

C Spatial

Dr. Sosa administers the first exam to all his introductory psychology students, which amounts to 250 students total. The mean for the first exam was 75%. The grades for Dr. Sosa's classes are distributed as shown below. Dr. Sosa concludes the students in his class are achieving appropriate mastery of the material. Why is this conclusion invalid? A Dr. Sosa should have evaluated each of his classes separately. B The distribution is negatively skewed. C The distribution is positively skewed. D Dr. Sosa did not evaluate enough students. E Dr. Sosa evaluated too many students.

C The distribution is positively skewed.

Amehd, a fifth grader, is passing a note to his friend in class while his teacher is teaching a new type of math problem. When he is later tested on the material, he is unable to recall how to solve a similar problem. Which of the following theories best explains Amehd's difficulty in recalling how to do this type of problem? A Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because it focuses on how children think about the world B The information processing approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response C The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information D Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on how children think about the world E Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response

C The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following? A The changing and temporary nature of human characteristics B The role of current environmental conditions in controlling behavior C The lasting nature of personal characteristics D Identity confusion E Early childhood experiences

C The lasting nature of personal characteristics

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning? A They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike. B They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity. C They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy. D They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner. E They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory.

C They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses? A Kinesthetic B Auditory C Vestibular D Touch E Olfactory

C Vestibular

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment? A Honeybees will automatically stick out their tongue when sugar water is placed on their antennae. If a neutral odor is paired with the sugar water, the bees will eventually stick out their tongue. Finally, if a second neutral odor is paired with the first odor, the bees will learn to stick out their tongue in response to this odor. B As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. C While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. D Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks. E A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball. A week later, however, the rat randomly started playing basketball again.

C While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in A an increase in salivation B an increase in digestion C an increase in respiratory rate D a decrease in heart rate E a decrease in pupil dilation

C an increase in respiratory rate

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was A a conditioned stimulus B a conditioned response C an unconditioned stimulus D an unconditioned response E a secondary reinforcer

C an unconditioned stimulus

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the A left frontal lobe B base of the brain stem C area of the hypothalamus D reticular activating system E somatosensory cortex

C area of the hypothalamus

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called A figure-ground B motion parallax C closure D proximity E shape constancy

C closure

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of A animism B theory of mind C conservation D accommodation E object permanence

C conservation

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of A socialization to neural development B environmental stimulation to cognitive development C contact comfort to attachment D imprinting to observational learning E instincts to reproductive habits

C contact comfort to attachment

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's A sound localization ability B dichotic listening ability C difference threshold D echoic memory E attention span

C difference threshold

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to A give her $1 for every book she finishes B give her $20 for every book she finishes C do nothing additional D ask her teachers to give her a gold star at school for each book she reads E restrict her choice of books to classic literature

C do nothing additional

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as A alarm B reaction C exhaustion D resistance E delay

C exhaustion

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of A maintenance of physiological equilibrium B internal states of tension that need to be resolved C external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior D tendencies that strike a balance between biological and social needs E resolution of cognitive dissonance

C external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

The "Little Albert" study demonstrated that A humans can learn through observation B biological constraints affect learning in humans C fear can be conditioned in humans D punishment can effectively decrease behavior in humans E learning in humans is fundamentally different from learning in other species

C fear can be conditioned in humans

Receptors for olfaction are located A on the basilar membrane of the cochlea B in taste buds on the tongue C in the nasal cavity D in the esophagus E in the dermis

C in the nasal cavity

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called A conceptualization learning B social learning C latent learning D schematic learning E insight learning

C latent learning

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to A make the individual feel superior to others B make the individual feel inferior to others C mediate among the id, the superego, and reality D serve the demands of the unconscious E serve the demands of the superego

C mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells A efferent neurons B afferent neurons C mirror neurons D motor neurons E Schwann cells

C mirror neurons

Convergence is a binocular depth cue that is based on the A change in the size of the pupil B muscular tension that leads to the lens changing shape C muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward D fact that there are more rods on the periphery of the retina E fact that there are more cones in the fovea

C muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward

The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called A habituation B accommodation C natural Selection D eugenics E species assimilation

C natural Selection

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by A classical conditioning B positive reinforcement C negative reinforcement D extinction E punishment

C negative reinforcement

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of A conservation of mass B reversibility C object permanence D logical thinking E metacognition

C object permanence

The area labeled A contains the A auditory nerves B pinna C ossicles D cochlea E semi-circular canals

C ossicles

Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at A testing the worth of various theoretical definitions B operationally defining one theory of intelligence C predicting children's success in school D selecting workers for successful job performance E establishing the learning potential of French military recruits

C predicting children's success in school

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates A positive transfer B repression C proactive interference D retroactive interference E misattribution

C proactive interference

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the hypothesis that when a person interprets an ambiguous picture, that person is A expressing unique sensory processes B generating objective measurements that are more effective than subjective measures in assessing personality C projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus D showing the effects of patterns of positive and negative reinforcement E providing information regarding one's own level of creativity

C projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of A displacement B repression C projection D reaction formation E rationalization

C projection

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as A congruence between self-systems B self-efficacy C reciprocal determinism D locus of control E group polarization

C reciprocal determinism

Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should A reward himself just before going to the gym B set a goal of going to the gym at least seven times a week C reward himself immediately after going to the gym D avoid people who go to the gym E make an effort to spend time watching movies when not at the gym

C reward himself immediately after going to the gym

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates A anosmia B synesthesia C sensory adaptation D subliminal perception E the just-noticeable difference

C sensory adaptation

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as A negative reinforcement B spontaneous recovery C shaping D latent learning E implicit learning

C shaping

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by A hardening her arteries B causing the hippocampus to shrink C suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes D diverting too much blood to the heart and thereby overloading the system E increasing melatonin release into the bloodstream

C suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

The rules of grammar are rules of A phonemes B morphemes C syntax D semantics E pragmatics

C syntax

A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as A proactive interference B the serial position effect C the misinformation effect D the McGurk effect E the Stroop effect

C the misinformation effect

Negative afterimages are explained by A the trichromatic theory B color detection by rods C the opponent-process theory D a lack of adaptation E dichromatic color perception

C the opponent-process theory

Abnormalities in calcium regulation are most likely to arise from problems with A the gonads B the thymus C the parathyroid gland D the hypothalamus E the pineal gland

C the parathyroid gland

Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on A the availability heuristic B the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic C the representativeness heuristic D confirmation bias E predictable-world bias

C the representativeness heuristic

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the A number of pictures the students were shown of the accident B length of time the students viewed pictures of the accident C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident D location of the accident E sex and age of the students

C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist? A Cocaine, because it floods the brain with dopamine. B Mescaline, because it floods the brain with dopamine. C An amphetamine, because they lead to increased central nervous system activity. D A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. E Prozac®, because it blocks the reuptake of serotonin.

D A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.

Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following? A Calmness B A coma C Memory loss D Aggression E Sleep

D Aggression

Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on these characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures? A Neuroticism B Extraversion C Openness to experience D Agreeableness E Conscientiousness

D Agreeableness

The following item refers to a snake frightening Ted. Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with Ted's fear response? A Medulla B Pons C Hippocampus D Amygdala E Angular gyrus

D Amygdala

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict? A Mark must decide which of two attractive job offers to accept. B Nine-year-old Carl must decide which of two distasteful chores to do to avoid being punished by his parents. C Fred must select one menu item from among several at a popular restaurant. D Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems. E Sarah must decide how to spend the money she recently won in a lottery.

D Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience? A Permissive B Rejecting-neglecting C Authoritative D Authoritarian E Self-regulation

D Authoritarian

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness? A Exposure to stress associated with final examination week B Having a serious argument with a close friend C Experiencing the death of a loved one D Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu E Suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper

D Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? A Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. B Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. C Social learning, because Xander is probably imitating someone else who also got sick from the sushi. D Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion. E Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

D Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? A The basal ganglia B Wernicke's area C The substantia nigra D Broca's area E The inferior colliculi

D Broca's area

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events? A Sensorimotor B Preoperational C Symbolic D Concrete operational E Formal operational

D Concrete operational

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? A Sparky recognizes the sound of the can opener and excitedly goes to his bowl when he hears it. B Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does. C Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior. D Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning. E Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.

D Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors? A A B B C C D D E E

D D

Which letter indicates the synaptic cleft? A A B B C C D D E E

D D

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense? A Severing of the corpus callosum B Destruction of part of the hypothalamus C Removal of a portion of the olfactory bulb D Damage to the cerebellum E A tumor in the somatosensory cortex

D Damage to the cerebellum

Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task? A Confirmation bias B Functional fixedness C Rigidity D Divergent thought E Mental set

D Divergent thought

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior? A Arousal B Social learning C Self-determination theory D Drive reduction E Achievement motivation

D Drive reduction

Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior? A Collectivistic B Individualistic C Psychoanalytic D Evolutionary E Humanistic

D Evolutionary

A person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. Which of the following brain areas is most likely injured? A Cerebellum B Hypothalamus C Parietal lobe D Frontal lobe E Corpus callosum

D Frontal lobe

Which of the following is an example of using positive reinforcement to get a toddler to repeat the response of washing his hands after eating? A Explaining that washing his hands promotes cleanliness B Taking away toys when he forgets to wash his hands C Spanking him for not washing his hands D Giving him a treat for washing his hands E Allowing him to have dessert if he finishes his meal

D Giving him a treat for washing his hands

Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision? A He has not fully developed his identity. B His parents have a permissive parenting style, which has left him with an underdeveloped identity. C He is in a moratorium state of identity. D He is identity foreclosed. E He is in a state of identity diffusion.

D He is identity foreclosed.

The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light? A Brightness B Size C Saturation D Hue E Intensity

D Hue

The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives? A Psychoanalytic B Social cognitive C Trait D Humanistic E Biological

D Humanistic

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? Opponent process Frequency Place A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only E I, II, and III

D II and III only

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior? A Presenting a loud sound just before presenting a neutral stimulus eventually produces fear of the neutral stimulus. B Including misinformation in a question about an event decreases the accuracy of memory for the event. C Observing an aggressive model leads to aggressive behavior by the observer. D Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence. E Individuals working in a group put forth less effort than they put forth when working alone.

D Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving? A It involves trying every possible solution until finding the one that works. B It is only used to solve verbal problems and not spatial ones. C It can only occur in situations where the problem space is very large. D It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem. E It occurs most frequently with well-defined problems.

D It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem.

Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food? A It will disappear due to extinction. B It will decrease overall but not extinguish. C It will remain unchanged due to a continuous schedule of reinforcement. D It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement. E It will increase due to positive punishment.

D It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement.

Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons? A Back B Foot C Ear D Lips E Wrist

D Lips

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to A Respond to an inborn need to pass their genes to the next generation B Maintain an optimal level of arousal C Satisfy basic needs such as hunger before proceeding to higher needs such as self-actualization D Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts E Satisfy needs resulting from tissue deficits

D Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible? A Ego ideal B Pleasure principle C Primary-process thinking D Repression E Superego

D Repression

If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain? A Left occipital lobe B Left parietal lobe C Right frontal lobe D Right parietal lobe E Right occipital lobe

D Right parietal lobe

Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A Whenever young Garrett smiled and acted happy, his parents gave him lots of attention and praise. As a result, Garrett grew up to be a happy person. B When she was a child, Fairuza was given a test to see if she could wait for fifteen minutes without eating a marshmallow. She was able to do so, and this self-control exhibited itself later in life. C Dwayne prefers to spend time reading or drawing instead of going to parties; his therapist describes him as introverted. D Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority. E Niveah strives to reach self-actualization, as all of her basic needs have been met.

D Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion? A Cannon-Bard B James-Lange C Drive reduction D Schachter's two factor E Arousal

D Schachter's two factor

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results? A James-Lange B Ekman C Cannon-Bard D Schachter-Singer E Opponent-process

D Schachter-Singer

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following? A Reciprocal determinism B Self-determination C Psychic determinism D Self-efficacy E Phenomenology

D Self-efficacy

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been most associated with major depressive disorder? A Acetylcholine B Dopamine C Histamine D Serotonin E Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

D Serotonin

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? A The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli. B The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS. C The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength. D The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength. E When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.

D The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following? A The sweet taste of chocolate B Electric stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain C A monkey using its tail as a fifth limb to climb higher in a tree D The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms E The enjoyment of a frightening movie

D The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses? A Perception B Bottom-up processing C Top-down processing D Transduction E Psychophysics

D Transduction

People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement? A Fixed-interval B Fixed-ratio C Variable-interval D Variable-ratio E Continuous

D Variable-ratio

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on A simultaneous arousal and emotional experience B the role of the hypothalamus C the range of emotions that are genetically inherited D a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal E an optimistic explanatory style

D a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

A mental image of a spatial layout is called A an algorithm B a mental set C a heuristic D a cognitive map E insight

D a cognitive map

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of A parenting style B gender identity C the overgeneralizations society makes about people of different genders D a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences E a combination of developmental norms, socialization, and gender constancy

D a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become A a primary reinforcer B a conditioned reinforcer C a neutral stimulus D a conditioned stimulus E an unconditioned stimulus

D a conditioned stimulus

When Joe arrives at the library, he can choose from any of several strategies that might help him find the book he needs. He could examine all the books on every shelf, and be certain that he would eventually find the book he wants, but this strategy would take too long. Joe decides instead to ask a librarian to direct him to the appropriate section of the library. Joe is using A fixation B a mental set C a prototype D a heuristic E an algorithm

D a heuristic

The difficulty many people have recalling the details of common objects such as pennies can best be explained by A interference B memory decay C repression D a lack of encoding E amnesia

D a lack of encoding

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that A an individual's personality traits become more variable as the individual ages B the greatest changes in personality traits occur between the ages of about thirty and fifty C the oral, anal, and genital stages in Freudian personality theory seem to be valid, but the later stages are not D an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood E one's personality traits change often because of environmental factors

D an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood

Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrate a high degree of A sex-role stereotyping B sex-role confusion C gender constancy D androgyny E sex-role identity

D androgyny

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the A lens B sclera C fovea D blind spot E aqueous humor

D blind spot

Seven-year-old Raj never wants to clean his room, but his parents know how much he loves watching television. They tell him if he cleans his room, he'll get to watch his favorite television shows. According to operant conditioning theory, Raj is most likely to A refuse to clean his room B watch television without cleaning his room C scream at his parents D clean his room E lose interest in watching television

D clean his room

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the A semicircular canal B ossicle C pinna D cochlea E oval window

D cochlea

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty A identifying an object held in the hand but not seen B planning what to wear to a party C remembering the name of a person in a photograph D comprehending a spoken request for information E distinguishing between red and green

D comprehending a spoken request for information

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of A reinforcement B associations C punishment D effect E outcomes

D effect

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A retrieval B storage C rehearsal D encoding E transfer

D encoding

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of A iconic memory B procedural memory C semantic memory D episodic memory E short-term memory

D episodic memory

An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been A satiated B suppressed C repressed D extinguished E punished

D extinguished

On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of A poor problem representation B cognitive accommodation C backward masking D functional fixedness E proactive interference

D functional fixedness

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of A spontaneous recovery B secondary reinforcement C latent learning D generalization E shaping

D generalization

Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is A primarily associated with peak experiences B associated with extroversion C typical of older individuals D innate E a developmental task of adolescence

D innate

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between A primary and secondary drives B instinctive and derived drives C appetitive and aversive motivation D intrinsic and extrinsic motivation E positive and negative reinforcement

D intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the A suprachiasmatic nucleus B cerebellum C limbic system D medulla E hippocampus

D medulla

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed A centration B conservation C egocentrism D object permanence E accommodation

D object permanence

Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children A cannot learn grammatical rules during the first two years of life B learn language primarily through operant conditioning C will model only words used by adults in their environment D overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules E are not born with an innate language acquisition device

D overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that A a decrease in change blindness results from exposure to a carpentered world B a decrease in depth perception in illusions results from regular exposure to linear perspective C people in highly technological societies are generally less prone to visual illusions than are more primitive societies D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives E people who are used to buildings with square corners are more likely to be affected by binocular depth cues

D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the A image on the retina becomes smaller B image on the retina remains constant in size C perceived distance of the object becomes greater D perceived distance of the object becomes smaller E perceived distance of the object remains constant

D perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that A personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments B personality is an innate characteristic, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that it is not C personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms D personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments E personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches endorse unconditional love and support for children's behavior

D personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments

Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is A the level at which the person feels most comfortable B the level at which the person feels least comfortable C seldom an intermediate level D related to task difficulty E unrelated to task difficulty

D related to task difficulty

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called A depolarization B lateral inhibition C long-term potentiation D reuptake E synaptic transmission

D reuptake

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT A bitter B sweet C salty D spicy E sour

D spicy

Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating any fast food makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler's aversion to fast food can best be explained by A shaping B extinction C spontaneous recovery D stimulus generalization E latent learning

D stimulus generalization

Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the A angular gyrus B hippocampus C parasympathetic nervous system D sympathetic nervous system E ventricular system

D sympathetic nervous system

Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as A the action potential B the threshold difference C specific energy of the nerve D the absolute refractory phase E depolarization

D the absolute refractory phase

The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called A neural integration B refraction C synaptic transmission D the action potential E differential conduction

D the action potential

Which of the following scenarios is regulated by federal law?

