AP PSYCH UNIT 5

Mental Processes

- cognition - our observing/thinking/analyzing

Social influence theory of hypnosis

- most hypnotic phenomena reflect such workings of normal consciousness as well as the power of social influence - our attentional spotlight and interpretations powerfully influence our ordinary perceptions

Dissociation theory

A split in the mind between normal sensations and conscious awareness

Posthypnotic suggestion

A suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participants behavior afterward

Behaviorism

A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. -Observable

How do dreams relate to cognitive development in children?

Age 9 children's dreams are more like a slideshow and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor

What does alcohol make people feel/behave?

Alcohol not only reduces self-awareness, it also produces a sort of " myopia " by focusing attention on an arousing situation (such as a provocation) and distracting attention from normal inhibitions and future consequences Reduced self-awareness may help explain why people who want to suppress their awareness of failures or shortcomings are more likely to drink than are those who feel good about themselves

Ecstasy

Amphetamine derivative triggers dopamine release, but its major effect is releasing stored serotonin and blocking its reuptake, thus prolonging serotonin's feel - good flood

People who rank high on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale also may have this.

An active imagination or sense of creativity

FRQ: consciousness, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm, post-hypnotic suggestion, opiates

Consciousness: Sleep deprivation: Circadian rhythm: Post-hypnotic suggestion: Opiates:

What drugs can damage serotonin-producing neurons?

Ecstasy and MDMA

When would you sleep talk?

In NREM-3

Who has more REM sleep? Infants or adults?

Infants

Why do bats need a lot of sleep?

It's a protective mechanism

What is released by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

When does slow-wave sleep occur?

NREM-1

When does the hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating occur? (During sleep)

NREM-1, just as you are falling asleep

Sleep spindles

NREM-2

Delta waves

NREM-3

Can a person who is hypnotized be forced to do something they wouldn't normally do?

No

When does paradoxical sleep occur?

REM sleep

Age regression in hypnosis

Remembering past events as if they were occurring now

How does alcohol affect sleep?

Strong tendency to sleep or a calm state over someone

What plays a role in physical growth? (In sleep)

The Pituitary gland produces the growth hormone; Infants sleep more than adults

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

The SCN, which controls the circadian rhythm, is located in the hypothalamus

Social influence

The ability to control another person's behavior -The more they like and trust the hypnotist, the more they allow that person to direct their attention and fantasies -The hypnotist's ideas become the subject's thoughts, and the subject's thoughts produce the hypnotic experiences and behaviors - If an experimenter eliminates their motivation for acting hypnotized, subjects become unresponsive

Why is REM sleep paradoxical sleep?

The body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm

Biological rhythms

The rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages throughout the night as we sleep

Manifest content of dreams

The storyline

Latent content of dreams

The underlying meaning

Neuroadaptation as it relates to drugs

With continued use of alcohol and some other drugs (marijuana is an exception), the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect.

Could sleep patterns be genetically influenced?

Yes

How could you get someone to remember a dream?

You wake them up during REM sleep

Nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

Stimulants

stimulant excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. Pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase, and blood sugar levels rise, causing a drop in appetite

Barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded - up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Marijuana

- THC= the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations - lingers in the body for a week or more - disrupts memory formation and interferes with immediate recall of information learned only a few minutes before legal medical marijuana use has been granted to relieve the pain and nausea associated with diseases such as AIDS, glaucoma, and cancer

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

-Diminished attentional focus and memory consolidation, and increased risk of depression -Suppression of immune cell production and increased risk of viral infections, such as colds -Increased production and greater risk of obesity -Increased inflammation and arthritis -Increased risk of high blood pressure -Increased hunger-arousing ghrelin and decreased hunger-suppressing leptin -Reduced strength, and slower reaction time and motor learning

What is true of memories retrieved during hypnosis?

-They are a combination of fact and fiction -not admissible in a court of law

Sleep apnea

-people with this condition intermittently stop breathing during sleep -After an airless minute or so, decreased blood oxygen arouses them and they wake up enough to snort in air for a few seconds, in a process that repeats hundreds of times each night, depriving them of slow - wave sleep

What are the effects of REM sleep?

-rapid eye moment -

Circadian rhythms

-the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle -influence appetite

What is alcohol? What does it do to the body?

a disinhibitor —slows brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions. an equal-opportunity drug: It increases (disinhibits) helpful tendencies, as when tipsy restaurant patrons leave extravagant tips increases harmful tendencies, as when sexually aroused men become more disposed to sexual aggression -slowed neural processing -memory disruption -reduced self-awareness and self-control -expectancy effects

Methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels triggers the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which stimulates brain cells that enhance energy and mood, leading to eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria