AP Psych multiple choice: memory

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model? a. Short-term b. Sensory Memory c. Retrieval d. Encoding e. Long-term memory

A. Short-term memory

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life b. Practicing the words for a single extended period of time c. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions d. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear in e. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

A. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a. What you had for breakfast yesterday b. The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quiz c. Which way to turn the car keys to start the engine d. That George Washington was the first president e. How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

C. Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory? a. Lasts for about 2 days in most circumstances b. Lasts for less than half a minute unless you rehearse the information c. Is thought to be unlimited--there is always room for more information d. Can handle about a half dozen items for each of the tasks you are working on at any time e. Can handle about a half dozen items total

E. Can handle about a half dozen items total

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory? A. Emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events B. Excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered C. Stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered D. The effect of emotion on memory depends on the interpretation of the event in the frontal lobes E. Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional

E. Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory? a. Frontal lobes and basal ganglia b. Amygdala and hippocampus c. Amygdala and cerebellum d. Cerebellum and basal ganglia e. Frontal lobes and hippocampus

E. Frontal lobes and hippocampus

which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing? a. Cognition b. Concepts c. Prototypes d. Convergent thinking e. Divergent thinking

a. Cognition

which if the following is an accurate conclusion based on Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting carver research? a. Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off b. we forget more rapidly as time passes c. forgetting is relatively constant over time d. forgetting is related to many factors but time is not one of them

a. Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off

When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of which memory principle? a. chunking b. the serial position effect c. semantic encoding d. auditory encoding e. recognition

a. chunking

which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence? a. confirmation bias b. intuition c. mental set d. availability heuristics e. overconfidence

a. confirmation bias

which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristics? a. deciding the new kid in school is a nerd cause he looks like one b. fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashes c. checking in every drawer to find some matches cause they're usually in drawers

a. deciding the new kid in school is a nerd cause he looks like one

According to Noam Chomsky, what is the most essential environmental stimulus necessary for language acquisition? a. exposure to language in early childhood b. instruction in grammar c. reinforcement for bailing and other early verbal behaviors d. imitation and drill

a. exposure to language in early childhood

which of the following abilities is an example of implicit memory? a. riding a bicycle while talking to your friend about something that happened in class b. retrieving from memory the details of an assignment that is due tomorrow c. vividly remembering significant events like the 9/11 attack d. remembering details of your last birthday party

a. riding your bicycle while talking to your friend about something that happened in class

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information a. semantically b. ironically c. implicitly d. shallowly

a. semantically

what is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem? a. Heuristic b. Algorithm c. Insight d. Mental set e. Confirmation bias

b. Algorithm

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following? a. Recall b. Priming c. Explicit memory d. The serial position e. Flashbulb memory

b. Priming

You are most likely to remember psychology information in your psychology classroom than in other environments because of what memory principle? a. Mood congruence b. context effects c. state-dependency d. proactive interference e. retroactive interference

b. context effects

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to what aspect of power of language? a. how thinking influences language b. how language influences thinking c. the role of language acquisition device d. the importance of critical periods in language development

b. how language influences thinking

the prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in adapted are exampled of... a. phonemes b. morphemes c. babbling d. grammar e. intuition

b. morphemes

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay? a. the rate of forgetting increases as time goes on b. the rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on c. the rate of forgetting doesn't change as time goes on d. the rate of forgetting varies according to the motivation of the learner

b. the rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on

which of the following illustrates a heuristic? a. calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width b. using news reports of cooperate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in American business c. looking in each room of your house to find your sleeping cat d. following a new recipe to bake a cake

b. using news reports of cooperate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in American business

which of the following is an example of proactive interference? a. You can't recall your locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combo interferes b. you can't recall your new cell number because your old cell number interferes c. you can't recall what you studied first period because what you studied in fourth period interferes d. You can't recall what you studied on Monday because what you studied on Tuesday interferes

b. you can't recall your new cell number because your old cell number interferes

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory? a. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water b. Robert remembers that correlation does not prove a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized a fact over and over again c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her d. Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does of her third grade teacher because her second grade teacher had the same name as her neighbor

c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? a. Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of her life b.William has lost his memory of the first 2 weeks before he has surgery to remove his benign brain tumor c. Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago d. Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 4 years ago

c. Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago

which of the following describes long-term potentiation? a. when attempting to retrieve information, it is easier to recognize than to recall b. constructed memories have the potential to be either accurate or inaccurate c. changes in synapses allow for more efficient transfer of information d. implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum instead of the hippocampus

c. changes in synapses allow for more efficient transfer of information

"chair" "freedom" and "ball" are all example of... a. phonemes b. heuristics c. concepts d. telegraphic utterances

c. concepts

what is another word for the way an issue is presented to you? a. intuition b. insight c. framing d. overconfidence e. perserverance

c. framing

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of... a. Wernicke's area b. Broca's area c. linguistic determinism d. babbling e. aphasia

c. linguistic determinism

What does the "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refer to? a. the ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session b. the number of seconds information stays in short-term memory without rehearsal c. the capacity of short term memory d. the number of seconds information stays in echoic storage

c. the capacity of short-term memory

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? a. Allowing for incubation b. Divergent thinking c. Developing expertise d. Convergent thinking e. Experiencing other cultures

d. Convergent thinking

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? a. Storage b. Recognition c. Relearning d. Recall e. Encoding

d. Recall

which of the following is an example of source amnesia? a. Iva can't remember the details of a horrifying event because she has repressed them b. Mary has entirely forgotten about an incident in grade school until her friend reminds her of the event c. Micheal can't remember this year's locker combo because he confuses it with last year's combo d. Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened

d. Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened

which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity? a. a venturesome personality b. imaginative thinking skills c. a creative environment d. a position of ignorance

d. a position of ignorance

the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called what? a. confirmation bias b. insight c. representativeness d. fixation

d. fixation

People are more concerned when something has a 10 percent death rate than they are when their told it has a 90 percent survival rate, what is that concept called? a. belief perseverance b. insight c. intuition d. framing

d. framing

which of the following kinds of information is not likely to be automatically processed? a. space information b. time information c. frequency information d. new information

d. new information

what do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language? a. structure b. morphemes c. grammar d. phonemes e. thoughts

d. phonemes

Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect? a. remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrow b. remembering the skills you learned in early life, such as walking c. remembering the last thing your English teacher talked about in class yesterday, but nothing from earlier in the period d. remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

d. remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs? a. two-word stage b. babbling stage c. one-word stage d. telegraphic stage e. grammar

d. telegraphic stage

which of the following is true regarding the role of the amygdala in memory? a. the amygdala helps process implicit memories b. the amygdala support Freud's ideas about memory because they allow us to repress memories of trauma c. the amygdala produce long-term potentiation in the brain d. the amygdala help make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses

d. the amygdala help make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses

which phrase best describes the concept of phonemes? a. unit of meaning in a language b. a form of syntax c. the basis of grammar d. units of sound in a language

d. units of sound in a language

which of the following illustrates the serial position effect? a. The only name Kensie remembers from the people she met at the party is Spencer because she thought he was particularly good looking b. Kim has trouble remembering information from the books first unit when reviews for the semester final c. it's easy for Britney to remember carbon's atomic number is 6 because her birthday is December 6th d. Kyle was not able to remember the names of all his new coworkers after one week, but he can after two weeks e. Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first and last words on the list

e. Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first and last words on the list

Mnemonic devices are least likely to be dependent upon which of the following? a. Imagery b. Acronyms c. Rhymes d. Chunking e. Massed Rehersal

e. Massed Rehersal

when instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is a term for this phenomenon? a. intuition insight b. confirmation bias c. belief perserverance d. mental set e. availability heuristic

e. availability heuristic

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following? a. Prototyping b. Cognition c. Intrinsic motivation d. Venturesome personality e. Creativity

e. creativity

which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parenthesis? a. whale (mammal) b. ostrich (bird) c. beanbag chair (chair) d. igloo (house) e. golden retriever (dog)

e. golden retriever (dog)

which of the following statement concerning memory is true? a. hypnosis, when used as a component of therapy, usually improves the accuracy of memory b. one aspect of memory that is usually accurate is the source of the remembered information c. children's memories of abuse are more accurate than other childhood memories d. memories we are more certain of are more likely to be accurate e. memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information

e. memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information

Which concept best explains why people often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project? a. belief perseverance b. framing c. intuition d. the availability of heuristics e. overconfidence

e. overconfidence