AP Psych midterm review
An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the A) initiation of neural impulses. B) release of endorphins into the central nervous system. C) release of hormones into the bloodstream. D) activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. E) inheritance of behavioral predispositions.
A
Christine, who is opposed to capital punishment, was extremely surprised to learn that the results of a survey indicated that the majority of the population approved of capital punishment. Christine's surprise best illustrates the power of A) the false consensus effect. B) the placebo effect. C) random assignment. D) the double-blind procedure. E) the hindsight bias.
A
In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) A) population. B) representative sample. C) independent variable. D) control condition. E) dependent variable.
A
In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? A) naturalistic observation B) replication C) the survey D) the case study E) experimentation
A
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? A) ñ0.12 the closer to 0, the weaker B) +1.00 C) ñ0.99 D) +0.25 E) ñ0.50
A
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into A) synaptic gaps. B) the bloodstream. C) the limbic system. D) sensory neurons. E) interneurons.
B
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the A) test was given to a very small class of students. B) students' scores tended to be very similar to one another. C) mean test score was lower than the median score. D) students generally performed very well on the test. E) test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
B
Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________. A) correlational studies; case studies B) surveys; experiments C) illusory correlation; false consensus D) replication; correlation E) description; prediction
B
Seven members of a 4H club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cakes: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the A) mean is equal to the mode and equal to the median. B) mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median. C) mean is equal to the mode and less than the median. D) mean is greater than the mode and equal to the median. E) mean is less than the mode and less than the median.
B
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) A) EEG. B) MRI. Functional activity in brain and changes in blood flow C) PET scan. D) brain lesion. E) X-ray.
B
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the A) mean. B) range. C) median. D) standard deviation. E) correlation coefficient.
B
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the A) reflex. B) threshold. C) synapse. D) action potential. E) refractory period.
B
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system. A) parasympathetic B) Sympathetic fight or flight C) somatic D) sensorimotor E) central
B
Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of A) naturalistic observation. B) illusory correlation. C) the double-blind procedure. D) random sampling. E) the false consensus effect.
C
Motor neurons are an important part of the A) limbic system. B) reticular formation. C) peripheral nervous system. Found exclusively in pns D) brainstem. E) motor cortex.
C
Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of A) the false consensus effect. B) replication. C) the hindsight bias. D) the double-blind procedure. E) the placebo effect.
C
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called A) neurotransmitters. B) glial cells. C) hormones. D) agonists. E) genes.
C
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to A) motor neurons. B) neurotransmitters. C) interneurons. Transmits impulses between other neurons found only in cns D) the sympathetic nervous system. E) the parasympathetic nervous system.
C
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as A) molecular genetics. B) evolutionary psychology. C) behavior genetics. D) gender-typing. E) genome research.
C
JosÈ has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of A) glutamate. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) endorphins. Released during times of stress and pain E) insulin.
D
On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of A) 3. B) 4. C) 5. D) 6. Mean-5 // 2-5=-3^2=9 // 5-5..=0 // 8-5=3^2=9 // mean=6 E) 9.
D
People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple A) ACh agonists. B) reticular formations. C) endorphins. D) neural networks. A neural network is a connectionist; read, input, process, output E) ACh antagonists.
D
The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to A) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. B) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. C) avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. D) explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. E) increase the difficulty level of research endeavors while maintaining validity.
D
The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by A) the hindsight bias. B) the false consensus effect. C) illusory correlation. D) operational definitions. E) the placebo effect.
D
The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates A) random assignment. B) the hindsight bias. C) the false consensus effect. D) the placebo effect. E) illusory correlation.
D
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of A) perceiving order in random events. B) generalizing from extreme examples. C) randomly sampling children's views. D) exaggerating the extent to which others share our beliefs. E) assuming that correlation proves causation.
E
When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates A) illusory correlation. B) the false consensus effect. C) the placebo effect. D) wording effects. E) overconfidence.
E
1. According to Erikson, a young adult's developmental crisis centers around a. intimacy vs. isolation b. identity vs. role confusion c. autonomy vs. shame and guilt d. industry vs. inferiority e. generativity vs. stagnation
a
1. Ben thinks students will answer questions printed on yellow paper more quickly than those printed on blue paper. All study participants will take three tests with 35 multiple-choice questions each. The independent variable in Ben's experiment is a. the color of the paper b. the number of questions answered correctly c. how long it takes students to answer questions d. the total number of questions answered e. the difference in results between the experimental and control groups
a
1. Dan read a list of 30 vocabulary words only once. If he is typical and shows the serial position effect, we would expect that the words he remembers two days later are a. at the beginning of the list b. in the middle of the list c. at the end of the list d. distributed throughout the list e. unpredictable
a
1. Dr. Scarlett conducted experiments in which she electrically stimulated parts of a cat's brain. A cat that became terrified in the presence of a mouse was most likely stimulated in the a. limbic system b. thalamus c. medulla d. cerebellum e. temporal lobe
a
1. Of the following, which provides the most valid and reliable data about individuals as they progress through various stages of development? a. cross-sectional studies b. surveys c. transactional analysis d. longitudinal studies e. correlational studies
a
1. When the class listened to a list of words, half the group was directed to listen for sounds while the other half was asked to gauge the emotional impact of the words. The group who gauged the emotional impact remembered many more words. This is evidence that better retention results with attention to a. semantic features b. echoic features c. shallow processing d. surface processing e. rehearsal
a
1. Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is LEAST resistant to extinction? a. continuous b. fixed ratio c. fixed interval d. variable ratio e. variable interval
a
1. You are given four lists of words to learn: 1, 2, 3, and You must learn list 1, then list 2, etc. Which list(s) would cause proactive interference for remembering list 2? a. list 1 only b. list 3 only c. list 4 only d. lists 3 and 4 only e. lists 1, 3, and 4
a
A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of A) social harmony. B) personal privacy. C) innovation and creativity. D) racial diversity. E) personal convictions.
a
A pigeon trained to peck at a green light pecks at a yellow light also. This illustrates a. generalization b. discrimination c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery e. shaping
a
Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced by A) operant conditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) observational learning. D) spontaneous recovery. E) latent learning.
a
Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that A) person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups. Aims to answer questions on causes of cultural variation and involves comparison of some cultural trait B) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups. C) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences. D) developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures. E) genetic assessment of Cultural differences is possible.
a
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term "proactive interference." Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A) automatic processing. B) the serial position effect. C) the spacing effect. D) the method of loci. E) the next-in-line effect.
a
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. A) manifest B) latent C) dissociated D) paradoxical E) delusional
a
If an adult develops cataracts, his or her A) absolute threshold for light is likely to increase. B) difference threshold for light is likely to decrease. C) absolute threshold for light is likely to decrease. D) difference threshold for light is likely to remain unchanged. E) absolute threshold for light is likely to remain the same.
a
In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of A) memory construction. B) long-term potentiation. C) flashbulb memory. D) sensory memory. E) mood-congruent memory.
a
In order to trigger a person's hand to make a fist, JosÈ Delgado stimulated the individual's A) motor cortex. B) hypothalamus. C) sensory cortex. D) reticular formation. E) limbic system.
a
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as A) the spacing effect. B) the serial position effect. C) mood-congruent memory. D) chunking. E) automatic processing.
a
Jyoti notes the behavior of people as they wait in line for tickets to rock concerts. Which of the following research methods is she using? a. a naturalistic observation b. survey c. controlled experiment d. quasi-experiment e. case study
a
More than half of the volume of the human brain is composed of the a. cerebral cortex b. septum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex c. medulla, pons, and cerebellum d. hypothalamus and thalamus e. olfactory bulbs, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, and reticular formation
a
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) insomnia. D) night terrors. E) aphasia.
a
Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of A) individualism. B) gender-typing. C) collectivism. D) heritability. E) the selection effect.
a
Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by A) Genes than by home environment. Even when reared apart, twins are still pretty similar B) home environment than by genes. C) genes than by peers. D) home environment than by peers. E) genes than by heredity.
a
The ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about, while filtering out or ignoring other information, is called a. selective attention b. subliminal processing c. time-sharing d. masking e. shadowing
a
The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in A) children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed. B) people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord. C) individuals with Alzheimer's disease. D) adults with aphasia. E) people free of any disease or brain damage.
a
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of A) Stage 1 sleep. B) Stage 2 sleep. C) Stage 3 sleep. D) Stage 4 sleep. E) Stage 5 sleep.
a
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called A) functional fixedness. B) the availability heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) belief perseverance. E) the representativeness heuristic.
