ap psych unit 1 test

Misinformation Effect

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Basal Ganglia

A set of neurons inside the cortex of the frontal lobe which play an important role in memory retrieval and procedural memory.

State-Dependent Memory

A memory retrieval when individuals are in the same state of consciousness, such as under the influence of a mind-altering substance, as they were when the memory was formed.

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Information Processing Model

A three step process of memory for the brain, receiving information, rehearsal of the information, then retrieval of the information.

Memory Reconstruction

An approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it.

Negative Transfer

Can happen as well when the mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another.

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Retrograde Amnesia

Forgetting events that occurred before an injury or trauma.

Juan returns to his grandparents house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits it is best explained by wishing the following? a. Recall b. Priming c. Explicit d. The serial position effect e. Flashbulb memory

b. Priming

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay? a. The rate of forgetting increases as time goes on. b. The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on. c. The rate of forgetting does not change as time goes on. d. The rate of forgetting varies according to the motivation of the learner. e. The rate of forgetting varies according to the emotional state of the learner.

b. The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on.

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference? a. You can't recall your locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combination interferes. b. You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes. c. You can't recall what you studied in first period because what you studied in fourth period interferes. d. You can't recall what you studied on Monday because what you studied on Tuesday interferes. e. You can't recall who won the state swim meet last year because the winner of this year's meet interferes.

b. You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes.

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. hypothalamus e. motor cortex

b. hippocampus

Implicit Memories

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

Suppression

A conscious process of deliberately trying to forget something that causes distress.

Serial Position Effect

A phenomenon that occurs when people recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the items in the middle.

Source Amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. This is at the heart of many false memories.

Memory

Learning that has continued over time.

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Explicit Memories

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)

Anterograde Amnesia

Occurs when the hippocampus is damaged, resulting in the inability to "create" long-term memories and forcing a person to always live in the present.

Infantile amnesia

The inability of adults to retrieve memories of situations or events which occurred before 2 or 4, as well as the age before the age of 10.

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect? a. Remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrow b. Remembering the skills you learned early in life, such as walking c. Remembering lasting your English teacher talked about in class yesterday, but nothing from earlier in the class period d. Remembering the names of the first to coworkers he met on the first day of your new job e. Remembering that your clocks and he moved ahead one hour when daylight savings time begins in the spring

d. Remembering the names of the first to coworkers he met on the first day of your new job

Automatic Processing

Information-processing of much-repeated or well-learned activities that occurs without our being aware of it.

Cerebellum

Is responsible for procedural memories.

Shallow processing vs. deep processing

Shallow processing is encoding based on the structure or appearance of words while deep processing is encoding based on the meaning of words.

Positive Transfer

Takes place when mastery of one task aids learning or performing another.

Deja vu

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Repression

The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Hippocampus

The brain structure most associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory into long-term explicit memory.

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Encoding

The processing of information into the memory system.

Mood-Dependent Memory

The recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired.

Spacing Effect

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Eidetic Memory

When a person (usually a child) has visual images clear enough to be retained for at least thirty seconds and realistic in their vividness.

Relearning

When you learn something that you previously learned, it measures the memory of prior learning.

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model? a. Short-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Retrieval d. Encoding e. Long-term memory

a. Short-term memory

Which of the following is mosts likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life b. Practicing the words for a single extended period c. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions d. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear e. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of a. distributed practice b. long-term potentiation c. the serial position effect d. automatic processing e. implicit memory

a. distributed practice

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory? a. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water. b. Robert remembers that correlation does not prove a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized this fact over and over again. c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because of the day was very emotional for her. d. Chris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does for third grade teacher because her second grade teacher has the same name as her neighbor. e. Anton remembers a moment from his last homecoming dance because strobe light same to freeze the same in his imagination.

c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because of the day was very emotional for her.

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? a. Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of her life. b. William lost his memory of 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove the benign brain tumor. c. Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memory since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago. d. Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 6 months ago. e. Calendar struggles in school because he consistently misremembers what his teachers in class.

c. Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memory since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a. What you had for breakfast yesterday b. The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quiz c. Which way to turn the car key to start the engine d. That George Washington was the first President e. How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

c. Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of a. implicit memory b. flashbulb memory c. automatic processing d. the spacing effect e. source amnesia

c. automatic processing

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by a. flashbulb memory foundation b. the misinformation effect c. context-dependent memory d. source amnesia e. semantic encoding

c. context-dependent memory

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? a. Storage b. Recognition c. Relearning d. Recall e. Encoding

d. Recall

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of a. source amnesia b. storage decay c. proactive interference d. encoding failure e. retroactive interference

d. encoding failure

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as a. flashbulb memory is to implicit memory b. short-term memory is to long-term memory c. explicit memory is to implicit memory d. visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation e. automatic processing is to effortful processing

d. visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory? a. Lasts for about 2 days in most circumstances b. Lasts for less than half a minute unless you rehearse the information c. Is thought to be unlimited---there is always room for more information d. Can handle about half a dozen items for each of the tasks you are working on at any time e. Can handle about a half dozen items total

e. Can handle about a half dozen items total

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory? a. Emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events. b. Excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. c. Stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. d. The effect of emotion on memory depends on the interpretation of the event in the frontal lobes. e. Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional.

e. Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional.

Muhammad's been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine freestanding pillars to support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate? a. Storage decay b. Retrograde amnesia c. Proactive interference d. Retroactive interference e. Encoding failure

e. Encoding failure

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory? a. Frontal lobes and basal ganglia b. Amygdala and hippocampus c. Amygdala and cerebellum d. Cerebellum and basal ganglia e. Frontal lobes and hippocampus

e. Frontal lobes and hippocampus

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven deadly sins. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the sins and circle the correct seven. Why might group 2 be more likely to recall more sins? a. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. b. Implicit memories are easier to recall than are explicit memories. c. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. d. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of sins. e. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

e. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that a. state-dependent memories are easily retrieved b. priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapses c. proactive interference is minimized by LTP d. source amnesia decreases the more the rats run the maze e. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

e. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue? a. Therapists who use hypnosis are likely to help their patients retrieve repressed memories. b. Statistics indicate that architectural abuse rarely occurs; therefore, recovered memories of such abuse must be false. c. Memories are only rarely recovered; once you are unable to retrieve a memory you will probably never be able to retrieve it. d. One indicator of whether a recovered memory is true is the patient's emotional response; only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting. e. Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable.

e. Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable.

Which of the following best describes explicit memories? a. accessed without conscious recall b. Nondeclarative c. Processed by the cerebellum d. Acquired through classical conditioning e. The result of effortful processing

e. The result of effortful processing

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that a. demonstrated repression of significant aspects of the accident b. omitted some of the most painful aspects of the event c. were more accurate than the memories of observers who had not been immediately questioned about what they saw d. were influenced by whether Loftus and Palmer identified themselves as police officers e. portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

e. portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been