AP Psych Units 1, 2, & 14 (previous questions), AP Psychology unit IV, AP Psych VII test, AP Psych unit VI

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the...

"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress

Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to...

...deindividuation

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as...

...the chameleon effect

People are more likely to disobey an authority figure when...

...they have seen someone else disobey

During the past year, Hughbert and Hughbie each read 3 books, but Hughberta read 9, Hughbertha read 12, and Hughbertaki read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was _____.

9

Which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember information?

Cognitive

Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of _______.

Confusing correlation with causation

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

John B. Watson

Researchers that developed cognitive dissonance theory

Leon Festinger

What is the main difference between Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interest in thinking and behavior?

Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting.

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is:

$10,000

Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?

+0.50

A teacher offers her class the option of 3 or 10 points of extra credit. She explains that if most of the class ask for only 3 points, then they will all get extra credit, but if most of the class asks for 10 points, the no one will earn any extra credit. Most of the students, hoping to gain more themselves and not thinking of the collective well-being of the class, ask for 10 points, and the whole class gets nothing. The class is demonstrating...

... a social trap

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT...

... an unlearned instinct

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that...

... even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

Mr. Hughbertson is a member of the faculty committee on academics standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Hughbertson is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if...

... the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion

Hughbert, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Hughbert is most likely to become friends with...

...Hughbie, his assigned roomate who is majoring in computer science

To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed...

...attribution theory

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to...

...believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as...

...companionate love

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"...

...complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study...

...conformity

Hughbert has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Hughbert will...

...develop an increasing dislike for his brother

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in...

...discrimination

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the...

...emergency is being observed by a number of other people

Professors Hughbertaki, Hughbertson, and Hughbertowski each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of...

...group polarization

The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers or...

...groupthink

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates...

...ingroup bias

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of...

...role-playing on attitudes

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of...

...scapegoat theory

Researchers Bushman and Anderson have noted that the correlation between viewing violence and behaving aggressively nearly equals the correlation between...

...smoking and cancer

Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to...

...social loafing

In Milgram's obedience experiments. "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when...

...the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists, made effective use of...

...the foot-on-the-door phenomenon

After the Hughbertaki family accepted their neighbor's invitation to the Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Hughbertaki felt obligated to invite her neighbirs to Christmas dinner. Her sense of obligation most likely resulted from...

...the reciprocity norm

Hughbertina regularly donates blood to an international blood blank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. her altruism best illustrates the impact of...

...the social-responsibility norm

The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one t=of the potential dangers of...

...the-foot-in-the-door phenomenon

During a Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is _____.

14

During the past month, Hughertina and Hugh each ate 7 candy bars, while Hughbie ate 5, Hughberette ate 4, and Steve ate only 2. The mean number of candy bars eaten by these individuals was _____.

5

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Central Route Persuassion

Among the main factors that determine whether a relationship will form and last are I. proximity II. financial status III. similarity

I and III only

How does the performance of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology and wrote a book, "The Animal Mind"

Margarent Floy Washburn

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Norms

Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?

They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?

We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the ____.

adaptive value of conscious thought and emotions

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Researches are interested in studying the impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case, why would a correlational study be more appropriate than an experimental?

because participants could not be ethically assigned to an experimental or control condition

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

birds of a feather flock together

In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did nthe psychologist utilize in this situation?

case study

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on _________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ______.

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

Dr. Hughbertson hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students in an auditorium seating 300. In this example, _____.

classroom size has been operationally defined

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with all forms of psychological disorders

clinical psychology

The tension that occurs when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide is known as _____.

cognitive dissonace

During a test, Hughberette impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. She felt very uncomfortable about having done this until she convinced herself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Hughberette adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonace theory

A soft drink company recently invested in a new advertising campaign to increase sales. Which of the following would allows executives to best judge the results of their latest commercials?

compare the means of sales before and after the beginning of the new campaign to determine statistical significance.

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

conformity

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results.

confounding variable

Data with a relatively low standard deviation can best be described as having more _____.

consistency

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the _____ condition.

control

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?

correlation coefficient

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

debriefing

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will...

fail to interpret the incident as an emergency

After Hughbert lost the student election for presidents of his school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Hughbert's behavior is best explained in terms of the _____.

frustration-aggression principle

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

industrial-organizational psychology

numerical data that allows one to generalize from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

inferential statistical

Accepting others' opinions about reality is to ________ as the desire to gain approval is to ________.

informational social influence; normative social influence

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as _____.

introspection

When Compton calculated his students' AP Psychology test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

mean

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of ______.

mental processes

Hughberette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Hughberette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of ______.

nature and nurture

In the hypothesis "If students study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, then they will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable?

number of terms remembered

A dispositional attribution is to _____ as a situational attribution is to ______.

personality traits; assigned roles

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

placebo effect

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Michigan State University, Professor Hughbertowski randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Michigan State University are considered to be a(n) ______.

population

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are _______.

positively correlated

Mrs. McHughbert believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hater of hims own mother. Mrs. McHughbert is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ______ perspective.

psychodynamic

Placing subjects in experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing the preexisiting differences between the groups.

random assignment

To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use ______.

random assignment

What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables?

random assignment

Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________.

range; median

Professor McHughbertson was skeptical about the accuracy o recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

replication

a flawed process that produces an unrepresentative sample

sampling bias

A belief that leads to its own realization

self-fulfilling prophecy

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others.

situational influences; personal dispositions

A situational danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the _____ provided by the media.

social scripts

Dr. Hughbertaki attributes the deliquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrated a(n) ______ perspective.

social-cultural

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

statistical significance

Hughbie believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His belief are examples of...

stereotypes

an early school of thought that used introspection to reveal elements of the human mind

structuralism

Professor McHughbertson noticed that the distribution of student' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the ______.

students' score tended to be very similar to one another

A hypothesis is a(n) ______.

testable prediction that gives direction to research

When 68-year-old Mrs. McHughbertson had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. McHughbertson's experience best illustrates...

the bystander effect

Hughbie has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of _____.

the double-blind procedure

People frequently blame internal dispositions for others' behavior according to_____.

the fundamental attribution error

Hughbertina is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Hughbertha is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of _____.

the hindsight bias

Hughbert contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n) _____.

theory

In the hypothesis "If students study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, then they will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

time of day

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33% of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of ______.

wording effects