Dr. Mast, a psychologist, has a client, Tim, who threatens to seriously harm his brother, Carl. Tim has a history of serious violence and the means to carry out the threat; therefore, Dr. Mast must inform Carl.

Makayla and Noah are listening to a song that ends with all the instruments playing the same note. Makayla can distinguish the various instruments playing the note, while Noah cannot. Which of the following best explains their perceptual differences? A Makayla has synesthesia while Noah does not. B Makayla has a lower absolute threshold for sound than Noah. C Makayla has a higher difference threshold for sound than Noah. D Makayla is better at discriminating amplitude than Noah. E Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

E Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues? A Relative size B Interposition C Texture gradient D Linear perspective E Retinal disparity

E Retinal disparity

Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represent a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are A 50% runners and 50% waltzers B 25% runners and 75% waltzers C 75% runners and 25% waltzers D 100% waltzers E 100% runners

E 100% runners

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following? A An increase in pupil dilation B An increase in respiratory rate C A decrease in digestion D A decrease in salivation E A decrease in heart rate

E A decrease in heart rate

Which of the following would most likely result from an injury to the medulla? A Visual problems that make spatial judgments difficult B Receptive aphasia that makes it difficult to understand what other people are saying C Retrograde amnesia that destroys previously established memories D A problem regulating hunger E A life-threatening disruption of heartbeat and breathing

E A life-threatening disruption of heartbeat and breathing

Which scenario best exemplifies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection? A Aaron has larger muscles than Earl because Aaron lifts weights and Earl does not. B A natural disaster wipes out all of the living creatures on a particular island. C An ape learns how to use a new tool by observing another ape use that tool. D A baby spreads out its toes in response to having its foot stroked. E A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.

E A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct? A A case study in which the researcher records a person's facial expressions when the person encounters different smells and then determines that when a person smells a good smell, the person smiles. B A case study in which the researcher asks a person to name the smells the person is experiencing and then finds that the person has a hard time naming smells that are offensive. C A study in which 50 participants are asked to rate the degree to which different smells evoke happy memories. The researcher then determines which smells are associated with happy memories. D A study in which the researcher randomly selects two groups of 30 people and exposes one group to the smell of roses and the other group to the smell of gasoline to determine whether members of the group that smelled roses act nicer to one another afterward. E A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

E A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

Researchers looking to create a drug to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease would most likely focus their efforts on which of the following neurotransmitters? A Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B Serotonin C Norepinephrine D Dopamine E Acetylcholine

E Acetylcholine

The above graph of conditioning shows which of the following concepts? A Avoidance and escape learning B Habituation and blocking C Positive and negative reinforcement D Generalization, discrimination, and higher order conditioning E Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

E Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response? A Primacy effect B Avoidance-avoidance conflict C Approach-avoidance conflict D Parasympathetic response E Alarm reaction

E Alarm reaction

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following? A Lev Vygotsky B John B. Watson C Jean Piaget D B. F. Skinner E Albert Bandura

E Albert Bandura

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? A Hippocampus B Thalamus C Cerebellum D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

E Amygdala

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation? A A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right. B An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it. C An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth. D An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl. E An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

E An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

A one-year-old child learns that the furry animals with bushy tails she sees outside her window are squirrels. Later she sees chipmunks outside the window and believes those are also squirrels. Which Piagetian concept is the child demonstrating? A Equilibration B Conservation C Object permanence D Accommodation E Assimilation

E Assimilation

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following? A Personal conscience is innate and all human beings develop it at the same rate. B By adulthood, all people judge moral issues in terms of self-chosen principles. C Ethical principles are defined by ideals of reciprocity and human equality in individualistic societies, but by ideals of law and order in collectivistic societies. D Children grow up with morals similar to those of their parents. E Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

E Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following? A Achievement B Communication skills C Intelligence D Body image E Clinical disorders

E Clinical disorders

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse? A Id B Ego C Superego D Personal unconscious E Collective unconscious

E Collective unconscious

Which of the following descriptions accurately represents area 2 of the graph? A The threshold, in which signals have reached critical intensity and allow the neuron to fire B The resting potential, in which the axon contains more negative ions C Hyperpolarization, in which positive ions have exited the axon D Repolarization, in which potassium ions exit the axon E Depolarization, in which sodium ions enter the axon

