AP Psych Unit 1 Test Review

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective

Behavioral

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that

Better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children

Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a ______ psychologist

Cognitive

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

Cognitive

Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and limitations of human reasoning?

Cognitive

Defined as factors which interfere or influence a study not intended or expected by researchers

Confounding Variables

Scatter plots are used by researchers to understand the relationship between two variables. The strength of these two variables is called the

Correlation Coefficient

Types of Data and Scales of Measurement examples...

Discrete Data, Nominal scale, Ordinal Scale, Continuous Data, Interval Scale, Ratio Scale, Dichotomy Scale, Trichotomy Scale

To avoid researcher biases, choose to conduct a __________ where neither the researcher or subjects know if the subject is in the control or experimental group

Double-Blind Procedure

By testing their predictions with scientific methods, psychologists are using a(n)

Empirical Approach

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint illustrates the _____ perspective

Evolutionary

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

Evolutionary

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was

Interpersonal Attraction

Asking a person to observe themselves and how they perceive and think is an example of

Introspection

Innate ability is to learned skill as _______ is to _________

Nature; Nurture

A ______ _____ between two variables is 0 thru -1 meaning one variable increases while the other decreases (Ex: increased school absence with decreased good grades)

Negative Relationship

An attempt to study what the mind does or its function is define as

Functionalism

After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of

Generalizing from Vivid Cases

When subjects act better because they know they are being observed

Hawthorne Effect

Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of

Hindsight Bias

Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, "I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!" Her comment best illustrates

Hindsight Bias

When drawing conclusions from data to predict new things, researchers are using ______ _____

Inferential Statistics

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

Intelligence and Academic Success

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

Negatively Correlated

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

Neuroscience

___ ______ means there is no relationship between the variables and the data points are scattered across the graph (Ex: students who wear hats with school attendance)

No Correlation

A symmetrical distribution is produced when a large group of people's variables are tested. This creates a _____ _____ or _____ ____

Normal Distribution; Bell Curve

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ______ perspective

Social-Cultural

Allows researchers to indicate the average distance from the mean for a set of scores

Standard Deviation

The two earliest approaches to studying psychology are

Structuralism; Functionalism

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

The Case Study

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without specifying a cause and effect relationship between the variables?

The Correlational Method

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

The Survey

If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that

The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that

The participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

Thought Processes and Brain Functions

(T or F) Once researchers have conducted their studies, they must summarize, organize, interpret, and analyze their data BEFORE drawing conclusions

True

Without experimental components (hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, placebo group, placebo, random assignment) they would not be experiments, would risk _____, and may sacrifice _______

Validity; Causality

The "father of psychology" who founded a laboratory in 1879 that was the startling line of psychology as a science and not just an offshoot of philosophy

Wilhem Wundt

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

William James

Data expressed through words/detail

Qualitative Data

Data expressed through numbers

Quantitative Data

To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

Random Assignment

Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of

Random Sampling

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of

Random Sampling

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

Recognize the errors in our own ideas

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

Replication

Who developed the psychodynamic approach (originally called the psychoanalytic theory)?

Sigmund Freud

To avoid participant biases, researchers can choose to conduct a _____________ where subjects are not aware if they are in the control group or not

Single-Blind Procedure

Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of

Skepticism

The closer the Correlation Coefficient is to ____ or ____ the stronger the relationship

+1.0, -1.0

1. Occurs when scores pull the mean toward the higher end of the scores; 2. Occurs when scores pull the mean towards the lower end of the scores

1. Positive Skew; 2. Negative Skew

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

A Hypothesis

The ________ _________ _______ (___) was first established in 1892 as the governing board to study behavior

American Psychological Association (APA)

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of

An Experiment

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

Assuming that association proves causation

Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to _________

Behavior; Mental Process

Developed the idea of Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

When using _____ _____, researchers are identifying an estimated "center" of the distribution of the data collection

Central Tendency

When the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes secretly

Covert Observation

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

Critical Thinking

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying

Critical Thinking

If the total number of boys and girls born each year is exactly equal, which of the following would be the most likely sequence of boys (B) and girls (G) for the next six births? (A. GGGGGG, B. GGGBBB, C. GBGBBG, D. All of these sequences are equally likely)

D. All of these sequences are equally likely

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes

Deceive participants about the true purpose of the experiment

After completing their study, researchers organize and describe data, which is called _______ _____

Descriptive Statistics

Was known for accidentally starting the approach of behavioralism by discovering that dogs would salivate when food is brought in front of them and what was the name of this reflex trigger he discovered

Ivan Pavlov; Reflexive/Classical Conditioning

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that

Less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of

Multiple Levels of Analysis

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?

Naturalistic Observation

University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as

Naturalistic Observation

Every behavior has a consequence: they may be rewards or punishments (focused on behavior)

Operant Conditioning

Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate

Our Intuition

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates

Overconfidence

When the researcher tells the group he/she is conducting an experiment

Overt Observation

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that

People who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people

Ways to Display Data examples...

Pie Chart, Bar Graph, Frequency Polygon, Histogram

Karen mistakenly believes that her test grades are negatively correlated with the amount of time she studies for her tests. Research on illusory correlation suggests that she is especially likely to notice instances in which

Poor grades follow lengthy study and good grades follow brief study

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)

Population

A _____ _____ between two variables is 0 thru +1 measuring both variables are either increasing or decreasing together (Ex: increased school attendance with increased good grades)

Positive Relationship

Humanistic psychologist focused attention on the importance of people's

Potential for Healthy Growth

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

Psychiatrist

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) _______ perspective

Psychodynamic