AP Psych: Module 48-50

What does research indicate is the correlation between parenting styles and future personality traits of children?

authoritative: high self esteem, self reliance, and social competence authoritarian: less social skill and self-esteem permissive: aggressive and immature

Summarize Harry Harlow's study of attachment on monkeys.

found that infants become attached to parents who are soft and warm rather than nurturing bc much of parent-infant emotional connection occurs via touch. Attachment also involves one person providing the other a secure base from which to explore their environment.

In which areas do parents tend to have the greatest influence on their children's lives?

genetically

How did Mary Ainsworth's work with the strange situation design help answer the question of attachment differences?

helped scientists to understand why kids are securely or insecurely attached and how their behavior is influenced by their behavior

List two alternative explanations for the link between parenting and later competence.

1. children's traits may influence parenting 2. some underlying 3rd factor may be at work (ex: genetics)

List specific outcomes correlated with being raised in abusive homes.

hypersensitivity to angry faces and stronger startle responses

Discuss the studies conducted on fathers' presence and later development of the child. How are these studies significant?

if the father was involved in parenting, they tended to do better in school

Describe insecure attachment.

anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships. Less likely to explore surroundings. When mom leaves, the child either cries and remains upset or seems indifferent to her departure and return. Found in babies with insensitive, unresponsive mothers.

What are the three parenting styles?

authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative

According to Baumrind, what kinds of parents do kids who have a high self-esteem tend to have?

authoritative

How does stranger anxiety play a role in forming parent-infant attachment bonds?

infants become distressed when around new faces because they cannot assimilate new faces into their existing schemas, so they become distressed. When they see their parent's face, they calm down.

What is stranger anxiety?

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

What is Lorenz's idea of imprinting? Do human children imprint?

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period humans do not imprint

What is permissive parenting?

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

In what ways did Margaret and Harry Harlow's experiments with wire and cloth monkeys overturn the previously held belief that attachment was based on satisfaction of nourishment needs? What were the implications of Harlow's finding?

Harlow found that attachment is based on touch. Attachment grows through responsiveness

How do the terms attachment, self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem differ from one another?

Self esteem: how we heel about who we are Self-Concept: thoughts and feelings about ourselves; "Who am I?" Self-Image: how you perceive yourself

What is the critical period?

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

What is temperament?

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

What is Erikson's basic trust?

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

What is self-concept?

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

What is attachment?

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

According to Erikson, what can parents do to help establish a sense of basic trust in their infants?

be sensitive and loving <3

Discuss the research on the impact of day care on children's cognitive, social and physical growth. What can we learn from this research?

kids in daycare had slightly advanced thinking and language skills and increased rate of aggressiveness and defiance. daycares aren't as bad for kids as ppl thought they were

Explain the cognitive and physical effects of attachment deprivation as illustrated by Romanian children housed in orphanages.

lower intelligence scores and a greater # of anxiety symptoms

Explain 2 different effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment.

lower intelligence scores and greater number of anxiety symptoms

Give an example of how temperament is persistent.

most emotionally intense preschoolers tend to be relatively intense young adults

What is authoritative parenting?

parents are demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but also provide explanations for rules and provide exceptions (esp for older kids)

What is authoritarian parenting?

parents impose rules and expect obedience without question

In what way is self-concept linked to personality traits? How does this inform and contribute to people moving closer to their "ideal self"?

positive self-concept leads to confidence, independence, optimism, etc. Kids can see what they are and are not good at, and they form a concept of what skills they would ideally like to have

Besides body contact, what else is important in forming an attachment?

providing a secure base

What are Mary Ainsworth's attachment styles?

secure and insecure

Explain the ways in which early attachment styles predict later personality traits.

securely attached kids display basic trust attachment style affects adult style of romantic love, and relationships with children

Describe secure attachment.

when exposed to a new environment, babies explore and play comfortably in mom's presence. When she leaves, they become distressed, and when she returns, they seek contact with her. Found in infants with sensitive, responsive mothers