E Depolarization, in which sodium ions enter the axon

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior? A Albert Bandura B Konrad Lorenz C Harry Harlow D Mary Ainsworth E Diana Baumrind

E Diana Baumrind

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms? A Forgetfulness B Hearing difficulties C Difficulty controlling balance and coordination D Difficulty controlling emotions E Difficulty with speech production

E Difficulty with speech production

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter? A Epinephrine B Endorphins C Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D Substance P E Dopamine

E Dopamine

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory? A Instinct theory B Incentive theory C Hierarchy of needs D Arousal theory E Drive-reduction theory

E Drive-reduction theory

In the figure above, where does the neurotransmitter dopamine have its effect? A A B B C C D D E E

E E

Most glands in the human body are a part of which system? A Circulatory B Skeletal C Respiratory D Renal E Endocrine

E Endocrine

Neurotransmitters that function like the drug morphine and are involved in pain modulation include which of the following? A GABA B Norepinephrine C Dopamine D Serotonin E Endorphins

E Endorphins

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A Preoperational B Operational C Conservation D Concrete operations E Formal operations

E Formal operations

After a stroke, Jeff has noticed his memory for past events remains good, but it is very difficult for him to remember new events like what movie he just watched. It is most likely that Jeff suffered damage to which part of the brain? A Hypothalamus B Cerebellum C Sensory cortex D Wernicke's area E Hippocampus

E Hippocampus

Which of the following brain structures has the strongest influence on hunger and satiety? A Hippocampus B Medulla C Occipital cortex D Corpus callosum E Hypothalamus

E Hypothalamus

After an electrode implanted in a cat's brain stimulates the cat's amygdala, the cat will most likely do which of the following? A Demonstrate maternal instincts B Begin to eat uncontrollably C Begin to purr and seek physical contact D Immediately slip into REM sleep E Immediately withdraw in fear

E Immediately withdraw in fear

Regarding Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following criticisms would most likely be made by a person from a collectivist culture? A Maslow's assertions focus too heavily on group processes. B Individuals may simultaneously attempt to satisfy many needs, such as safety, love, and self-esteem. C Maslow's stages are different for men and women. D Maslow only studied exemplary individuals, not the average person. E Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.

E Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.

The nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions? A Is perception accomplished by passive detection of images in the environment or by active detection of information? B Is language acquisition fairly complete by the early school years, or are most linguistic forms mastered only in adolescence? C Is gender identity most influenced by parental upbringing or by interaction with same-sexpeers? D Does development proceed through a series of stages, or is it continuous? E Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?

E Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?

Which of the following is true about the pons? A It is closely associated with judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality. B It functions as a bridge between the two hemispheres. C It is associated with hormones and the endocrine system. D It is associated with visual processing. E It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

E It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

Which of the following is the best example of the learning principle of reinforcement? A Sammy's father stopped buying him candy when Sammy cried, and Sammy stopped crying for candy for a while. However, one day Sammy randomly started crying for candy again. B Coraline trained her cats to respond in different ways to two different whistle pitches. They would come to be fed when she blew one whistle and leave when she blew the other whistle so she could clean their litter boxes. C Five-year-old Mandy learned to write with a pencil, but she can also write with a marker, a crayon, or a pen. D Marla audited a class, so she never took any quizzes or tests throughout the year. However, she decided she wanted to take the end-of-year final and received a very high grade without taking earlier exams. E James drank coffee before he took and passed a difficult test with a high grade, so now he drinks coffee before every test he takes because he believes doing so will help him score well on the tests.

E James drank coffee before he took and passed a difficult test with a high grade, so now he drinks coffee before every test he takes because he believes doing so will help him score well on the tests.

Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above? A Accommodation B Texture gradient C Relative size D Interposition E Linear perspective

E Linear perspective

Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the trichromatic theory cannot? A The presence of the blind spot B Accommodation of the lens C The detection of white light D Light and dark adaptation E Negative afterimages

E Negative afterimages

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities? A Reuptake B Dual processing C Accommodation D Myelination E Neuroplasticity

E Neuroplasticity

Which developmental milestone must be reached before an infant experiences separation anxiety? A Imprinting B Theory of mind C Conservation D Egocentrism E Object permanence

E Object permanence

Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above? A Operant conditioning B Classical conditioning C Prepared conditioning D Self-actualization E Observational learning

E Observational learning

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs? A Physical safety B Belonging to a community C Procreation D Gaining respect and admiration E Obtaining food and water

E Obtaining food and water

The person most strongly associated with identifying deficits in the motor speech area and in the ability to produce speech is A Noam Chomsky B Wilhelm Wundt C Edward Thorndike D Carl Wernicke E Paul Broca

E Paul Broca

Which of the following summarizes the Big Five theory of personality? A People must satisfy five basic needs before they can address their need for self-actualization. B People must pass through the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages before reaching the fifth and final stage of personality development. C People strive for superiority on five different dimensions of life. D People who are psychologically healthy score high on five different dimensions of personality. E People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

E People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

Which of the following brain regions is indicated by the arrow? A Cerebellum B Amygdala C Hypothalamus D Hippocampus E Pons

E Pons

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? A Declarative B Semantic C Iconic D Episodic E Procedural

E Procedural

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory? A Encoding B Short-term memory C Procedural memory D Explicit memory E Retrieval

E Retrieval

In the figure above, a patient has been asked to draw a slash through each circle. The pattern of responses suggests that the patient has most likely experienced damage in which of the following areas? A Left occipital lobe B Medulla C Cerebellum D Endocrine system E Right hemisphere

E Right hemisphere

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? A Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve B Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve C Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones D Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

E Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Hearing the word "ocean" makes Alice think of waves, surfboards, bathing suits, sharks, swimmers, boats, and the beach. The associations she has to the word "ocean" represent which of the following concepts? A Procedural memory B Sensory memory C Accommodation D Functional fixedness E Schema

E Schema

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste? A Vestibular sense B Just-noticeable difference C Feature analysis D Optic chiasm E Sensory interaction

E Sensory interaction

The table above is most likely to be used in a study investigating which of the following? A Prisoner's dilemma B Systematic desensitization C Gene-environment interactions D The blind spot E Signal detection

E Signal detection

The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following? A Classical conditioning B Gestalt theory C Hypothesis testing D Operant conditioning E Social learning theory

E Social learning theory

The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? A People of different cultures use similar words for common objects. B Languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure. C The number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures. D People of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions. E Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.

E Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on homosexuality? A There is a correlation between sexual orientation and early childhood problems. B There is a correlation between the sexual orientation of a child and the sexual orientation of his or her adoptive parents. C There is a correlation between sexual orientation and the size of the cerebellum. D It is possible that high levels of dopamine influence sexual orientation. E Studies of twins have shown a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

E Studies of twins have shown a genetic predisposition to homosexuality.

In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor? A Ego B Ego ideal C Id D Libido E Superego

E Superego

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? A The cochlea B The auditory nerve C The anvil D The stirrup E The eardrum

E The eardrum

Consider the relationship between various body parts and the size of their corresponding somatosensory cortex areas in the brain. How does a body part relate to the devoted cortical area? A The larger the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex. B The closer the body part is to the brain, the smaller the area of the somatosensory cortex. C The closer the body part is to the trunk, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex. D The more muscular the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex. E The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex.

E The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex.

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A Encoding failure B Social facilitation C Retrograde amnesia D Repression E The serial position effect

E The serial position effect

The above graph is most closely associated with A homeostasis B general adaptation syndrome C misattribution of arousal D self-serving bias E Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

E Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

Jordan learns a trick to solve one particular type of math problem. He then uses the same trick to solve other types of math problems, even though it does not work and he keeps getting the wrong answer. Jordan's use of the trick is an example of A spontaneous recovery B reversibility C a prototype D insight E a mental set

E a mental set

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of A his undiagnosed generalized anxiety disorder B his inability to properly resolve the identity versus role confusion stage of development C his fixed mindset D having repressed his memories of failing tests as a child E a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

E a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as A an unconditioned stimulus B an unconditioned response C a conditioned response D a primary reinforcer E a secondary reinforcer

E a secondary reinforcer

When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called A a heuristric B incubation C insight D priming E an algorithm

E an algorithm

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called A a drive B a need C a motive D an emotion E an instinct

E an instinct

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates A self-actualization B psychological reactance C a preoperational schema D the basis for psychological determinism E an internal locus of control

E an internal locus of control

A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as A general adaptation B positive reinforcement C reward training D modeling E biofeedback

E biofeedback

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to A overcome inertia in order to make a decision to act B choose an outcome that has both positive and negative aspects C decide whether to offer help when there are other people around who they feel are better suited to help D change interaction styles depending on the audience E choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

E choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates A rationalization B projection C reaction formation D regression E displacement

E displacement

The diagram above depicts the human body's A immune system B somatic nervous system C parasympathetic nervous system D sympathetic nervous system E endocrine system

E endocrine system

Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects A delay of gratification B the mechanism of reaction formation C unconscious inference D fixation and regression E external locus of control

E external locus of control

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its A loudness B timbre C amplitude D complexity E frequency

E frequency

Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to A see light B lose the sense of smell C jerk the left arm D extend the tongue E hear sounds

E hear sounds

The pituitary gland is controlled by the A hippocampus B medulla C amygdala D occipital lobe E hypothalamus

E hypothalamus

Brain lateralization refers to the A ability of the brain to process multisensory information B capacity of the brain to control basic motor movements C aptitude of the brain to produce speech D ability of the brain to control basic functions such as respiration and blood circulation E inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

E inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise A reduces her level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B reduces her level of acetylcholine C reduces her level of glutamate D increases her level of teratogens E increases her level of endorphins

E increases her level of endorphins

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of A spontaneous recovery B social learning C discrimination D latent learning E insight learning

E insight learning

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the A pitch of the sound wave B timbre of the sound wave C absolute threshold for sound perception D frequency of the sound wave E location of the source

E location of the source

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all A hormones excreted by the endocrine glands B secretions of the exocrine glands C drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders D enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals E neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

E neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on A neuroticism B conscientiousness C extraversion D agreeableness E openness to experience

E openness to experience

Being able to perform a task so well that the performance becomes automatic is most likely a result of A homeostasis B instinct C discriminative learning D self-efficacy E overlearning

E overlearning

Joseph has blue eyes and brown hair and is tall. These characteristics are best described as A recessive genes B dominant genes C mutations D genotypic traits E phenotypic traits

E phenotypic traits

All human languages have several basic sounds in common called A pheromones B semantic units C syntactic units D morphemes E phonemes

E phonemes

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain A personality traits B artificial intelligence C memory organization D organic retardation E reactions to stress

E reactions to stress

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires A perceptual constancy B feature detection C sensory adaptation D blindsight E selective attention

E selective attention

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as A real selves B ideal selves C fully functioning D humanistic E self-actualized

E self-actualized

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C distributed practice D modeling E shaping

E shaping

The division of the nervous system that most directly allows voluntary muscle movement is the A midbrain B forebrain C sympathetic D parasympathetic E somatic

E somatic

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT A sentence-completion tests B inkblot tests C drawing tests D the Thematic Apperception Test E the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

E the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that A the blind spot is very small, and no visual stimuli are likely to be so small that the blind spot completely obscures them B most visual stimuli affect only one visual hemisphere, and one hemisphere can cover for the other C visual stimuli usually affect the occipital cortex in both hemispheres D the blind spot habituates to a stimulus when the head is held still E the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

E the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified A congruence B reciprocal determinism C ambivalent attachment D authoritarian parenting E unconditional positive regard

E unconditional positive regard

Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for A being naive and overly optimistic B being subjective in interpreting unverifiable phenomena C overestimating the number of basic traits D underestimating the role of emotions E underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

E underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research?

They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects.

The next questions refer to the following. A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. Which of the following violations of ethical guidelines occurs in the study?

Violation of the right to withdraw

When is it permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person?

When the client provides written permission to share results

A researcher is studying the effect of caffeinated drinks on the activity level of ten-year-old children. Half of the children in the study drank caffeinated soda, and half drank noncaffeinated soda. Neither the research team nor the children knew which drinks had caffeine and which drinks did not. The researchers were using

a double-blind design

A psychologist designed a study to test the effects of cell phone use on driving safety. Participants were randomly assigned either to drive an automobile simulator while talking to a friend on a cell phone or to drive a simulator without talking on a phone. In the study, cell phone use can be described as

an independent variable

A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who

appear fertile

Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research

are protected from physical and psychological harm

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models?

behavioral

Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?

behaviorist

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

behavorism

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

cognitive

Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?

cognitive

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

conscious experience

Dorothea Dix was known for

documenting the poor conditions of mental asylums, which eventually led to their reform

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. This research method is best characterized as

experimental

The most important reason to use operational definitions in psychological research is it

helps everyone involved with the research understand and collect data in the same manner.

A study can be regarded as scientific only if

its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies

An illusory correlation is best defined as a

perceived relationship where one does not exist

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?

perception

Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to

sampling bias

An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for

survival

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad's conclusion is that

time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario.

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the independent variable in this study?

type of television program viewed