AP PSYCH FINAL

5. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A) Jean Piaget B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Rosalie Rayner D) Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins

7. Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks? A) Night terrors B) Insomnia C) Sleep apnea D) Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy

16. Which one of these statements is TRUE? A) Some people dream every night; others seldom dream. B) When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream. C) Older adults sleep less than young adults. D) Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.

Older adults sleep less than young adults

9. Which type of psychoactive drugs depress neural activity while lessening pain and anxiety? A) Stimulants B) Depressants C) Opiates D) Barbiturates

Opiates

1. Which theory argues that regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways? A) Information-processing B) Neural activation C) Physiological function D) Cognitive development

Physiological function

5. During which stage of sleep do vivid dreams commonly occur? A) REM B) NREM-3 C) NREM-2 D) NREM-1

REM

13. Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without the aid of an EEG machine? A) sleep spindles B) Stage 2 sleep C) REM sleep D) Stage 3 sleep

REM sleep

25. For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist. A) developmental B) clinical C) personality D) biological

clinical

10. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to ____________ psychology. A) clinical B) humanistic C) evolutionary D) cognitive

cognitive

49. In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable. A) dependent B) experimental C) control D) independent

dependent

22. Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) social B) clinical C) developmental D) industrial-organizational

developmental

17. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) evolutionary D) social-cultural

evolutionary

23. Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A) clinical B) developmental C) personality D) industrial-organizational

industrial-organizational

39. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between A) intelligence and academic success. B) financial poverty and physical health. C) self-esteem and depression. D) school grades and school absences.

intelligence and academic success

3. The unreliability of ________ led to the waning popularity of structuralism. A) introspection B) spaced practice C) behaviorism. D) humanistic psychology

introspection

28. On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy A) defies the laws of statistical probability. B) illustrates hindsight bias. C) is inconsistent with an empirical approach. D) is a random and coincidental occurrence.

is a random and coincidental occurrence.

20. The control of speech production by the left rather than the right hemisphere of the brain best illustrates: A) neurogenesis. B) lateralization. C) cognitive neural prosthetics. D) plasticity.

lateralization

1. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of: A) animal intelligence B) personality development. C) social influence. D) mental processes.

mental processes

9. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of: A) mental processes. B) hereditary influences. C) unconscious motives. D) learned behaviors.

mental processes

35. Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in A) survey research. B) naturalistic observation. C) experimentation. D) replication.

naturalistic observation

32. A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n) A) hypothesis. B) control condition. C) replication. D) operational definition.

operational definition

11. Charles can drive while talking to his friend in the passenger's seat without a significant impairment to his driving. This is an example of: A) the cocktail party effect. B) parallel processing. C) inattentional blindness. D) selective attention.

parallel processing

20. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how A) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. B) people try to understand their own unconscious motives. C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

17. Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when the drug is withheld are signs of: A) physical addiction. B) drug tolerance. C) psychological dependence. D) emotional dependence.

physical addiction

A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to be A) statistically significant. B) extrapolated. C) a standard deviation. D) skewed.

skewed

21. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups? A) evolutionary B) psychodynamic C) social-cultural D) neuroscience

social-cultural

21. Nicotine is classified as a: A) narcotic. B) stimulant. C) depressant. D) relaxant.

stimulant

15. An important psychological contributor to drug use is A) overprotective parents. B) inflated self-esteem. C) the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless. D) genetic predispositions.

the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless

4. The blindsight phenomenon provides evidence for: A) inattentional blindness. B) the two-track mind. C) selective attention. D) parallel processing.

the two-track mind

18. The reduction in the body's response to a drug which may accompany drug use is called: A) tolerance. B) withdrawal. C) addiction. D) dependence

tolerance

14. The suprachiasmatic nucleus does its job partly by causing the brain's pineal gland to (i) _______its production of the sleep-inducing hormone (ii) _________ when triggered by signals from light-sensitive retinal proteins exposed to bright morning sunlight. A) (i) increase; (ii) leptin B) (i) decrease; (ii) melatonin C) (i) increase; (ii) melatonin D) (i) decrease; (ii) leptin

(i) decrease; (ii) melatonin

10. Which psychoactive drug elicits an emotional elevation and disinhibition? A) Heroin B) LSD C) Ecstasy D) Marijuana

Ecstasy

7. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism

Freudian psychology

8. Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the hallucinations evoked by: A) MDMA B) LSD C) Cocaine D) Marijuana

LSD

6. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep? A) Sleep plays a role in the growth process. B) Sleep has survival value. C) Sleep helps us recuperate. D) Sleep rests the eyes.

Sleep rests the eyes

42. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group? A) The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. B) The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments. C) The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment. D) The experimental treatment is absent.

The experimental treatment is absent.

31. Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of A) informed consent. B) the placebo effect. C) a hypothesis. D) a confounding variable.

a hypothesis

4. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the: A) adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors. B) component elements of sensory experience. C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives. D) treatment of psychological disorders.

adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors

19. A particularly dangerous (often deadly) combination of drugs is: A) caffeine and nicotine. B) marijuana and hashish. C) amphetamines and dexedrine. D) alcohol and barbiturates.

alcohol and barbiturates

23. Young adults' dreams usually: A) are instantaneous, being a flash of visual images. B) occur twice nightly. C) last only about five minutes each. D) are about ninety minutes apart with each succeeding dream phase lasting a little longer.

are about ninety minutes apart with each succeeding dream phase lasting a little longer

43. Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because A) we most readily notice associations that confirm our beliefs. B) association does not prove causation. C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. D) the sample may have been randomly selected.

association does not prove causation

11. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: A) conscious and unconscious mental activity. B) observable responses to the environment. C) behavior and mental processes. D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

behavior and mental processes

14. Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of: A) behavior genetics. B) cognitive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) humanistic psychology.

behavior genetics

19. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. A) behavior genetics B) neuroscience C) psychodynamic D) behavioral

behavioral

44. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate A) facts from theories. B) causes from effects. C) case studies from surveys. D) random samples from representative samples.

causes from effects

26. Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all. A) counseling psychologists. B) cognitive psychologists. C) community psychologists. D) clinical psychologists.

community psychologists

48. A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a A) wording effect. B) correlation coefficient. C) placebo effect. D) confounding variable

confounding variable

38. Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables? A) correlation coefficient B) standard deviation C) range D) mean

correlation coefficient

37. To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use A) the case study approach. B) naturalistic observation. C) correlational measures. D) experimental research.

correlational measures

29. Melinda expressed concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to convey unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrated A) hindsight bias. B) the perils of intuition. C) critical thinking. D) the perception of order in random events.

critical thinking

27. Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates A) critical inquiry. B) random sequences. C) hidden values. D) hindsight bias.

hindsight bias

8. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D) behavior genetics.

humanistic psychology

3. Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called: A) situational tolerance B) inattentional blindness C) attentolepsy D) change blindness

inattentional blindness

12. Tiffany has not slept in days as she is busy cramming for final exams. The effects of her sleep deprivation would likely NOT include: A) trouble concentrating. B) increased metabolism. C) depressed mood. D) increased stress hormones.

increased metabolism

47. In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable. A) dependent B) independent C) control D) experimental

independent

6. From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of: A) genetic influences. B) self-esteem. C) conscious thoughts and feelings. D) observable behavior.

observable behavior

12. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding: A) structuralism and functionalism. B) conscious and unconscious thought. C) observation and introspection. D) nature and nurture.

nature and nurture

13. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of A) neuroscience and cognition. B) nature and nurture. C) behavior and mental processes. D) conscious and unconscious thoughts.

nature and nurture

40. If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are A) causally related. B) negatively correlated. C) independent variables. D) positively correlated.

negatively correlated

16. Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience

neuroscience

15. Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of A) the psychodynamic perspective. B) positive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) behavior genetics.

positive psychology

30. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable A) assumptions. B) correlations. C) predictions. D) variables.

predictions

2. Evolutionary psychologists A) presume that consciousness offers a reproductive advantage. B) explore and map the conscious functions of the cortex. C) have proven that conscious experience arises from synchronized activity in the left hemisphere. D) have identified over 1000 different states of consciousness.

presume that consciousness offers a reproductive advantage

24. Clinical psychologists specialize in A) constructing surveys. B) animal research. C) providing therapy to troubled people. D) providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.

providing therapy to troubled people

22. Substances capable of altering human consciousness are classified as: A) pharmacologic drugs. B) narcotics. C) addictive. D) psychoactive drugs.

psychoactive drugs

18. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) behavior genetics

psychodynamic

50. The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because A) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes. B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions. C) psychological research usually necessitates performing stressful experiments on people. D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.

psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes

36. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as A) the case study. B) the double-blind procedure. C) random sampling. D) naturalistic observation.

random sampling

41. After sports magazines give cover-story attention to the recent outstanding performances of an athlete, the individual often suffers a real decline in performance. This may be at least partially explained in terms of A) illusory correlation. B) the illusion control. C) the placebo effect. D) regression toward the mean.

regression toward the mean

33. Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? A) naturalistic observation B) replication C) random sampling D) the case study

replication

2. The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called A) cognitive neuroscience. B) behaviorism. C) structuralism. D) evolutionary psychology.

structuralism

34. To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? A) the survey B) the case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation

the case study

46. To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of A) random sampling. B) the double-blind procedure. C) random assignment. D) operational definitions.

the double-blind procedure

45. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about A) what experimental hypothesis is being tested. B) whether the experimental findings will be meaningful. C) how the dependent variable is measured. D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving