AP Psych Unit 5

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from a. night terrors. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep spindles. d. insomnia. e. sleep apnea.

a

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing a. a hallucination. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep apnea. d. REM sleep. e. NREM-3 sleep.

d

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by a. increasing self-consciousness. b. decreasing tolerance. c. increasing anxiety. d. decreasing REM sleep. e. decreasing sleep apnea.

d

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote a. sleep apnea. b. withdrawal. c. night terrors. d. obesity. e. insomnia.

d

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the a. menstrual cycle. b. hypnagogic state. c. REM rebound. d. circadian rhythm. e. NREM sleep.

d

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with a. sleep spindles. b. NREM-2 sleep. c. hypnagogic sleep. d. REM sleep. e. sleep apnea.

d

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior? a. Jason will become dehydrated quickly, which could lead to overheating and death. b. Jason will feel increased alertness and wakefulness. c. Jason will experience blissful pleasure during use but extreme discomfort during withdrawal. d. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss. e. Jason will quickly experience a euphoric rush, then a significant "crash" as the drug wears off.

d

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from a. night terrors. b. paradoxical sleep. c. hypnagogic sleep. d. insomnia. e. sleep apnea.

d

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from a. aphasia. b. narcolepsy. c. night terrors. d. sleep apnea. e. insomnia.

d

Near-death experiences are a. typically recalled as very scary and unpleasant. b. typically experienced during delta wave sleep. c. examples of REM rebound. d. often accompanied by visions of bright lights. e. recalled by nearly all who have been revived from a cardiac arrest.

d

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders? a. night terrors b. sleep talking c. insomnia d. sleep apnea e. sleepwalking

d

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are rarely recalled. b. The free radicals produced during sleep weaken unused neural connections and affect memory formation. c. The hormone orexin, which is lacking in such patients, hinders the consolidation of memory. d. Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory. e. Activity in the limbic system is inhibited during REM sleep.

d

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that a. regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for THC. b. all categories of psychoactive drugs are associated with dependence. c. individuals who receive morphine from physicians for pain relief usually develop the irresistible cravings of an addict. d. many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help. e. an occasional cigarette smoker almost always becomes a heavy smoker.

d

Sleep talking may occur during a. NREM-3 sleep b. REM c. NREM-2 sleep d. any stage of sleep. e. NREM-1 sleep

d

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that a. sleep is necessary for helping us restore and repair brain tissue. b. sleep debt affects a person's health and mental well-being. c. sleep disorders are widespread in our culture. d. genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get. e. most adults are seriously sleep deprived.

d

The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of a. parallel processing. b. activation-synthesis theory. c. neuroadaptation. d. social influence. e. dissociation.

d

The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves a. obedience to authority. b. role-playing. c. motivational conflict. d. dissociation. e. age regression.

d

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time. a. decrease; decrease b. decrease; increase c. increase; increase d. increase; decrease e. stay the same; stay the same

d

What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions? a. Abusers may be more likely to hide their abuse and avoid seeking help. b. Abusers are more likely to experience prejudice and discrimination. c. It can lead to increased feelings of shame and guilt. d. It can be used as an "all-purpose" excuse to explain away the behaviors. e. No physical or emotional pain is associated with these behaviors.

d

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by a. producing hallucinations. b. decreasing manifest content. c. increasing the occurrence of alpha waves. d. blocking the reuptake of dopamine.This is the correct answer. e. triggering a state of dissociatio

d

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of a. drug tolerance. b. neuroadaptation. c. dissociation. d. physical dependence. e. user expectations.

e

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates a. the pop-out phenomenon. b. REM rebound. c. psychological dependence. d. narcolepsy. e. dissociation.

c

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of a. hypnagogic sensations. b. sleep talking. c. REM sleep. d. muscle tension. e. NREM-3 sleep.

c

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because a. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active. b. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. d. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. e. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.

c

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of a. NREM-3 sleep. b. NREM-2 sleep. c. NREM-1 sleep. d. waking alpha. e. waking beta.

c

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the a. MDMA. b. thyroid gland. c. suprachiasmatic nucleus. d. sleep spindles. e. dopamine reward system.

c

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called a. sleep spindles. b. theta waves. c. delta waves. d. alpha waves. e. beta waves.

c

Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ________ approach. a. neuroadaptation b. serial processing c. biopsychosocial d. cognitive-behavioral e. activation-synthesis

c

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? a. The immune system is suppressed. b. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased. c. The brain stops producing endorphins. d. The brain stops making dopamine. e. The brain shrinks.

c

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia? a. Be sure to sleep later than usual once you do get to sleep. b. Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime. c. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime. d. Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly before bedtime. e. Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just before bedtime.

c

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? a. sleep apnea b. insomnia c. narcolepsy d. sleepwalking e. night terrors

c

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that a. hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness. b. hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion. c. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis. d. the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena. e. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects.

e

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called a. physiological dependents. b. stimulants. c. narcotic agents. d. hallucinogens. e. psychoactive drugs.

e

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n) a. depressant. b. agonist. c. endorphin. d. stimulant. e. antagonist.

e

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should a. make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping. b. use posthypnotic suggestion to increase the chances of dream recall. c. wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming. d. feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime. e. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

e

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep. a. NREM-1; REM b. REM; NREM-2 c. REM; NREM-1 d. NREM-2; REM e. REM; NREM-3

e

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called a. endorphins. b. depressants. c. dissociatives. d. amphetamines. e. hallucinogens.

b

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember a. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking. b. at the time he is drinking how to do long division. c. at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met. d. the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar. e. at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address.

