AP Psych Unit 4 Test

Modern research on Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development indicates that

A.Piaget underestimated children's abilities

Children of authoritative parents tend to be

C. independent

When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as

A. rooting

Bobby is seventeen and has been engaging in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, skipping class, and breaking curfew. Which of the following is an explanation for Bobby's actions that most psychologists support?

A. Bobby is still developing new neural connections in his brain.

Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille's behavior?

A. Erik Erikson

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence?

A. Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability?

A. Jean Piaget's theory of conservation

Zeke is attempting to learn more about his world. When he encounters a new object, he picks it up and puts it in his mouth. Zeke is most likely in which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A. Sensorimotor

7 Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?

A. Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct

A. an experiment using pregnant rats

Konrad Lorenz found that shortly after a gosling is born, it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. That is an example of

A. imprinting

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as

A. permissive

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage

B. integrity versus despair

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence?

B Authoritative

The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?

B Nature versus nurture

According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages?

B Preoperational

A healthy, seventy-year-old editor of a print magazine is likely to experience the greatest decline in which of the following cognitive tasks

B Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

B accommodation

Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more—the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of

B conservation

The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations?

B. A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

B. Postconventional

Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants?

B. Temperament

Which of the following terms is used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting wit the world?

B. Temperament

6 Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of

B. developmental norms

Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed

B. fine motor skills

Infants are repeatedly shown an object dropping onto a platform. Eventually, the infants spend less time looking at the object, and their heart rates and respirations decrease. This is an example of

B. habituation

According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called this psychosocial stage of development

B. intimacy versus isolation

Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's

B. temperament

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?

C. Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

Primary sex characteristics include which of the following?

C. Presence of ovaries

Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years?

C. Social competence

Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood?

C Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of

C conservation

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of

C contact comfort to attachment

8 Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out "Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of

C equilibration

Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment?

C. Harry Harlow

Which of the following is the best example of the cognitive process Jean Piaget called assimilation?

C. Having learned that his family pet is a dog, William sees a neighbor's cat and says, "Dog!"

Lawrence Kohlberg used which of the following techniques to illustrate the stages of his theory?

C. Having people solve moral dilemmas

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

C. He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Which of the following did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?

C. Identity versus role confusion

Thea is in a clothing store with her mother. A man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. Thea looks for him on the other side of the rack. Her behavior shows she has developed

C. object permanence

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?

D. Authoritarian

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

D. Concrete operational

Which of the following statements correctly matches a physiological change with its corresponding stage of development?

D. Decrease in sex hormones in late adulthood

Which of the following conditions most often results from having an extra copy of chromosome 21 ?

D. Down syndrom

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

D. Egocentrism

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?

D. Hypothetical thinking

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior?

D. Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

Which of the following is the best evidence that social interaction is preprogrammed in humans and does not need to be learned?

D. Newborns focus longer on pictures of typical faces than on ones that show faces with jumbled features.

Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage?

D. Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.

A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called

D. conservation

Eleven-month-old Jason drops a toy from his crib. He immediately looks over the side of the crib to search for the toy. Jason's behavior demonstrates that he has acquired

D. object permanence

One-year-old Sydney cries when his father hands him to an unfamiliar babysitter and leaves the room. Sydney's reaction is a result of his acquisition of

D. object permanence

Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called

D. object permanence

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation?

E. An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?

E. Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior?

E. Diana Baumrind

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

E. Formal operations

Tina's mother often entertains Tina by bouncing a bunny puppet back and forth along the side of Tina's crib. Initially, Tina pays close attention to the puppet but after a while, she begins to ignore it and continues doing what she was doing before the puppet appeared. Which of the following psychological concepts best explains Tina's change in behavior?

E. Habituation

Paul and Sally, who met and married in their mid-20s, have been married for 25 years. Their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college. Which of the following is most likely true of this couple?

E. Their marital relationship will improve.