AP Psych Unit 9
Just-world hypothesis
A basketball player deliberately tried to injure opposing players during the game. Near the end of the game, he falls and is injured. A fan comments that the player deserved the injury. The fan's sentiments best represent what social psychological phenomenon?
social loafing
A professor assigns a group project for class and notices that the students do not put in as much work as they do when they work individually. Which of the following phenomena can best explain the professor's observation?
his intelligence
According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to
similar to themselves in many ways
According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others who are
I, II, and III
According to research on interpersonal perception, the formation of friendships is associated with which of the following? I. Physical attractiveness II. Physical proximity III. Attributions of similarity
Having very different personalities
According to social psychologists, which of the following characteristics makes two people LEAST likely to develop a lasting romantic relationship?
foot in the door
Chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the next ballot. He decides to sign the petition. Then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as
the reciprocity norm
Claude, a waiter at a popular restaurant, gives extra appetizers to his return customers because they often tip him more when he does. Claude's technique relies on which of the following?
Candace is fond of Jerome because she lives next door to him.
An example of proximity affecting interpersonal attraction is when
When the bystander is the only other person present
An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
Companionate love
Andy and Noel have been happily married for 25 years. They have a warm and trusting affection for each other. Which social psychology concept applies to their relationship?
prevent groupthink
Daria provides alternative viewpoints for ideas proposed during the student council meeting. The most likely consequence of her critiques is that they will
the mere-exposure effect
Deborah says that she is not interested in dating anyone at her workplace. However, after spending time with her coworker James at a week-long conference, she finds herself attracted to him and begins to pursue a relationship. Deborah's interest in James is most likely due to
A person who is alone while witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if he were part of a group.
Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology?
Cognitive dissonance was likely a contributing factor to the students' change in feelings.
Dr. Marcia assigned students a paper in which they had to support the side of a controversial topic they did not agree with. Before asking the students to write the paper, she gave them a survey to determine how strongly they disagreed with the topic. After the students wrote their papers, Dr. Marcia gave them another survey to rate their disagreement with the topic. She observed that the students' feelings about the topic became more strongly in agreement with the topic. Which of the following is the best conclusion?
normative social influence
Even though Eli prefers romantic comedy movies, he often goes to action-adventure movies to fit in with his friends. Eli's behavior can best be explained by
stereotyping
Holding a predetermined belief about a group of people, regardless of the personal qualities of the individual members, is referred to as
situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity
In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that
the central route to persuasion
Katie is trying to explain to her parents why they should allow her to attend State University. She presents them with information on tuition, graduation and retention rates, financial aid, and enrollment. Katie is using
the door-in-the-face technique
Katie wants a new phone but is worried that her parents might not buy the one she wants. She asks her parents to purchase the most expensive phone in the store. When they refuse, she asks for the less expensive phone she wanted to begin with. Katie's strategy is an example of
the halo effect
Kelly sees her acquaintance Carly help another student who dropped her books in the hallway. When asked about Carly later, Kelly says that she is not only helpful, but she is also generous, smart, and attractive. Which of the following best explains why Kelly describes Carly with additional positive qualities?
confirmation bias
Mikayla, a high school student strongly opposed to video game use, is researching the topic for a speech she will deliver to her English class. Rather than searching for "the effects of video games," Mikayla searches for "the dangers of video games" and finds hundreds of Web sites with information she can use to argue her position. Her behavior is an example of
superordinate goals
One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish
a self-fulfilling prophecy
People often have expectations about another person that influence how they act toward that person. Such expectations in turn cause that person to behave consistently with the original expectations. The phenomenon is known as
desirable personality characteristics are typically ascribed to good-looking people
Research on physical attractiveness has shown that
social loafing
The graph above depicts the extent to which individuals in groups of various sizes exerted themselves while they performed a certain task. What does the information illustrate?
the content of the message
The primary difference between the central route and the peripheral route to persuasion is whether the persuasion focuses on
guards responded to situational factors
The researchers who conducted the Stanford prison simulation believed that the participants designated as guards acted harshly toward those designated as prisoners because the
most people will obey perceived authority figures' instructions to harm others
The results of Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience suggested that
the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called
self-fulfilling prophecy
When Alex scores low on his psychology test, he blames the test's difficulty and the hot room. When Alex hears that Chuck scored low on the same test, Alex says it is because Chuck is not very smart. Alex is demonstrating
Cognitive dissonance
When a person experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterizes this response?
in-group bias
When watching the Olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country. Often, fans believe that athletes from other countries cheat but athletes from their own country would never cheat. This is an example of what psychological concept?
Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.
Which of the following examples best represents altruism?
I, II, and III
Which of the following factors is an important predictor of attraction? I. Proximity II. Mere exposure III. Physical attractiveness
Ryan, who is a member of one racial group, does not get into the college he wants to attend. Even though his application was weak, he blames members of another racial group for his rejection.
Which of the following is the best example of scapegoating?
The role of prisoner or guard
Which of the following is the independent variable in Philip Zimbardo's classic Stanford Prison Experiment?
Jeremy punches the steering wheel of his car because he is stuck in traffic.
Which of the following scenarios best represents the frustration-aggression principle?
Craig and Niveah share many intimate details about their lives, are very attracted to each other, and celebrate with a commitment ceremony.
Which of the following situations best describes consummate love?
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience
Which of the following studies in the field of social psychology met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?
Groupthink
Which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which important group decisions may be distorted because different viewpoints are not encouraged?
If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by experimental subjects decreased.
Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity?
Obedience
Which phenomenon was demonstrated when participants in Stanley Milgram's experiment chose to administer the highest possible level of voltage charge to the learners?
Dane, who is three years old, watched a video of a child who was repeatedly throwing a toy truck at the wall. The next time Dane played with his toy truck, he threw it at the wall.
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of modeling aggression?