a

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of a. LSD. b. heroin. c. cocaine. d. barbiturates. e. marijuana.

a

Consciousness is a. our awareness of ourselves and our environment. b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. c. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. d. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. e. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

a

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in a. physical growth. b. paradoxical sleep. c. posthypnotic amnesia. d. sleep apnea. e. narcolepsy.

a

Hypnosis involves a state of a. heightened openness to suggestion. b. improved perceptual skills. c. elevated autonomic arousal. d. increased physical stamina. e. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves.

a

One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is a. dehydration. b. increased appetite. c. lethargy. d. pupil constriction. e. decreased blood pressure.

a

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream. a. manifest b. latent c. paradoxical d. delusional e. dissociated

a

Sleep deprivation has been shown to a. diminish immunity to disease. b. reduce hypertension. c. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal. d. decrease narcolepsy. e. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks.

a

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. a. marijuana; hallucinogen b. heroin; depressant c. cocaine; hallucinogen d. cocaine; stimulant e. marijuana; stimulant

a

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of a. age regression. b. paradoxical sleep. c. temporal dissociation. d. REM rebound. e. hypnagogic sensations.

a

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland. a. melatonin b. dopamine c. endorphin d. acetylcholine e. serotonin

a

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns? a. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer. b. Sleep patterns reflect differences in latent and manifest dream content. c. Brain waves are generally elevated and variable during REM sleep. d. Newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in NREM sleep. e. The sleep patterns of identical twins are usually similar.

a

While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of a. posthypnotic suggestion. b. posthypnotic amnesia. c. paradoxical sleep. d. age regression. e. activation-synthesis theory.

a

Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would suggest that a. hypnosis caused a split in awareness so that only some part of the dissociated consciousness experienced pain. b. the participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" and ignored the pain. c. because of our two-track minds much of our behavior occurs on autopilot. d. the presence of the hypnotist had little impact on the participant's experience of pain. e. endorphins, the body's natural pain killers, were acting to diminish pain sensations in hypnotized subjects.

b

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people a. experienced much more anxiety than unhypnotized individuals. b. behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals. c. were easily influenced to act against their own will. d. usually refused to engage in antisocial behavior. e. often immediately awakened from the hypnotic state.

b

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. a. narcolepsy; sleep apnea b. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep c. NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep d. NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep e. delta waves; alpha waves

b

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep a. plays a role in the growth process. b. is involved in the memory process. c. patterns suit a species' ecological niche. d. inspires creative achievements and problem solving. e. helps restore and repair brain tissue.

b

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is a. hypnosis. b. the near-death experience. c. REM sleep. d. withdrawal. e. narcolepsy.

b

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every a. 1.5 days. b. 90 minutes. c. 30 minutes. d. 2 1/2 hours. e. 4 hours.

b

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage? a. NREM-3 sleep b. NREM-1 sleep c. REM d. REM rebound e. NREM-2 sleep

b

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of a. morphine. b. Ecstasy. c. amphetamines. d. barbiturates. e. alcohol.

b

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is a. ready to sleepwalk. b. dreaming. c. entering the third stage of sleep. d. exhibiting a sleep spindle. e. experiencing a night terror.

b

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of a. dissociation. b. physical dependence. c. REM rebound. d. narcolepsy. e. neuroadaptation.

b

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? a. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria. b. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. c. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. d. They slow body functions and calm neural activity. e. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain.

b

Which of the following is true of melatonin? a. Production of melatonin during sleep boosts our immune system, which helps us fight off viral infections. b. It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream. c. It alters metabolic and hormonal functioning in ways that mimic aging. d. It is produced by the brain during the hypnagogic stage in NREM sleep. e. It helps restore and repair brain tissue by increasing the production of free radicals.

b

Question 4 How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? a. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. b. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep. c. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer. d. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. e. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

e

Research has indicated that hypnosis a. is helpful in overcoming alcohol addictions. b. can force people to act against their will. c. can block sensory input. d. is a state of unconsciousness, not an altered state of consciousness. e. enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia.

e

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are a. often accurate indicators of childhood sexual abuse. b. accurate recollections of information previously learned. c. forgotten again as soon as the person awakens from the hypnotic state. d. experienced as being inaccurate even when they are true. e. often a combination of fact and fiction.

e

Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in a. helping individuals with drug, alcohol, or smoking addictions. b. enhancing recall of stressful events. c. making individuals perform actions they wouldn't do otherwise. d. recovering childhood memories. e. treating obesity.

e

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of a. THC. b. heroin. c. LSD. d. marijuana. e. cocaine.

e

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called a. dissociation. b. REM rebound. c. narcolepsy. d. intolerance. e. withdrawal.

e

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called a. alpha waves. b. circadian rhythms. c. delta waves. d. amplitude waves. e. sleep spindles.

e

Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have a. an above-average ability to hypnotize others. b. below-average intelligence. c. a dependent personality type. d. difficulty keeping her attention focused on any specific task. e. a rich fantasy life

e

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. a. LSD b. Amytal c. nicotine d. heroin e. methamphetamine

e

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? a. Avoid taking short naps during the day. b. Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a restless night. c. Avoid caffeine during the evening. d. Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime. e. Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

e

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill? a. Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined action could lead to a heart attack. b. Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body, causing severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and death. c. Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory formation, leading to severe impairment. d. Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so real the person can experience severe panic or harm himself or herself. e. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death.

e

a. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis. b. they expected that the ice baths would not cause pain. c. being caught up in playing the role of a "good subject" they could ignore the pain. d. the presence of a hypnotist they liked and trusted led them to adopt the "pain control" suggestions. e. hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain.

e