a
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is A) dreaming. B) entering the third stage of sleep. C) ready to sleepwalk. D) exhibiting a sleep spindle. E) experiencing a night terror.
a
What is the definition of discrimination that most directly applies to perception? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e
a
When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n) A) concept. B) heuristic. C) algorithm. D) prototype. E) mental set.
a
Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back? A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal E) cerebral.
a
Which of the following is a psychedelic drug? A) LSD B) cocaine C) heroin D) caffeine E) nicotine
a
Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with self-esteem and actualizing one's potential? a. humanistic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. psychodynamic e. sociocultural
a
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your car? a. olfactory receptors b. gustatory receptors c. feature detectors d. basilar membrane e. pacinian corpuscles
a
Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of A) observational learning. B) classical conditioning. C) operant conditioning. D) spontaneous recovery. E) discrimination.
a
1. "Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes," commonly defines psychology. In their definition of psychology, behaviorists would be likely to eliminate I. science II. behavior III. mental processes a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III only e. I, II, and III
b
1. A classically conditioned response can best be eliminated by presentation of a. the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus b. the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus c. a neutral stimulus d. conditioned stimulus a few seconds before the unconditioned stimulus e. unconditioned response
b
1. Michelle watches David Letterman on television, but doesn't recognize him when she walks past him in Manhattan. Which effect on perception does this best illustrate? a. convergence b. context c. proximity d. closure e. monocular cues
b
1. Species-specific behaviors that cannot be explained as a result of social learning or conditioning, such as Monarch butterflies flying to Mexico to mate, are called a. motives b. fixed-action patterns c. schemas d. imprinting e. reflexes
b
1. Tests that have been pre-tested with a sample of the population for whom the test is intended and have a uniform set of instructions and administration procedures are a. valid b. standardized c. reliable d. fair e. predictive
b
1. The primary reason why we cannot taste sand or smell platinum is that a. they are not chemicals b. they are not soluble in water c. they are poisonous d. they have no nutritional value e. the thresholds for tasting sand and smelling platinum are higher for humans than for amphibians and reptiles
b
1. The scores of Brian's team on the quiz were: 8, 6, 9, 7, 10, 9, 5, 4, The median of the team's scores is a. 9 b. 8 c. 7.5 d. 7 e. 6
b
1. Today, it is unlikely that a psychologist could condition a baby to fear a rat and other small animals in a research study at a university because a. no parent would permit a child to participate in such a study b. the study violates ethical guidelines c. babies are too young to fear small animals d. conditioning experiments are no longer done e. fear of animals is inborn
b
1. Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with both Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. endorphins e. GABA
b
1. Which of the following are included in the peripheral nervous system? a. brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves b. cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia c. spinal cord, spinal nerves, sense organs d. medulla, pons, thalamus e. amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus
b
1. Which of the following explanations of why a 17-year-old drives his car at or below the speed limit best illustrates Kohlberg's conventional level of morality? a. "I don't want to get any tickets." b. "It's the law." c. "I want my parents to approve of my driving." d. "I don't want to crash my car." e. "With so many people in our society driving cars, I cannot put anyone else or myself in danger by driving at a faster speed than the number of cars, roads, and weather conditions permit."
b
A population frequently studied to best assess the relative effects of nature vs. nurture is a. identical twins b. identical quadruplets c. adopted children and their adoptive parents d. couples who have been married for many years e. families with genetic diseases
b
A subliminal message is one that is presented A) while an individual is under hypnosis. B) below one's absolute threshold for awareness. C) in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive. D) with very soft background music. E) repetitiously.
b
After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. A) echoic B) short-term C) flashbulb D) long-term E) implicit
b
An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are A) schemas. B) self-regulating. C) gender-typed. D) protein molecules. E) evolving.
b
As a result of an accident, Abdul lost sight in his right eye. To judge the distance of vehicles when he is driving, Abdul is able to rely on cues of I. accommodation II. relative size III. retinal disparity a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III
b
As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of A) visual capture. B) size constancy. C) closure. D) convergence. E) linear perspective.
b
By insisting that humans are ìnothing butî products of nature and nurture, we run the greatest risk of undermining A) collectivism. B) individual responsibility. C) natural selection. D) gender identity. E) social learning.
b
Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the A) impact of genetic predispositions on human sexual behavior. B) impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior. C) variety of traits that contribute to reproductively successful behaviors. D) extent to which certain gender differences in sexual behavior are common to all cultures. E) number of human traits influenced by genetics.
b
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) developmental C) biological D) psychodynamic E) educational
b
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by A) cognitive processes. B) biological predispositions. C) environmental factors. D) continuous reinforcement. E) latent learning.
b
In daylight, objects that reflect all wavelengths of light appear a. black b. white c. dull d. ultraviolet e. infrared
b
In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen. This illustrated A) perceptual constancy. B) inattentional blindness. C) retinal disparity. D) stroboscopic movement. E) selective attention.
b
Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of A) belief perseverance. B) an algorithm. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) the availability heuristic. E) functional fixedness.
b
Japanese students are more likely than American students to describe themselves in terms of their A) physical appearance. B) social identities. C) political ideology. D) personality traits. E) sincerity.
b
Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development. A) shaping B) observational learning C) generalization D) delayed reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery
b
Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the A) sensory cortex. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebellum. D) medulla. E) amygdala.
b
Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is A) "Try to justify your positions." B) "Consider the opposite." C) "Don't draw hasty conclusions." D) "Be as objective as possible." E) "Never show your emotions."
b
Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve A) source amnesia. B) synaptic changes. C) motivated forgetting. D) the serial position effect. E) endocrine changes.
b
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called A) shaping. B) acquisition. C) generalization. D) spontaneous recovery. E) latent learning.
b
Shannon forgot her pillow when she went camping, so she complained about having to sleep with her head flat the whole night. Her failure to fold up her jeans and sweater to use as a pillow substitute best illustrates the effects of a. the availability heuristic b. functional fixedness c. confirmation bias d. the representativeness heuristic e. belief perseverance
b
The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the A) lens. B) iris. C) retina. D) optic nerve. E) feature detectors.
b
The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of A) the serial position effect. B) semantic encoding. C) retroactive interference. D) iconic memory. E) repression.
b
The longer the individual is exposed to a strong odor, the less aware of the odor the individual becomes. This phenomenon is known as sensory a. acuity b. adaptation c. awareness d. reception e. overload
b
The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was A) psychoanalysis. B) behaviorism. C) functionalism. D) structuralism. E) Gestalt psychology.
b
When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates A) flashbulb memory. B) the misinformation effect. C) mood-congruent memory. D) the self-reference effect. E) proactive interference.
b
While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of A) age regression. B) posthypnotic suggestion. C) a hidden observer. D) posthypnotic amnesia. E) paradoxical sleep.
b
You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates A) sensory deprivation. B) selective attention. C) the phi phenomenon. D) convergence. E) visual capture.
b
1. According to Adler, firstborn children are more likely than subsequent children in a family to be a. sociable b. funny c. responsible d. followers e. liberal
c
1. Functionally, receptors in the retina of the eye differ most from receptors in the cochlea of the ear in the a. magnitude of the resting potentials of their membranes b. ions involved in their action potentials c. types of energy they transduce d. number of axons each cell possesses e. ability to reproduce
c
1. Irrelevant thoughts that provide stimulation when your interest is flagging, letting you experience positive emotions, are a. nonconscious b. unconscious c. daydreams d. delusions e. circadian
c
1. Javier wants to study the effects on achievement of taking a course in chemistry in the afternoon, rather than in the morning. A teacher has chemistry classes with the same number of students at 8:30 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., and volunteers to participate with her classes. A major problem in this study would be a. poor replication b. lack of a hypothesis c. confounding variables d. difficulty in obtaining informed consent e. the placebo effect
c
1. The focus of structuralists most closely matches the current perspective of a. psychoanalysis b. behaviorists c. cognitivists d. humanists e. evolutionists
c
1. The perceived volume of a tone is mainly determined by its a. frequency b. timbre c. amplitude d. overtones e. saturation
c
A random error in gene replication is known as a A) gender schema. B) genome. C) mutation. D) natural selection. E) heritability.
c
A researcher asks elementary, junior high, senior high, and college students to define the term "cheating", and analyzes differences in their definitions across age groups. This is an example of which type of study? a. longitudinal b. sequential c. cross-sectional d. case study e. observational
c
A two year old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and becomes frightened. The child's reaction is most likely an example of which of the following a. stimulus discrimination b. second-order conditioning c. Stimulus generalization d. stimulus preconditioning e. spontaneous recovery
c
A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of A) collectivism. B) heritability. C) individualism. D) gender schema. E) communication systems.
c
According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ________ of our ancestors. A) gender-typing B) personal space C) reproductive success D) neuroticism E) intelligence
c
After watching cartoons in which characters hit, punch, and kick other characters, nursery school students engage in more aggressive behavior than after watching Barney. This observation best supports a. psychoanalytic theory b. psychodynamic theory c. social learning theory d. humanistic theory e. opponent process theory
c
Alcohol consumption is least likely to make people more A) fearful. B) aggressive. C) self-conscious. D) sexually daring. E) self-disclosing.
c
An integrated understanding of gender differences in behavior in terms of gender roles, sex hormones, and individual expectations regarding gender appropriate behavior is most clearly provided by A) gender schema theory. B) molecular genetics. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) evolutionary psychology. E) social learning.
c
It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. A) primary reinforcement B) generalization C) biological predispositions D) negative reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery
c
On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by A) the opponent-process theory. B) Weber's law. C) the gate-control theory. D) the Young-Helmholtz theory. E) frequency theory.
c
Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of A) long-term potentiation. B) automatic processing. C) memory construction. D) the spacing effect. E) visual encoding.
c
Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated A) the self-reference effect. B) mood-congruent memory. C) the misinformation effect. D) proactive interference. E) the spacing effect.
c
Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in A) intelligence. B) gender schemas. C) temperament. D) physical health. E) introversion level.
c
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate A) shaping. B) extrinsic motivation. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning. E) negative reinforcement.
c
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates A) retroactive interference. B) mood-congruent memory. C) proactive interference. D) the spacing effect. E) source amnesia.
c
Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to A) chunking. B) relearning. C) priming. D) repression. E) the spacing effect.
c
Rudolph spends hours painting in his studio, even though he sells few pictures. Which of the following explains Rudolph's creative productivity a. functional fixedness b. inductive reasoning c. intrinsic motivation d. incubation e. heuristics
c
The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were A) unconditioned responses. B) primary reinforcers. C) conditioned responses. D) conditioned stimuli. E) conditioned reinforcers.
c
The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called A) intolerance. B) narcolepsy. C) withdrawal. D) REM rebound. E) dissociation.
c
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable A) assumptions. B) correlations. C) predictions. D) variables. E) hypotheses.
c
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called A) alpha waves. B) beta waves. C) delta waves. D) theta waves. E) sleep spindles.
c
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called A) priming. B) sensory adaptation. C) transduction. D) parallel processing. E) sensory interaction.
c
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is a a. concept b. word c. phoneme c. morpheme d. grammar
c
The ìlittle brainî attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the A) limbic system. B) corpus callosum. C) cerebellum. D) reticular formation. E) thalamus.
c
Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of A) neuroadaptation. B) animal magnetism. C) biological rhythms. D) narcolepsy. E) REM sleep.
c
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by A) testosterone. B) gender schemas. C) heredity. D) gender-typing. E) environment.
c
When Jared saw shadows of people on the walls of his bedroom, his blood pressure increased and his breathing rate sped up. These physical reactions were most directly regulated by his a. sensorimotor system b. somatic nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. pineal gland e. parasympathetic nervous system
c
Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? A) ganglion cells B) bipolar cells C) rods and cones D) feature detectors E) occipital cells
c
Which of the following best exemplifies sensory adaptation? a. enjoying a song the more you hear it b. responding immediately every time the fire alarm is sounded c. not realizing how cold the pool is after you are under the water for a few minutes d. relying heavily on your hearing when you are walking down a dark corridor e. not knowing what other people at a cocktail party are saying while you are attending to one conversation
c
Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? A) latent learning B) partial reinforcement C) spontaneous recovery D) generalization E) discrimination
c
Wilder Penfield's studies suggest that some long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. This suggests that forgetting may be a matter of a. displacement b. gradual decay c. retrieval failure d. failure to encode the memories e. unconscious wishes to forget
c
1. "Get cookie," best exemplifies a. babbling b. cooing c. holophrases d. telegraphic speech e. mental set
d
1. After collecting and analyzing the responses of 2,000 randomly selected study participants, Adeel finds that college juniors who work at paying jobs 15 hours a week get higher grades than juniors who don't have paying jobs or who work full time. Which of the following research methods did Adeel use? a. experimental b. naturalistic observation c. case study d. survey
d
1. Which of the following LEAST influences sexual behavior? a. hypothalamus b. pituitary c. gonads d. cerebral cortex e. reticular formation
d
1. Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT paired with a hormone that it produces? a. pineal-melatonin b. hypothalamus-thyroid-stimulating hormone c. thyroid-thyroxine d. adrenals-cortisol e. pancreas-glucagon
d
A gestalt is best described as a(n) A) binocular cue. B) illusion. C) perceptual adaptation. D) organized whole. E) perceptual set.
d
According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, the first reaction of a person faced with a terminal illness is a. acceptance b. anger c. bargaining d. denial e. depression
d
Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the A) thalamus. B) cerebellum. C) reticular formation. D) limbic system. E) angular gyrus.
d
Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his A) brainstem. B) cerebellum. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) motor cortex.
d
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. E) positive punishment.
d
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A) sleeptalking. B) hypnagogic sensations. C) muscle tension. D) REM sleep. E) Stage 4 sleep.
d
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. A) echoic B) flashbulb C) state-dependent D) iconic E) implicit
d
Circadian rhythm refers to A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. C) the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight. D) the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep. E) a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.
d
Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates A) the self-reference effect. B) source amnesia. C) proactive interference. D) rosy retrospection. E) the spacing effect.
d
Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of A) primary reinforcement. B) classical conditioning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) operant conditioning. E) latent learning.
d
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of A) gender schema theory. B) gender-typing. C) temperament. D) natural selection. E) genome mapping.
d
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A) secondary reinforcement. B) delayed reinforcement. C) spontaneous recovery. D) shaping. E) latent learning
d
If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s). A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 10
d
Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called A) semantic techniques. B) iconic traces. C) organizational cues. D) mnemonic devices. E) flashbulb memories.
d
Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates A) subliminal perception. B) sensory adaptation. C) synaesthesia. D) blindsight. E) the McGurk effect.
d
Scott tried to unscramble the letters NEBOTYA for 20 minutes to spell a word, but was not successful. While walking to class, the answer suddenly came to him that the word was BAYONET. This exemplifies a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. the law of effect d. insight
d
State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million so as to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of A) functional fixedness. B) belief perseverance. C) mental set. D) the availability heuristic. E) the representativeness heuristic.
d
The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the A) eustachian tube. B) auditory canal. C) semicircular canal. D) cochlea. E) vestibular apparatus.
d
The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n) A) MRI. B) brain lesion. C) EEG. D) PET scan. E) hemispherectomy.
d
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of A) difference thresholds. B) sensory adaptation. C) equilibrium. D) sensory interaction. E) accommodation.
d
The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of A) relative clarity. B) stroboscopic movement. C) perceptual adaptation. D) context effects. E) visual capture.
d
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the A) fovea. B) optic nerve. C) cornea. D) retina. E) iris.
d
The occipital lobes are to ________ as the temporal lobes are to ________. A) hearing; sensing movement B) seeing; sensing touch C) sensing pleasure; sensing pain D) seeing; hearing E) speaking; hearing
d
The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning. A) shaping B) discrimination C) generalization D) cognitive processes E) intermittent reinforcement
d
The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called A) spontaneous recovery. B) conditioned reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) generalization. E) shaping.
d
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of A) natural selection. B) temperament. C) gender identity. D) norms. E) collectivism.
d
Unconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to A) occur slowly. B) be limited in its capacity. C) contribute to effective problem solving. D) occur simultaneously on several parallel dimensions. E) relate to childhood events.
d
University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of A) functional fixedness. B) the availability heuristic. C) the framing effect. D) confirmation bias. E) the representativeness heuristic.
d
When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. A) rehearsal B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval E) automatic processing
d
Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell? A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) pons D) thalamus E) medulla.
d
Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? A) Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a restless night. B) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime. C) Avoid taking short naps during the day. D) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime. E) Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before bedtime.
d
Which of the following scans can image brain function? I. CAT II. MRI III. PET a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III
d
Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades? A) standard deviation B) mean C) median D) correlation coefficient a number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data. E) range
d
Which of the following theoretical frameworks would argue most strongly that a healthy child will choose what is good for his or her growth a. social learning theory b. psychoanalytic c. behavioral d. humanistic e. psychodynamic
d
Which psychoactive drugs are most frequently prescribed to relieve pain? a. stimulants b. depressants c. antidepressants d. antipsychotics e. narcotics
d
Which type of psychologist would be interested primarily in studying whether people behave differently in groups than they do alone a. experimental b. cognitive c. developmental d. social e. clinical
d
Women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who seem A) shy and reserved. B) emotionally reactive and intense. C) interested in casual, uncommitted sex. D) mature and affluent. E) extroverted and dependent.
d
Your little cousin watches you at the computer, and when you get up he immediately tries to use the keyboard. His behavior in this situation can best be explained on the basis of a. superstition b. classical conditioning c. operant aversive conditioning d. modeling e. discrimination
d
which is the definition of discrimination that most directly applies to classical conditioning a. a b. b c. c d. d e. e
d
1. Cognitivists claim that classical conditioning results from a. an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response b. an association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus c. an association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response d. an association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response e. an expectation of what is coming following the conditioned stimulus
e
1. Dr. Ramchandran found that his patients who brushed their teeth after lunch had 1/20 the number of cavities in their teeth as those who didn't. After interviewing the dentist, a local newswriter reports that brushing teeth after lunch prevents cavities. Based on the dentist's research, which of the following statements is true? a. If at least 100 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified. b. If a minimum of 500 patients were studied, the writer's statement is justified. c. At least 100 of the patients needed to have brushed their teeth after lunch for the writer's statement to be justified. d. Dr. Ramchandran's study needs to be replicated for the writer's statement to be justified. e. No matter how many participants, the writer's statement is not justified.
e
1. Loss of the ability to understand language results from loss of tissue in which of the following lobes? a. right frontal b. right temporal c. right parietal d. left frontal e. left temporal
e
1. Receptors that respond to gravity and keep you informed of your body's location in space are located primarily in the a. cochlea of the ear b. macula of the eye c. olfactory mucosa d. muscles and joints of the skeleton e. semicircular canals of the ear
e
1. The heritability for traits of a cloned population is a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. 100%
e
1. Which of the following contributes most directly to people's exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence? a. belief perseverance b. the framing effect c. overconfidence d. the representativeness heuristic e. the availability heuristic
e
A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement. A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) primary; secondary D) partial; continuous E) continuous; partial
e
According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light. A) red; blue B) blue; green C) yellow; green D) blue; red E) yellow; blue
e
After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of A) proactive interference. B) mood-congruent memory. C) the self-reference effect. D) implicit memory. E) source amnesia.
e
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates A) the spacing effect. B) proactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) motivated forgetting. E) state-dependent memory.
e
Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates A) perceptual adaptation. B) change blindness. C) relative clarity. D) the phi phenomenon. E) the cocktail party effect.
e
Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in A) loss of movement. B) accommodation. C) conduction hearing loss. D) loss of the sense of balance. E) nerve deafness.
e
Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of A) acoustic encoding. B) automatic processing. C) implicit memory. D) visual imagery. E) chunking.
e
Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________. A) the just noticeable difference; accommodation B) absolute threshold; difference threshold C) sensory interaction; feature detection D) feature detection; sensory interaction E) sensation; perception
e
In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) A) independent variable. B) representative sample. C) control. D) dependent variable. E) population.
e
Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the A) framing effect. B) availability heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) belief perseverance phenomenon. E) representativeness heuristic.
e
Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits A) the serial position effect. B) retroactive interference. C) the next-in-line effect. D) proactive interference. E) rehearsal.
e
Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of ________ in personality development. A) testosterone B) gender schemas C) erotic plasticity D) home environments E) genetic predispositions if they're apart, the only thing they have in common are their genetics
e
The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why A) most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events. B) dreams are accompanied by eye movements. C) dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form. D) individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams. E) people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
e
The impact of rewards and punishments on gender-typing is most clearly emphasized by A) evolutionary psychology. B) psychoanalytic theory. C) gender schema theory. D) behavior genetics. E) social learning theory. People learn from watching one another
e
Which of the following is true of alcohol? A) In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant. B) In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant. C) In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant. D) In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant. E) In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
e
Which of the following is true of psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes? A) They have demonstrated the value of clairvoyance. B) They have used telepathy to read the mind of the criminal. C) They have used precognition to forewarn the police of criminal acts. D) They have provided useful predictions using all their powers in 90 percent of the cases. E) They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses.
e
Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories? A) Ebbinghaus B) Loftus C) Peterson D) Sperling E) Freud
e
Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) angular gyrus. D) corpus callosum. E) medulla.
e